Here is a comprehensive Python guide that takes you through topics from complete beginner to

advanced expert level:

---

### **Beginner Level**

#### 1. **Introduction to Python**

- **What is Python?**

Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. It is easy to

- **Installing Python**

Download from [python.org](https://www.python.org/) and install the latest version.

- **Hello, World!**

```python

print("Hello, World!")

```

#### 2. **Variables and Data Types**

- **Data Types**

Integer (`int`), Floating-point (`float`), String (`str`), Boolean (`bool`), List, Tuple, Dictionary,
Set.

1
 - **Declaring Variables**

```python

x = 10 # Integer

y = 3.14 # Float

name = "Alice" # String

is_active = True # Boolean

```

- **Basic Data Operations**

```python

x = 10 + 5 # Addition

y=x*2 # Multiplication

z = 10 / 3 # Division (float)

```

#### 3. **Control Flow (Conditionals and Loops)**

- **If-Else Statement**

```python

age = 18

if age >= 18:

print("Adult")

else:

print("Minor")

```

2
 - **Loops**

- **For Loop**

```python

for i in range(5): # Loops from 0 to 4

print(i)

```

- **While Loop**

```python

count = 0

while count < 5:

print(count)

count += 1

```

#### 4. **Functions**

- **Defining a Function**

```python

def greet(name):

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet("Bob")

```

3
 - **Return Values**

```python

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4)

print(result)

```

---

### **Intermediate Level**

#### 5. **Data Structures**

- **Lists**

Lists are ordered and mutable.

```python

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

fruits.append("orange") # Adds to the list

```

- **Tuples**

Tuples are ordered and immutable.

```python

4
 coordinates = (4, 5)

```

- **Dictionaries**

Dictionaries are unordered key-value pairs.

```python

person = {"name": "John", "age": 30}

person["age"] = 31 # Modifying value

```

- **Sets**

Sets are unordered collections of unique items.

```python

unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 3}

```

#### 6. **File Handling**

- **Reading a File**

```python

with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()

print(content)

```

5
 - **Writing to a File**

```python

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write("Hello, World!")

```

#### 7. **Error Handling (Exceptions)**

- **Try-Except Block**

```python

try:

x = 10 / 0

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Cannot divide by zero!")

```

- **Finally Block**

```python

try:

f = open("file.txt", "r")

except FileNotFoundError:

print("File not found.")

finally:

f.close()

```

6
---

### **Advanced Level**

#### 8. **Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)**

- **Classes and Objects**

```python

class Car:

def __init__(self, brand, model):

self.brand = brand

self.model = model

def drive(self):

print(f"The {self.brand} {self.model} is driving.")

car1 = Car("Toyota", "Corolla")

car1.drive()

```

- **Inheritance**

```python

class ElectricCar(Car):

def __init__(self, brand, model, battery_size):

7
 super().__init__(brand, model)

self.battery_size = battery_size

def charge(self):

print(f"Charging {self.brand} {self.model} battery.")

electric_car = ElectricCar("Tesla", "Model 3", 75)

electric_car.charge()

```

#### 9. **Decorators**

- **Function Decorators**

```python

def decorator(func):

def wrapper():

print("Before function call")

func()

print("After function call")

return wrapper

@decorator

def greet():

print("Hello!")

8
 greet()

```

- **Class Decorators**

```python

def add_method(cls):

def new_method(self):

print("New method added")

cls.new_method = new_method

return cls

@add_method

class MyClass:

pass

obj = MyClass()

obj.new_method()

```

#### 10. **Generators and Iterators**

- **Generators**

```python

def count_up_to(max):

count = 1

9
 while count <= max:

yield count

count += 1

counter = count_up_to(5)

for num in counter:

print(num)

```

- **Iterators**

```python

class Reverse:

def __init__(self, data):

self.data = data

self.index = len(data)

def __iter__(self):

return self

def __next__(self):

if self.index == 0:

raise StopIteration

self.index = self.index - 1

return self.data[self.index]

10
 rev = Reverse("giraffe")

for char in rev:

print(char)

```

#### 11. **Lambda Functions**

- **Anonymous Functions**

```python

add = lambda x, y: x + y

print(add(5, 7))

```

---

### **Expert Level**

#### 12. **Metaclasses**

- **Custom Metaclass**

```python

class MyMeta(type):

def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):

dct['custom_method'] = lambda self: "Hello from the metaclass!"

return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)

11
 class MyClass(metaclass=MyMeta):

pass

obj = MyClass()

print(obj.custom_method()) # Output: Hello from the metaclass!

```

#### 13. **Concurrency and Parallelism**

- **Threading**

```python

import threading

def print_numbers():

for i in range(5):

print(i)

thread = threading.Thread(target=print_numbers)

thread.start()

thread.join()

```

- **Asyncio**

```python

12
 import asyncio

async def say_hello():

print("Hello")

await asyncio.sleep(1)

print("World")

asyncio.run(say_hello())

```

#### 14. **Advanced Python Libraries**

- **NumPy** (for numerical computations)

```python

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])

print(arr)

```

- **Pandas** (for data manipulation)

```python

import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'A': [1, 2], 'B': [3, 4]})

print(df)

```

13
 - **Matplotlib** (for plotting)

```python

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4], [10, 20, 25, 30])

plt.show()

```

#### 15. **Design Patterns**

- **Singleton Pattern**

```python

class Singleton:

_instance = None

def __new__(cls):

if cls._instance is None:

cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls)

return cls._instance

```

---

### Additional Resources

14
- **Official Documentation**: [Python Docs](https://docs.python.org/)

- **Online Courses**:

- [Coursera Python for Everybody](https://www.coursera.org/specializations/python)

- [Udemy Python Courses](https://www.udemy.com/courses/search/?q=python)

- **Books**:

- *Automate the Boring Stuff with Python* by Al Sweigart

- *Fluent Python* by Luciano Ramalho

- *Python Crash Course* by Eric Matthes

This roadmap should help you gradually progress from beginner to advanced expert in Python!

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