Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

Lingayen Campus

CHAPTER V:
Moral and Spiritual Development

OVERVIEW
 Understanding the values of today
 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
 Beckwith’s Stages of Spiritual Growth

UNDERSTANDING THE VALUES OF TODAY

Learning Objectives:
o Understand the relevance of values in today’s modem society
o Describe each stage of moral development and identify as to what stage the learner is
currently in; and
o Identify the stages of spiritual growth by Beckwith and enumerate personal ways on how
to achieve the ultimate stage.

“Great values are built on strong moral foundations. Men become great when they allow these
values to take root within their souls and live by them.” - Lincoln Patz

WHAT ARE VALUES?

• Values can be briefly defined as what each person finds important in their life – the
things they value.
• Values can be defined as the principles that guide people’s lives, and have varying
significance.
• Values are the basic, most fundamental beliefs a person can have. They help to
determine what a person prioritizes.
 Values are usually fairly stable, yet they don’t have strict limits or boundaries. Also, as
you move through life, your values may change. For example, when you start your career,
success – measured by money and status – might be a top priority. But after you have a family,
work-life balance may be what you value more. As your definition of success changes, so do
your personal values. This is why keeping in touch with your values is a lifelong exercise.

TYPES OF VALUES

Classifying values has always been a complicated task since there is no hard and fast rule
to classify values as they are closely interlinked. Some of the important values are as follows.
1. Personal Values – It is personal to an individual both in terms of their possession and
their use. It is a desire and cherished by the individual irrespective of his social
relationship. These values make a person good for himself. Examples being ambition,
cleanliness, discipline etc.
2. Family Values – Family as a social institution is based on certain universally defined
value system which are nurtured and cultivated within a family system. Mainly, these
values comes from the lead of the family mostly father who transfer these values to
their children, who further impart these values to future generation.
3. Social Values – It refers to certain behaviors and beliefs that are shared within specific
cultures and social groups. These values are good for the society and form the basis of
the relationship of an individual with other people in society. Examples being
courtesy, charity, civic duty etc.
4. Moral Values – These values constitute attitude and behavior that a society consider
essential for co-existence, order and general well-being. It enables an individual in
making a distinction between right and wrong and good and bad etc. Example being
fairness, justice, human dignity etc.
5. Ethical Values – Ethical values are a set of moral principles that apply to a specific
group of people, professional field or form of human conduct. These values
presuppose moral courage and the power to act according to one’s moral convictions
even at the risk of financial, emotional or social security. These relate to our personal
behavior with our fellow beings. All moral values are also covered under ethical
values.
6. Spiritual Values – it refers to the process of reflecting on non-material dimensions of
life and acquiring insights into personal experiences. They affect the individual in his
relations with himself and concerned with the realization of the ‘Self’ and being one
with ‘Divinity’. Examples being truth, beauty, goodness etc.
7. Cultural Values – Cultural values are the standards of what is acceptable or
unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong in a society. It gives
importance to preserve cultural practices, ceremonies, traditions etc. which might be
threatened by the materialistic culture of modern times. Examples being hospitality,
social order, tolerance etc.
8. Intrinsic Values – They are the ends in themselves, not the means for achieving some
other end. In the hierarchy of human values, these values stand at the highest place and
are superior to all other values of life. Examples being goodness, beauty, happiness,
bliss etc.
9. Instrumental Values – These are such values that are useful in deriving some other
benefit through them such as economic gain or an increase in status. A subject is said
to have instrumental value when it is pursued, not for its own sake but for some ends
beyond itself. Example being education for success in life, political power to do public
service etc.
 10. Terminal values – These are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his
or her lifetime. They signify the final goals and objectives of a life of a person, and
they are his/her destination. Therefore, they are also referred to as the end-state of
existence. Terminal values are the highest values in a person’s value system.
Therefore, they are very important. These values are shared by a group as a whole.
11. Aesthetic Values – It seeks to emulate the beauty of the Divine through the arts.
Things and activities which gives joys of beauty are aesthetic values. Example being
beauty, taste, architecture etc.
12. Democratic Values – These values are characterized by the respect for individuality,
equal treatment to all, ensuring equal social, political and religious rights to all,
impartiality and social justice and respect for the democratic institutions.
13. Dis-Value – Values which demoralize and undermine the human growth and
development can be termed as dis-value. This includes jealousy, envy, revenge etc.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF VALUES?
Values help to inform your thoughts, actions and beliefs. They help you be authentic and
conduct yourself properly in a variety of social settings. They differ from short-term or long-term
goals because they’re not specific to a single situation.

Knowing our values helps us achieve clarity regarding why we do what we do, and
accordingly stay on track and live a consistent life. All our actions and decisions are affected by
our values. Anthony Robins, in his book titled Awaken the Giant Within states that values guide
our decision and, therefore, our destiny. Those who know their values and live by them become
the leaders of our society. Knowing our values helps us design our life goals since we know what
is most important for us today and on an ongoing basis. Values are as important as competencies
to achieve our goals.

BENEFITS OF IDENTIFYING YOUR VALUES

As you enter adulthood, understanding more about your values can help you become
more prepared to make decisions for yourself and inspire you to become the person you’d like to
be as you begin your career. There are several benefits of identifying your values:

Values can improve your problem-solving and decision-making skills

Understanding the things you value most has the potential to help you better handle
stressful situations that can sometimes impair your ability to solve problems and make decisions.
When you’re in a challenging situation, consider how you can use your values to make a choice.
It may be tempting to quickly react to a certain situation, but spending a few minutes reflecting
on your values instead can help you ensure the choice you make is the most practical and truly
matches what you value.
For example: if you strongly value selflessness and see a person who needs help, helping that
person can help you feel good about yourself because you were able to directly demonstrate your
selflessness.

Values can help you realize what’s most important

By identifying a few of your most important values, you can better focus on what matters
most to you and remove the things in your life that aren’t as meaningful to you or don’t really
depict who you are and what you want to become. To identify what these things are, you can pay
extra attention to the choices you make every day and take notes of the things that are most
important to you. As you begin to understand your values better, you may find that your time
becomes more meaningful.

Values can help you increase your self-confidence

Self-confidence helps to prepare you to perform your best at job interviews and in the
workplace after earning the position. When you understand who you are and what you believe,
you can gain more self-confidence because you’re more likely to make the right decisions.
Having self-confidence can enhance your ability to solve complex problems, overcome obstacles
others may present to you either during an interview or at work. It can also help you
communicate with others around you in a more natural way, including peers, colleagues and
supervisors.

Values can help you enhance your career choices

Over the course of your career, you’re likely to make many choices, all of which may
have differing impacts on your personal and professional life. Understanding your values can
help you to not only choose the career you truly want but also help you make better choices
while at work and make your transition easier if you decide to accept an entirely new role.
If you value a high degree of independence, you may decide a career in freelancing or
entrepreneurship is best for you. If one of your values is lifelong learning, you might decide to
go with a career in academia. Starting your career may also help you recognize your values by
allowing you to transition into a position that better reflects those values.

Key Takeaways
• Your personal values are a central part of who you are – and who you want to be.
• By becoming more aware of these vital factors in your life, you can use them as a guide
to make the best choice in any situation.
• Some of life’s decisions are really about determining what you value most. When many
options seem reasonable, you can rely on your values to point you in the right direction.
• Values are different for each person. While one person might value honesty, another
might value wealth. You see, values have been defined as ideals or beliefs that a person
holds desirable or undesirable.

KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

MORAL DEVELOPMENT refers to the process through which children develop the standards of right
and wrong within their society, based on social and cultural norms, and laws.

Lawrence Kohlberg

He is an American psychologist and educator known for his theory of moral development.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

 Lawrence Kohlberg formulated a theory asserting that individuals progress through six distinct
stages of moral reasoning from infancy to adulthood.

He grouped these stages into three broad categories of moral reasoning, pre-conventional,
conventional, and post-conventional. Each level is associated with increasingly complex stages of moral
development.

Kohlberg suggested that people move through these stages in a fixed order and that moral
understanding is linked to cognitive development.

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development are as follows:

The Preconventional level: children accept the authority (and moral code) of others. If an action leads to
punishment, it must be bad. If it leads to a reward, it must be good. There is also a sense in which
decisions concerning what is good are defined in terms of what is good for us.

The Conventional level: children believe that social rules and the expectations of others determine what
is acceptable or unacceptable behavior. A social system that stresses the responsibilities of relationships
and social order is seen as desirable and must, therefore, influence our views of right and wrong.

The Postconventional level: here what is right is based on an individual’s understanding of universal
ethical principles. What is considered morally acceptable in any given situation is determined by what is
the response most in keeping with these principles.

SIX STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT EXPOUNDED:

 Level 1 – Preconventional Morality (Stages 1 & 2)

Preconventional morality is the first level of moral development, lasting until approximately age 8.
During this level, children accept the authority (and moral code) of others.

Preconventional morality is when people follow rules because they don’t want to get in trouble or
they want to get a reward. This level of morality is mostly based on what authority figures like parents or
teachers tell you to do rather than what you think is right or wrong.

Authority is outside the individual, and children often make moral decisions based on the physical
consequences of actions.

At the preconventional level, children don’t have a personal code of morality. Instead, moral
decisions are shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules.

 Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation. The child/individual is good to avoid

being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong.
 Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this stage, children recognize that there is not just
one right view handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different
viewpoints.

 Level 2 – Conventional Morality (Stages 3 & 4)

Conventional morality is the second level of moral development (8 years old to early adolescence),
characterized by accepting social rules and the expectations of others concerning right and wrong.

We internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models at the conventional level (most
adolescents and adults).

Authority is internalized but not questioned, and reasoning is based on the group’s norms to which the
person belongs.

A social system that stresses the responsibilities of relationships and social order is seen as desirable
and must influence our view of right and wrong.
 So, people who follow conventional morality believe that it’s important to follow society’s rules
and expectations to maintain order and prevent problems.

 Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships. The child/individual is good to be seen as being

a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others.
 Stage 4. Law and Order Morality. The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules
of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt.

 Level 3 – Postconventional Morality (Stages 5 & 6)

Postconventional morality is the third level of moral development and is characterized by an

individual’s understanding of universal ethical principles.

Postconventional morality is when people decide based on what they think is right rather than just
following the rules. This means that people at this level of morality have their own ethical principles and
values and don’t just do what society tells them to do.

At this level, people think about what is fair, what is just, and what values are important. What is
considered morally acceptable in any given situation is determined by what is the response most in
keeping with these principles.

They also think about how their choices might affect others and try to make good decisions for
everyone, not just themselves.

Values are abstract and ill-defined but might include: the preservation of life at all costs and the
importance of human dignity.

Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral reasoning is based on individual
rights and justice.

According to Kohlberg, this level of moral reasoning is as far as most people get. Only 10-15% are
capable of abstract thinking necessary for stage 5 or 6 (post-conventional morality). That is to say, most
people take their moral views from those around them, and only a minority think through ethical
principles for themselves.

 Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights. The child/individual becomes aware that
while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they
will work against the interest of particular individuals.

The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in Heinz’s dilemma, the protection of life is
more important than breaking the law against stealing.

 Stage 6. Universal Principles. People at this stage have developed their own set of moral
guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone.

E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person will be prepared to act to defend these
principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the
consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment.

Kohlberg doubted few people had reached this stage.

BECKWITH’S STAGES OF SPIRITUAL GROWTH

Michael Bernard Beckwith’s Biography

Michael Bernard Beckwith is the founder and spiritual director of Agape International
Spiritual Center in Los Angeles, California. He is a featured teacher in the film and book The
Secret. In the '70s, he began an inward journey into the teachings of East and West, and today he
teaches universal truth principles found in the New Thought-Ancient Wisdom tradition of
spirituality. Gifted with a vision of a trans-denominational spiritual community, he speaks to a
congregation of more than 9,000 people weekly at Agape.
Described in What Is Enlightenment? magazine as a "nonaligned trans-religious
progressive," Michael shares his powerful conviction of creating the Beloved Community
through his participation on international panels with other peacemakers and spiritual leaders,
including the Dalai Lama of Tibet, Dr. A.T. Ariyaratne of Sri Lanka and Arun Gandhi. He is co-
founder of the Association for Global Thought, an organization dedicated to planetary healing
and transformation.

Michael is the originator of the Life Visioning Process, which he teaches throughout the
country, along with meditation, scientific prayer and the spiritual benefits of selfless service. He
facilitates retreats, workshops and seminars. His books include Spiritual Liberation, Inspirations
of the Heart, 40 Day Mind Fast Soul Feast and A Manifesto of Peace.
As humans, we are always on a quest to find our true selves or our better selves (many
times, when we've hit rock bottom). And often, quests like these lead us down the path of
religion or spiritual awakening. Both paths are equally effective and even overlap for those who
are spiritually religious.

What is Spirituality?
Let's start with the basics. What does spirituality even mean and what happens if you achieve
spiritual growth? The definition of spirituality varies widely, and it's a concept that has been
around for millennia. Spirituality is the concept of believing in something that is greater than you
and finding peace, contentment, grace, and life meaning in that awareness and knowledge. In
many ways, this is also a way of defining reality, discovering ourselves as a person, and
recognize the power of something bigger than ourselves. It can be practiced in a number of
different ways, including meditation, prayer, and chanting. It can also be about connecting with
nature and other people, or even finding your place in life. So, spirituality isn't necessarily tied to
religion or God— it's more about what you believe deep down in your soul.
For some people, spirituality is tied to their religious beliefs, which usually involve following a
certain set of rules or principles set out by their faith. But for others, it's more about finding a
deeper purpose in life through personal growth and self-love. It's easy to get caught up in the
day- to-day grind of life, but spiritual development helps you take a step back and look at the
bigger picture: what are you doing with your life? What do you want out of it? How can you
make sure that what you're doing aligns with your values—and maybe even helps other people
along the way?

What is Spiritual Development?

Before going into how to develop spiritually, let's see what it means to be spiritually developed.
Spiritual development or spiritual awakening is a practice or the journey of finding that deep
connection with the universe (God, a holy spirit, or something bigger than us) and seeking the
truth about our life. It is often an ongoing process.
Spiritual development is a practice of self-reflection, awareness, and growth. It's about learning
to understand your own needs, wants, and desires. It's about recognizing your strengths and
weaknesses. It is the process of becoming more self-aware and then learning how to use that
knowledge for positive change in yourself and others. It is about understanding different spiritual
states and trying to achieve those. Spiritual development can take many forms: it can be as
simple as writing down your thoughts at the end of each day or keeping a gratitude journal; it can
be as complex as meditating for an hour every morning or going on a silent retreat for a week; it
can be as individualized as exploring what spirituality means to you or finding new ways to pray
every day. The only thing that matters is that it helps you feel better about yourself and gives you
an opportunity to grow!

Four stages of consciousness and spiritual growth were developed by Reverend Michael
Beckwith in 1984. Decades ago, when no one was even talking about it. The structure that he
described is so relevant and simple that suddenly a path seems to emerge for our spiritual
journey. Michael Bernard Beckwith is the founder of the Agape Institute in Beverly Hills
California. He preaches in the church there and guides people on their spiritual journey.
Michael Beckwith led the movement of positivity and spirituality. He was part of the movie, The
Secret and thereafter, appeared in many shows such as The Oprah Winfrey Show and Larry King
Live.

He talked a lot about the spiritual awakening process over the years. He is also a popular teacher
at Mindvalley and leads the “Life Visioning” Masterclass. His teaching and ideas on Spirituality
resonate with many people and yet are very simple to understand. They can be used as beginners
guide for spiritual awakening.

The Victim: Things are happening to me.

The Manifester: Things are happening by me.

The channeler: Things are happening through me.
Being Consciousness: Things are happening as me.

These four stages give us the map to consciousness. Through introspection of our lives, we need
to map which stage of consciousness are we in right now. As you are doing this exercise, it is
important to remember that these stages are all non-linear, which means that we may be in
different stages in different areas of our lives. The process of spiritual growth is hardly linear and
clear.

However, for the sake of clarity, below are the four stages of the spiritual growth process. It is
quite helpful if you are beginning your spiritual journey to assess your levels of spirituality.

Stages of Spiritual Growth at a Glance

Stage Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Life To me By me Through me As me
Experience
Consciousness Victim Manifestor Channel Being
Level Consciousness. Consciousness. Consciousness Consciousness.
Level of Little to no The practice of The practice of The practice of
Spiritual spiritual affirmations and mediation and meditations and
Practice practice. visualizations. visualizations. other
 transformative
practices.
Belief Systems Life is Uses the law of Lives the life of Loses the sense of
controlled by attraction and surrender to the ego and lives in
external factors. feels in control of universe. oneness with the
life. universe.
Thought Why is this I can attract God expresses I am one with God
Processes happening to everything I want the divine plan and everyone else.
me? in my life. through me.
Areas of Giving up Giving up the Giving up the Experience
Opportunity blaming. sense of control. ego and sense of limitless
separation. awareness.

Stage One: The Victim Stage (Things are happening to me): This is the first stage of spiritual
awakening and the start of the spiritual rebirth process. As the title suggests, in this stage of our
lives, we are playing the role of victim. We believe that situations outside our control are guiding
the fate of our lives. We also believe that we have no control over what is happening to us and
that we cannot do anything to change our circumstances. For instance, we believe that our
heredity, our skin color, or the place we were born drives our lives. If we were not born a certain
way, we will not be successful, and we can't do anything about it. In this stage, we are often lost
and miserable, unsure about where our life is going and how things are going to turn out. We
often feel lost and anxious when we believe we are victims.

Stage Two: The Manifester Stage (Things are happening by me): This is the next stage on the
spiritual path. As we graduate from the being a victim, we enter the stage of the manifester. We
start to see the spiritual rebirth symptoms. We begin to believe that we can direct the course of
our experiences and that we are not limited by our circumstances. We actively begin to think
positively to manifest experiences in our lives. This is the stage that the famous movie The
Secret describes as well. We start to understand the laws of the universe and begin to use them to
change the course of our lives.

Stage Three: The Channeler Stage (Things are happening through me): In this stage of
consciousness, we let go of the idea that we need to make things happen. We understand that we
can make them happen, but we realize that there is a larger purpose to the life we’ve been given.
We begin to trust the universe and we start the work we were meant to do in our lifetime. We
realize that we are not here to just do the things we want to, we are here so things can happen
through us. We become the vehicle of consciousness itself. It is the place of ultimate surrender to
the universe or God. In this phase, you may also experience some physical symptoms of spiritual
awakening like feeling unencumbered and free, lightness in your being, etc.

Stage Four: Being Consciousness Stage (Things happening as me): This is the last stage of
consciousness in the spiritual path. According to Michael Beckwith, there are very few words to
describe this state of consciousness and its true nature. Or there are too many words to describe
what largely remains indescribable. In this stage, we become aware that we are the universe and
that is the representation of our true self. We are eternal beings that are not tied to this lifetime.
We realize that we were never really born, and we never truly die, either. We come into
coherence with who we are. As we enter this final stage of consciousness, more is demanded of
us, and we truly start living as eternal beings. We see less of a separation between ourselves and
the outside world and others. We understand that we are all part of the same fabric of the
universal consciousness. Our ego takes a back seat as we come to terms with this idea, and we
start feeling more connected to everyone and everything around us.

Stage one: ‘TO ME’

The first stage of spiritual development is what Beckwith calls the ‘To Me’ stage. It’s also
referred to as the victim stage as it is an early level of awareness where our primary perception is
that life is happening ‘to us’. Like a child new to the world, or someone who has not yet claimed
full responsibility for his/her life, in the ‘To Me’ stage we experience ourselves at the effect of
the people and circumstances of our life. There are times in each of our lives when we feel like
we are on the receiving end of challenges, opportunities, relationships, job assignments, etc. and
while we may have desires for a different circumstance, at the time it really feels as though ‘life
is happening to us’.
As with each of the four stages, in order to move from one stage to the next, Beckwith tells us we
must be willing to let go of something en route to claiming a new aspect of who we really are. In
order to move from the ‘To Me’ stage of our development into stage two, what we must be
willing to let go of… is blame. After reacting, resisting and blaming others (or life itself) for our
circumstance, eventually we come to a place where we are ready to claim more of a sense of
personal responsibility and become more of a generative force in our life. Through choice or
necessity, we make a shift and begin to experience ourselves taking matters of our life into our
own hands.

Stage two: ‘BY ME’

Even if we are fully justified to blame others for our current situation, there comes a time when
we must realize that as long as we are making others responsible for our circumstance, we are
giving away our power and limiting our ability to make the necessary changes. As we let go of
the need to blame anyone (including ourselves!) for where we are, we open ourselves to shift
into our next stage of development, becoming active manifestos of the path we truly want/need
to be on.
During stage two, the ‘By Me’ phase of our journey, we may initially feel stretched or
challenged by our circumstance, but this challenge is often what is needed for us to dig deeper
and become a causative agent in our experience. This is the stage of the journey where we get to
discover that we are far more capable than we realized. We are not victims of circumstance but
rather creators of it.

The ‘By Me’ stage of development is often a building (or rebuilding) phase, where our actions
must be grounded, real, focused and self-driven. Breakthroughs in this arena often require
focused determination (and sometimes sweat!) and they leave us with the sense of personal
accomplishment, “I did it! I can do it!”. In the stage of ‘By Me’, we move past victim-hood and
begin to emerge with a sense of personal ownership of the life we create, earn, cause and
achieve. This is a powerful step on the path.

Stage three: ‘THROUGH ME’

When we have worked hard at developing skills in any activity or endeavor (from music to
sports to mathematics), there is a moment when we cross over from pure focused effort to a
feeling of grace and flow with what we are doing. We may have been building skills and trying
the same thing over and over for quite some time, when suddenly, we go from playing the music
to feeling as though the music is actually playing through us. We go from being the surfer using
our skills to surf the wave, to feeling the energy of the ocean guiding our flow upon it. From
being the writer of the story, to feeling as though the creative essence of the story itself is
expressing through our pen onto the page.
When we enter ‘Through Me’ consciousness we go from a sense of personal significance
grounded in our own achievements, to feeling a sense of humility about being part of something
greater than ourselves. In order to move from the ‘By Me’ stage into stage three, what we must
be willing to let go of is our need for control. As we let go of having to be the soul generator and
controller of each outcome, we open ourselves up to discover a new sense of trust and
connectedness to the bigger story/currents/song ready to flow through us.
Sometimes the experience of ‘Through Me’ comes as a graceful extension of personal exertion,
and sometimes it arrives more abruptly as we reach the limit of our own personal skills or
abilities and have no choice but to surrender, opening ourselves up to be conduits or instruments
of the higher energetic forces within.

Stage four: ‘AS ME’

When we let go of blame and move from our perception of life as something that happens ‘To
Me’, we begin to discover our true power in life happens ‘By Me’. When we let go of the need to
control, we move from our experience of life happening ‘By Me’, to discovering our connection
to the greater powers of life moving ‘Through Me’. As we allow our individual expression to
merge completely with the energy we are experiencing or creating in the world, we realize we
are actually part of the infinite creative force of the universe, which is expressing and
experiencing itself individualized ‘As Me’. I am God/spirit/universe/nature/consciousness.
As we travel through the third stage of our development and experience a sense of the greater
flow moving ‘Through Me’ consistently in life or endeavor, we begin to reach this fourth
leaping-off point and the simple but profound realization that whatever is moving ‘Through Me’
is also inside of me. That this greater energetic force and I are actually made of the same source
material. Like a ray of the sun or a wave in the ocean, I am actually an individualized expression
of this greater force, which is now moving, breathing and acting in the world ‘As Me’.
A picture must possess a real power to generate light, and for a long time now I’ve been
conscious of expressing myself through light, or rather in light. – Henri Matisse
To move beyond the experience of life occurring ‘Through Me’ and into the ‘As Me’ stage of
spiritual development, what we must be willing to let go of is our sense of separation. As we do
this (or rather ‘be’ this), we open ourselves to discover the experience of genuine unity or
oneness in life and endeavor. We release our perception of the infinite nature of the universe as a
causative energy that exists outside of us, and we open ourselves to experience this infinite
nature in and ‘as’ our very being. The music, the ocean, the story is not only moving ‘Through
Me’… they are the living expression of who I am. This is flow in its greatest sense and many
would say it is our ultimate reason for being here. Through our actions, experiences,
relationships and being, to remember and experience ourselves as unique expressions of the
absolute.
We each have experiences of these stages of development at different times in different areas of
our life. Whether or not we arrive at a permanent state of ‘As Me’ in every aspect of our
existence, it is powerful to consider what shifts we can make within ourselves to support our
steps along the path.

STAGE ONE: ‘TO ME’

Life is a series of events, relationships and circumstances that happen to me.

In order to move to beyond stage one, I must be willing to let go of: blame.
In doing so, I claim/discover: responsibility and personal empowerment.

STAGE TWO: ‘BY ME’

I move into my role as a manifestor, claiming my ability to create and influence my circumstance
in life.
In order to move beyond stage two, I must be willing to let go of: control.

In doing so, I discover: trust and connection with energetic forces beyond my individual self.

STAGE THREE: ‘THROUGH ME’

I am an instrument and conduit for Life to move and express through me.

In order to move beyond stage three, I must be willing to let go of: separation.
In doing so, I discover: oneness.

STAGE FOUR: ‘AS ME’

I and the infinite forces of the universe are ONE. I am God/spirit/life, being me. At once unique
and intrinsically part of the greater whole. I am one with all of life.
Five Reasons to Develop and Grow Your Spirituality

“The spiritual quest is not some added benefit to our life, something you embark on if you
have the time and inclination. We are spiritual beings on an earthly journey. Our spirituality
makes up our beingness.” –John Bradshaw

When it comes to self-care and being at our best, dedicating time to spirituality is equally
important, if not more important, as other areas of life.

Spirituality has a different meaning to different people, but from a positive psychology
perspective it can bedefined as, a deep sense of belonging,of wholeness, of connectedness, and of
openness to the infinite (Easvaradoss, 2013).”

Developing our spirituality can help us deal with life’s challenges and grow into a better, more
whole and happy person. So, here are five benefits to developing your spiritual nature.
1. Hopefulness
If there is one thing that spirituality can add to our life it is a sense of hope and optimism.
Spirituality strengthens our outlook for a better future.
We will always encounter challenges in life, but if we stay hopeful during these trying times we
will persevere. Spiritual growth enhances our ability to deal with life’s ups and downs and
bounce back from those difficult experiences.
2. Compassion and Understanding

It is easy to look at others with judgment and criticism, but when we start to grow spiritually we
realize how much healthier it is to cultivate compassion and understanding for others instead.
It is not only provides us the wherewithal to serve and help others but also improves our personal
well-being. When look at life through a compassionate lens we can grow a sense of connection
to others and begin to recognize the positive impact we can have.
3. Sense of purpose and meaning

A feeling that our life is worthwhile and that we aren’t just here by some random mistake can
make a major difference in the trajectory of our life. We are alive for a reason and are meant to
contribute something to the world.
According to an editorial in the International Journal of Childrens Spirituality, “In a modern
world that is consumed with materialism, which moves at a frantic pace, and which is frayed by
cultural, racial and religious divisiveness, the yearning of the human spirit to connect and find
meaning is sometimes overlooked.”
Without a sense of spirituality we can lose sight of what is really most important and meaningful.

4. Inspiration and appreciation

Life is full of inspiration when we are looking for it. There is also much to be grateful for despite
the struggles and challenges we face.
Through spiritual growth we can learn to see the beauty and wonder in our day to day life. The
things we often take from granted can start to offer us greater inspiration and joy.
5. Peace of mind
Part of spirituality is connecting to a higher power. Whatever name or label we give to this
spiritual source is irrelevant in my opinion.
The important thing is the sense that there is something greater than ourselves, and that we don’t
have to carry the entire burden alone. When we learn how to “let go” of the emotional baggage
we carry it really adds to peace of mind.

CHAPTER 6: Social Graces and Etiquettes

TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Creating a good first impression
B. Manners and Etiquettes
C. Types of Etiquettes
• Social Etiquettes
• Professional/Business Etiquette
• Communication Etiquette
• Meal Etiquette
• Digital Etiquette
D. Hygiene, Grooming, and Proper Dressing

A. CREATING A GOOD FIRST IMPRESSIO

What is first impression?
First impressions are the almost-instant conclusions we draw when meeting someone for the first
time. We form this opinion by quickly taking in information about a person, including their face,
dress, posture, and tone of voice.

CREATING A GOOD FIRST IMPRESSION

1. Be on time
• Plan to arrive a few minutes early, and allow flexibility for possible delays in traffic
or taking a wrong turn. Arriving early is much better that arriving late
•
2. Dress Appropriately
• Make sure that your clothing is appropriate for the situation.
•
3. Manners
• Be civilized, polite and respectful.

4. Start Conversation
• Ask question or talk about something you are both interested to.

5. Smile
• A genuine smile reaches your eyes and creates an impression of trust and sincerity.

6. Watch your body language

• Make eye contact.
- Making eye contact is taken as a show of honesty and as a way of showing
respect to the person that you are talking to. Eye contact also shows that you’re
paying attention to other person and listening to what they are saying.

• Stand or sit up straight, and hold your head up.

- You will present yourself as comfortable and confident.

• Avoid crossing your arms or legs.

- Convey a message that the person is not open to what you are saying. It shows a
defensive attitude. Crossed legs may also mean that the person is nervous or
withdrawn
 • Offer your hand for a good, firm handshake that is confident but not crushing.

7. Stay calm and be yourself

• The best way to create good impression is by being your authentic self. Making good
impression doesn’t mean to “fit in”. Being yourself will make you feel more
confident, build trust and earn respect from people you meet.

B. MANNERS AND ETIQUETTES

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETIQUETTE AND MANNERS

Do you remember the story of goldilocks and the three bears? A girl named goldilocks sneaks
into the house of a bear family when they are away. She proceeds to eat their porridge, sit in their
chairs, and sleep in their bed. When they come back, they are dismayed to see she has eaten their
food, broken their chairs, and used their bed. Goldilocks is a bad-mannered child who gets into
trouble for using and breaking other’s things without asking.

Children are often told such stories to teach them about good manners. But have you ever
wondered how people know what constitutes good manners? It’s proper etiquette that teaches us
how to behave in a particular way—not interrupting others mid-conversation, speaking politely
or listening attentively.

What are etiquette and manners?

Both etiquette and manners play a significant role in social interactions. The two concepts
revolve around human behavior and are often used interchangeably. However, the two are
different at their core and shouldn’t be confused with each other.

Etiquette is a code of conduct and a set of societal rules that acts as a catalyst for positive human
interactions. On the other hand, manners are behaviors that reflect a person’s attitude. A key
difference between etiquette and manners is that the former changes with a change in societal
customs and norms, while the latter remains largely unchanged across communities.

Etiquette provides a structure within which good manners can flourish. It’s good manners to
follow proper etiquette. For example, etiquette may dictate the rules of talking to someone. In
some cultures, this means introducing yourself properly to a stranger and shaking their hand. But
in other cultures, shaking hands is frowned upon. Good manners will prompt you to say ‘please’
or ‘thank you’ when needed and not interrupt another person. These are universal courtesies.

Practicing etiquette and manners

The process of learning etiquette is more difficult than learning good manners. The former
requires conscious effort and dedication. Moreover, etiquette changes according to customs and
norms. The etiquette you display at a dinner party will be different from the way you present
yourself at an office party.

Let’s look at some ways to practice proper etiquette and manners:

1. Mind your language

• It’s important to pay attention to the way you communicate with others. Use
respectful language that makes your listeners feel valued. Say ‘please’ and ‘thank
you’ to express your gratitude. Avoid speaking loudly when you’re conversing with
someone.

2. Be friendly and respectful

• We must treat others with respect if we want to be treated respectfully. It’s possible
that someone is having a bad day and behaves rudely with you. This shouldn’t
prevent you from responding in a calm and composed manner. Good etiquette and
manners create a culture of trust and respect, allowing you to network and collaborate
with others.

3. Dress appropriately

• Every event and place have a dress code, whether you are going to your office for
work or to a company retreat. Wearing appropriate attire shows that you pay attention
to details. For example, you should choose formal wear if you’re appearing for a job
interview, but dress in traditional attire if you’re going to a wedding. Appropriate
clothes make you look presentable and help you meet social expectations.

4. Be on time

• A well-mannered person always arrives on time. Being on time shows that you are
not only punctual but also considerate of others’ time. For example, if you have an
important client meeting, aim to arrive a few minutes early to allow yourself a buffer.
You can prepare for the meeting, relax or think through your ideas while you wait.
You will also mitigate the possibility of being late and making a bad impression.

5. Keep an open mind

• In life, you will come across various kinds of people from different backgrounds. Not
everyone will agree with what you have to say or offer. There will be times when
conflicts may arise due to disagreements. For example, you may be required to work
 with different teams, therefore collaborating with people who have different work
styles. Flexibility prevents conflicts from escalating and helps maintain a positive and
courteous work environment.

Importance of etiquette and manners

Proper etiquette and manners are necessary for us to coexist and live in harmony. We progress as
a society when we know how to behave in socially responsible ways. Let’s look at the benefits of
adopting good manners and etiquette:

• You feel more comfortable being authentic when you understand how others expect
you to behave. This can boost your self-confidence

• You tend to listen attentively and respond respectfully, which promotes effective
communication with others

• It helps you take others’ feelings into consideration and learn how to put yourself in
other’s shoes. This increases empathy

• It helps you familiarize yourself with socio-cultural norms and treat people with
kindness and respect, thus strengthening social relationships

• You are better equipped to influence other’s views when you act according to social
protocols. Thus, it helps you gain respect and legitimacy

Good manners and proper etiquette not only help you develop personal relationships but also
help strengthen your professional relationships. You can leave lasting impressions on your
coworkers and clients when you know how to present the best version of yourself.

C. TYPES OF ETIQUETTES

SOCIAL ETIQUETTES

What is Social Etiquette?

Social etiquette refers to the various social behaviors that occur between your family, friends and
colleagues or even strangers. Proper social etiquette requires following certain social norms in
order to live and coexist with others in harmony. It also plays a role in how others perceive and
treat you. Social etiquette influences how others perceive and treat you. It can help you create
lasting impressions that establish trust and reliance. Practicing good social manners not only help
you build lifelong relationships; It also helps you create fruitful opportunities.

Let’s look at some real-life social etiquette examples to understand the concept better:
• Remembering people’s names and making them feel good.
• Saying ‘Sorry’ or ‘Excuse Me’ immediately after sneezing.
• Using ‘Thank You’ and ‘Sorry’ when a situation calls for it.
• Saying ‘Excuse Me’ while navigating your way through a crowd.
• Holding the door for somebody standing in front of or behind you.

Types of Social Etiquette

We practice different kinds of social etiquette depending on the situation we’re in. For example,
the way you behave at a family dinner is quite different from the way you behave at a business
lunch. Let’s look at the types of social etiquette we practice depending on different Situations:

1. Face-To-Face Etiquette
Face-To-Face interactions are not always easy. Here are a few etiquette practices to follow when
you meet someone:
• Use your full name to introduce yourself and greet the other person. You can simply
use ‘Hello, nice to meet you’ to break the ice. A smile and a firm handshake make it
easier to build rapport.
• Pay attention to your body language so that you don’t come off as rude or
unprofessional. Good posture, eye contact and a confident attitude can make a huge
difference.
• One of the most important aspects of social etiquette is paying attention to people.
Never interrupt anyone mid-sentence and always listen respectfully.

2. Social Media Etiquette

Social etiquette also extends to social media and online communication. Here are some me ways
to ensure proper conduct on social media platforms:
• If someone doesn’t accept your friendship or follow requests, leave them be. If it’s
important to connect with someone, message them and state your purpose.

• Avoid posting insensitive content on your social media handles. If you make a
mistake, own up and apologize.

• Always get consent if you want to share someone else’s information, photos or
content. Before tagging someone in a post or photograph, check if they’re
comfortable with it.

3. Virtual Meeting Etiquette

Work from home has become the new normal for most businesses today and virtual meetings
have become a part of daily work routine. Here are a few tips to help you maintain proper social
etiquette during online meetings:
• Dress for success! Wearing appropriate attire can help you feel confident. It also
shows that you pay attention to details and it’ll impress your audience.
• Mute your microphone when you’re not speaking. It ensures that there’s no echo and
you Don’t disrupt the flow of meetings.

• It may be tempting to check your phone but try to stay present and active. Participate
in discussions and show anyone who’s speaking that you’re respectfully listening to
them.

Conclusion

Good social etiquette promotes kindness, humility and consideration. Even the smallest acts can
make the biggest difference! Etiquette helps us to know how to treat others respectfully and
appropriately in any context. By knowing how to read social cues and communicating
effectively, we put others at ease, foster meaningful relationships and create a comfortable and
relaxed atmosphere wherever we go.

PROFESSIONAL/BUSINESS ETIQUETTE

What is Business Etiquette?

Expected behaviors and expectations for individual actions within society, group, or
class. Within a place of business, it involves treating co-workers and employer with respect and
courtesy in a way that create pleasant work environment for everything.

Etiquette Rules

1. Always arrive on time.

In business, time really is money! Punctuality applies to situations like coming to the office,
attending a meeting, or finishing your tasks. Timely arrivals tell a lot about your behavior and
manners. Arriving on time for meetings shows that you respect the attendants. As a result, you
gain mutual respect. Additionally, being punctual adds professionalism and shows that you take
responsibility.

2. Dress appropriately.
Humans are naturally visual beings, so even if people you meet don’t consciously judge you
based on looks, dressing appropriately still creates an impression as much as your words and
actions. Dressing like a professional you aspire to be is proper etiquette that impacts how
credible you look.

3. Pay attention to names.

During social interaction, a person’s name is usually the first thing you learn about someone.
Paying attention and memorizing their names shows your sincerity and how involved you are in
the conversation. Remembering names right away generally leads to people respecting and liking
you more. Colleagues, employees, and coworkers will feel more appreciated. For customers,
mentioning and remembering their names makes them feel important and valued which helps
build loyalty.

4. Introduce others.

The strong skill of introduction can lead to more opportunities for your professional growth. It
helps build relationships among coworkers and widens your business network. This skill applies
whenever you’re meeting with a new group of people, for example, during a networking session.
Getting to know everyone can get overwhelming, and you can be the one to introduce them
around.

5. Make eye contact.

Eye contact can be an important indication of your communication and body language skills. It
tells what cannot be said, like how interested you are in the conversation. Along with a firm
handshake, eye contact can build a great first impression. Making and maintaining eye contact
politely is about duration. Keep it long enough to show you’re paying attention to your
coworkers but short enough to avoid being rude or awkward. If you feel uncomfortable looking
straight in the eyes, use some tips to overcome this anxiety.

6. Give clues that you are paying attention.

Through simple gestures or replies, paying attention tells people that you care and value their
opinions. Most of the time, showing attention is about your body language. Actively listen to the
person you talk to by nodding your head, smiling, or giving gestures that show responses. It’s
also about taking turns, where you wait until they finished talking before replying.

7. Don’t Interrupt.

Doing this is merely polite and shows respect to your colleagues. Without specific purposes,
interrupting others when talking or working isn’t proper etiquette in any scenario. If you’re ever
in the opposite position, avoid interrupting the other part. Instead, make them understand your
position by staying in the conversation and constructively communicating your point of view.
 8. Double-check your emails.

Business etiquette applies to digital communication just as much as to real-life interactions.

Being able to write great business emails is an art form by itself, but even simply proofreading
your emails can go a long way. Proofreading can be a tedious task. So, save time by having
email templates. Consider using online tools to check the grammar and make sure no typos sneak
in.

9. Avoid gossips.

Naturally, office gossip between coworkers reflects unprofessional behavior and is frowned
upon. Moreover, a part of successful team collaboration and healthy team dynamics is solid and
ethical communication. Gossiping in the workplace creates gaps between employees that
eventually affect the efficiency of their collaborations. Gossiping tends to start with one person,
so it helps to keep personal thoughts to yourself and not overshare. Don’t create unnecessary
distractions from work. Consider how you behave as a part of the group.

10. Keep your workplace tidy.

It’s easy to get lost in your work and not mind your working area. However, it’s also important
to remember that you’re sharing the office with other workers. This is about keeping your desk
organized, which affects productivity. To maintain an organized workplace, start by making a
place for everything you do need, and get rid of anything you don’t. Use book organizers,
minimize clutter, or go paperless. Always clean your desk after you are done for the day.

COMMUNICATION ETIQUETTE
What is Communication Etiquette?

Communication etiquette refers to the accepted ways of communicating with others. Good
communication etiquette includes behavior and strategies that can help you relay information
clearly while maintaining positive relationships with others.

10 Communication Etiquette

1. Maintain Reasonable Eye-Contact.

Focus on the person you are talking to, don’t look at your phone or watch. The person is
expecting your complete attention, your actions speak way louder than words.
It's true that keeping appropriate eye contact is essential to proper communication. It
demonstrates your interest in and focus on the other person during the conversation. By focusing
entirely on them and refraining from distractions like checking your watch or phone, you show
them that you value and appreciate their ideas and opinions. During interactions, it builds rapport
and trust between people.

2. Let Them Talk.

Listen to what the other person is saying and refrain from interrupting or completing their
sentences for them. Simply listen and then respond after they’ve finished speaking.

For good communication etiquette, one must actively listen, which includes neither interrupting
or finishing someone else’s words. You may respect someone’s viewpoint and indicate that you
value their opinion by letting them finish expressing their views and ideas without interjecting.
The practise also aids in grasping the entire message being sent, which enables you to reply
intelligently and suitably. Maintaining good relationships with people while engaging in more
fruitful and meaningful conversations is made possible by active listening.

3. Repeat What Was Said.

Show the other person that you are listening attentively and understand what they are saying. For
example, “so what your saying is…”. This will show the other person that you are truly trying to
understand them.

A great way to show comprehension and active participation in a conversation is to practice

reflective listening. By repeating or summarizing what has been spoken by the other person. You
Show that you are paying attention and making an effort to understand what they are saying.

4. Be Concise.

Be mindful and respectful of others’ time. Try to keep your message to the point, simple and
specific. Try not to go off into random tangents.

To show that you value the other person’s time and attention, keep your message clear, simple,
and directed. Refrain from diverting from your core topic or adding extraneous information that
might divert attention from it. You show respect and regard for the other person’s hectic
schedule by being considerate of their time. This strategy facilitates efficient information flow
and encourages effective communication.

5. Express Yourself Kindly.

Don’t be scared to voice your concerns or opinions. But always be polite and openminded to the
differing viewpoints others may express.

It's essential to be polite and open to the opinions of others. You may provide a safe environment
for conversation and promote an honest exchange of ideas by continuing to act with respect and
openness

6. Think it Through.

Choose the right delivery method in communicating. Decide on the most appropriate medium for
your message whether that is a text message, an email, or a face-to-face conversation.

Effective communication depends on choosing the right message delivery strategy. Different
media are needed for different situations, and selecting the appropriate one may significantly
improve the impact and clarity of your message.
7. Avoid Touchy Topics.

Keep it professional, depending on the setting and gear your talking points to respond to the flow
of the conversation. People don’t generally want to be put into uncomfortable positions or face
awkward talking encounters. Overall, know your place and know your crowd.

8. Ask Questions.

Effective communication involves reciprocal open-ended questions as a way to gain

understanding, promote new ideas, resolve any confusion, and maintain collaboration.
Overall, incorporating reciprocal open-ended questions into your communication approach can
help to foster a more open and collaborative environment, leading to more effective
communication and better outcomes.
9. Keep Yourself Updated.

Be honest and responsive when communicating. Take ownership of your work and responsibility
in your actions as well. Try to stay informed and if there is ever a delay- simply talk about it or
ask for assistance.

Being honest, responsive, and taking ownership of your work and actions are key aspects of
effective communication. Staying informed, communicating delays or issues promptly, and
seeking assistance when needed can help to maintain trust and credibility with your audience

10. Be Upfront.
Use your voice (respectfully) and let others know what you think. Offer your insight,
experiences, suggestions, and also be willing to listen and expand on ideas.

By using your voice and actively listening, you contribute to a dynamic and inclusive
communication process. It allows for a diversity of ideas and promotes a culture of collaboration
and mutual respect. Ultimately, this leads to more effective communication and better outcomes.

MEAL ETIQUETTE

In the realm of dining, etiquette refers to proper manners and behavior in a formal dining
situation. Table manners play an important part in making a favorable impression. They are
visible signals of your manners, and therefore, are essential to professional success.

When it comes to dining etiquette, there are a few basic principles that everyone should know
and practice. Knowing the dos and don’ts of the dining table is essential for any social situation.
Whether you are dining at home or in a restaurant, having a good understanding of the basics of
dining etiquette will ensure that you create a positive and pleasant experience for yourself and
others. Here are the top 10 dos and don’ts for the dining table that everyone should keep in mind.

The Top 10 Do’s and Don’ts

1) Do arrive on time
Arriving on time is one of the most important dining etiquette tips. Showing up late or not at all
can disrupt everyone else at the party. It also conveys that you don’t respect other people’s time
and effort. If you are going to be late, make sure to contact the host and let them know as soon as
possible.
When it comes to table manners and dining etiquette, arriving on time is one of the basic rules
that everyone should follow. It is especially important when attending formal events such as
business dinners or family gatherings. Arriving late can set a bad tone and make a negative
impression. Make sure to take into account any possible traffic delays or bad weather that could
make you late for the event. Overall, arriving on time is a great way to show your respect and
appreciation to those around you.

2) Do dress appropriately

Table manners and basic dining etiquette dictate that you should dress properly when eating at
the table. Your clothes should be neat, clean, and in good condition. You want to make a good
impression, so it’s important that you look presentable. Your clothes should reflect your respect
for the person you’re dining with, as well as for the occasion. There are no strict rules regarding
what is considered “appropriate”, but as a general rule, err on the side of being more formal. This
means avoiding clothes that are overly casual, such as flip-flops, tank tops, or shorts. When in
doubt, it’s best to ask in advance if the dress code is formal or casual.

3) Do turn off your phone

When it comes to dining etiquette, one of the most basic rules is to turn off your phone. It can be
very rude and disruptive to have your phone ringing or buzzing at the dinner table, and it shows a
lack of respect for your fellow diners. Plus, it’s just plain distracting! When you’re out to dinner
with friends or family, make sure to turn off your phone or set it to silent mode so that everyone
can enjoy their meal without any interruptions.

Put your phone on silent during dinner. If you’re expecting a call, put your phone on vibrate, let
the person you’re dining with know that you’re expecting a call and excuse yourself should you
choose to take it. But you should only take a call if it’s urgent. If your phone persistently rings
and you suspect this is urgent, apologize to your companions, step outside and take the call.

4) Do make conversation

Conversation is a key component of dining etiquette. When at the table, it’s important to be
polite and engage in pleasant conversation. This can be done by introducing topics that are
appropriate and relevant, such as the food being served or the setting. Conversation can also
involve asking questions of your fellow diners to show interest and respect for their thoughts and
opinions.

As a rule of thumb, avoid controversial topics and off-color jokes when engaging in conversation
at the table. Following these dining tips and adhering to basic rules of politeness will ensure that
conversations remain pleasant and enjoyable. Remember, part of having good table manners is
being able to make conversation in a respectful way.

5) Don’t talk with your mouth full

Talking with your mouth full is one of the most common and unacceptable dining etiquette
mistakes. It is important to remember that when you are at the dinner table, basic rules such as
not speaking with food in your mouth still apply. Eating with your mouth closed and not talking
until you have swallowed your food shows manners and respect for your dining companions.

Table manners are an important part of dining etiquette and not talking with your mouth full is a
basic rule that you should always follow. If you forget to keep your mouth shut while eating,
kindly excuse yourself and take a few moments to finish chewing and swallowing before
carrying on the conversation.

6) Don’t chew with your mouth open

One of the most basic rules of good dining etiquette is to never chew with your mouth open. This
may seem like a small detail but it is one that can have a huge impact on the way others perceive
you. Chewing with your mouth open is considered rude and can be off-putting for those around
you, no matter what kind of setting you’re in. To avoid this faux pas, take the time to carefully
chew and swallow your food before engaging in conversation or reaching for your next bite.

7) Don’t reach across the table

One of the most important dining etiquette tips you can follow is to avoid reaching across the
table. This basic rule of table manners is often overlooked and can make for an uncomfortable
mealtime atmosphere. When asking for something, politely pass it down the table instead of
reaching over someone else’s plate. Doing so will make sure that everyone can enjoy their meal
without feeling uncomfortable or disturbed. Respectful communication is key when it comes to
enjoying a pleasant meal together.

8) Don’t put your elbows on the table

This is one of the most basic rules of dining etiquette and is essential to remember when it comes
to table manners. It is considered rude to put your elbows on the table while dining, as it gives
off an unrefined and casual vibe. As one of the top 10 dining tips, this is an easy one to follow
and will help ensure you look professional when you are dining out.

9) Don’t slurp your soup

When it comes to dining etiquette, one of the basic rules to follow is to not slurp your soup.
Slurping can be seen as impolite and unrefined. To make sure you don’t offend anyone, keep
your mouth closed while eating your soup, and do not make any loud noises while sipping or
swallowing. It’s also important to use a spoon when eating soup; do not drink it directly from the
bowl.

10) Don’t forget to say please and thank you

Good table manners are essential for any meal, and one of the most basic rules to keep in mind is
to always remember to say please and thank you. In many cultures, it is considered rude not to
express gratitude when someone else has served or provided something for you. Saying please
when asking for something and thank you when receiving something shows respect and
appreciation

When dining at a restaurant or in someone’s home, it is important to remember to thank the

server, cook, or host before leaving. Saying “thank you” can help make the experience more
pleasant and show your appreciation for their hard work. It is also important to remember to use
polite language when communicating with others at the table. Saying “please pass the salt”
instead of “pass the salt” is a great way to show respect for your fellow diners.
If you keep these basic rules in mind, you can be sure that your dining experience will be
enjoyable for everyone involved.

“The way you treat your food on your plate is a reflection of the way you treat people in your life.
Learning how to dine teaches you not just how to eat but how to treat people “

- Rajiv Talreja

DIGITAL ETIQUETTE

Discussant: Coquia, Jeffrey S. & Hernandez, Ivy Jane P.

INTRODUCTION

The Origin of Digital Etiquette

The concept of digital etiquette dates back to the early days of the internet, when it was mainly
used by computer experts and enthusiasts. They developed their own codes of conduct and
jargon to communicate effectively and respectfully in online forums, mailing lists, and chat
rooms. Some of the first documents that outlined these rules were the RFC 1855 (Netiquette
Guidelines) and the Netiquette FAQ, both published in 1995.

Netiquette began before the start of the World Wide Web. It was considered as somewhat
indecent to make commercial public postings, and the limitations of insecure.

Thus, it is believed that digital etiquette or otherwise known as “netiquette”, is a group of rules
that would have to be followed by the users of the network to facilitate the understanding of
what to write and the circulation of information for the network.

DEFINITION OF DIGITAL ETIQUETTE

We can define digital etiquette as the integrity and general responsibility for your actions and
yourself on the Internet and treating others like you would in real life. In some cases, digital
etiquette teaches others to be courteous and respectful while using the internet as if it has the
power to save lives and stop the timely issue—the cyber bullying.

Digital etiquette, or netiquette as it is sometimes referred to, is a basic set of rules pertaining
to behaviour that needs to be followed to ensure the Internet is better for all users. Basically, it
means “the use of good manners in online communication such as e-mail, forums, blogs, and
social networking sites. (Shea V. 2004)
 Digital etiquette or sometimes called “netiquette”, it’s basically just having proper
communication with people whom we interact with.

In a classroom setting, there are two types of communication—the formal and informal.
Formal means when you’re messaging your teachers directly. While as for informal
communication, it means when you’re replying, to oppose or threaten that you have on
platforms.

So, to ensure that digital etiquette will be observed during the interaction, there are numerous
ways or rules for a person who’s involved in an interaction to consider. These are the following:

Rule No. 1: Proper Greeting

✓ Always have a proper greeting.

✓ Start with good morning or hello and always include their last name.

✓ Don’t just say miss or sir.

Rule No. 2: Ask your Specific Question

✓ Don’t just talk casually and say “what page” “thanks miss”.

✓ Always be specific because they have more students and not just you.

Rule No. 3: Be Professional

✓ Are you making sense?

✓ Did you use the rules of capitalization and punctuation?

✓ Are you being respectful?

Rule No. 4: Proper Ending

✓ Always end the conversation with a proper ending.

✓ You can say things like sincerely or thanks in advance if it’s an ongoing message.

IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL ETIQUETTE

So why is netiquette so important?

➢ When we communicate face- to-face, it is important to note that 55% of the communication is
made up of body language, 38% is the tone of voice, with the remaining 7% being the actual
words (Psychology Today (Thompson, J. 2011). When communicating on a phone, we lose the
body language component but the tone is still there to support the message. However,
communicating online, or in the written form, we lost 93% of the communication – the words
become the sole mechanism for communication. As a result, misunderstandings occur without
these non-verbal cues.

➢ So how do we provide these non-verbal cues in digital communication? Informally we use

emoticons to aid the message, but formally this is a lot harder. Most formal communication
occurs within a business context, so netiquette becomes vital in our communication as businesses
rely heavily on building and maintaining relationships.

➢ Netiquette is even more important when we consider the longevity and the reach of the
communication. The lack of netiquette can cause substantial problems in the workplace and
schooling. Although there has been a reduction in poor netiquette, it is still an issue that has
ramifications beyond socially acceptable norms.

➢ Taking all these factors into consideration, having an online or digital etiquette is indeed
beneficial for us as learners. It doesn’t just benefit the experts in technology, parents, teachers,
and other practitioners but more importantly, it plays a significant role to the learners as they are
the ones who rely on what is trending nowadays—the technology.

➢ To put it simply, netiquette generally concerns about the code of behaviors established for
communicating in an online world.

Here are some reminders concerning the benefits of digital etiquette:

✓ If you practice good etiquette now, you’ll be able to respond properly in high school, in
college and eventually in the workforce. You’ll be prepared to communicate in any situation that
you’re in.

✓ Try to be a good digital citizen. Ask yourself if you’re being safe, if you’re being respectful,
and always think before you post.
✓ Don’t forget, your teachers are always part of you and they are here for you no matter what.

✓ Always have an online etiquette and don’t forget to be respectful, responsible, and safe.

RULES CONCERNING DIGITAL ETIQUETTE

❖ Five Things to Know about Digital Etiquette (Manners)

✓ Treat others how you want to be treated: This is the golden rule. Sometimes you need to be
reminded about good manners, even online. Make sure to remember private or sensitive matters
are best discussed one on one off the group chat. Make sure to be inclusive and kind to others
just as you would be in person.

✓ Keep your messages and posts positive and truthful: You need to check over all your messages
and posts to be sure they are not mean, sarcastic, negative or rude. Avoid posting anything that is
not fact based like rumors or gossip. Remember your words are read by real people, all deserving
of respectful and truthful information.

✓ Double-check your messages or comments before you post or send: You need to slow down
and think about your posts, comments and emails before you send them. You need to realize that
once you press send or post, there is no way to take back your words. Those words are out there
for anyone to see and are now documented. You MUST read over anything you are going to
write to see if it can be misinterpreted or if it could come off wrong. You should realize that
coming off funny and sarcastic online is very hard – the reader cannot see your facial expression
or hear your tone of voice. Sometimes a message that is meant to be funny does not come out
that way.

✓ Keep your own and your friends’ personal things off the internet: Our world has a ton of
photos, texts and videos that can be posted, copied, forwarded, downloaded and altered very
easily. You have to ask yourself how you would feel if your personal pictures or information was
shared with those you didn’t want.

✓ Avoid digital drama: Instant messaging, texting and posting comments online are all in the
moment communication but can last much longer than that. These words and messages can be
shared quickly but the words are now documented for all to see forever. If you feel the
conversation isn’t positive or nice you need to speak up or leave the conversation.

❖ Virginia Shea’s 10 Rules for Netiquette

 Netiquette, or network etiquette, is concerned with the “proper” way to communicate in an
online environment. Consider the following "rules," adapted from Virginia Shea’s The Core
Rules of Netiquette, whenever you communicate in the virtual world.

Rule 1: Remember the Human

When communicating electronically, whether through email, instant message, discussion post,
text, or some other method, practice the Golden Rule: Do unto others as you would have others
do unto you. Remember, your written words are read by real people, all deserving of respectful
communication. Before you press “send” or “submit,” ask yourself, “Would I be okay with this if
someone else had written it?”

Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life

While it can be argued that standards of behavior may be different in the virtual world, they
certainly should not be lower. You should do your best to act within the laws and ethical
manners of society whenever you inhabit “cyberspace.” Would you behave rudely to someone
face-to-face? On most occasions, no. Neither should you behave this way in the virtual world.

Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace Discussant: Cortez, Ailyn O.

“Netiquette varies from domain to domain.” (Shea, 1994) Depending on where you are in the
virtual world, the same written communication can be acceptable in one area, where it might be
considered inappropriate in another. What you text to a friend may not be appropriate in an email
to a classmate or colleague. Can you think of another example?

Rule 4: Respect other people’s time and bandwidth

Electronic communication takes time: time to read and time in which to respond. Most people
today lead busy lives, just like you do, and don’t have time to read or respond to frivolous emails
or discussion posts. As a virtual world communicator, it is your responsibility to make sure that
the time spent reading your words isn’t wasted. Make your written communication meaningful
and to the point, without extraneous text or superfluous graphics or attachments that may take
forever to download.

Rule 5: Make yourself look good online

One of the best things about the virtual world is the lack of judgment associated with your
physical appearance, sound of your voice, or the clothes you wear (unless you post a video of
yourself singing Karaoke in a clown outfit.) You will, however, be judged by the quality of your
writing, so keep the following tips in mind:
✓ Always check for spelling and grammar errors

✓ Know what you’re talking about and state it clearly

✓ Be pleasant and polite

Rule 6: Share expert knowledge

The Internet offers its users many benefits; one is the ease in which information can be shared or
accessed and in fact, this “information sharing” capability is one of the reasons the Internet was
founded. So in the spirit of the Internet’s “founding fathers,” share what you know! When you
post a question and receive intelligent answers, share the results with others. Are you an expert at
something? Post resources and references about your subject matter. Recently expanded your
knowledge about a subject that might be of interest to others? Share that as well.

Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control

What is meant by “flaming” and “flame wars?” “Flaming is what people do when they express a
strongly held opinion without holding back any emotion.” (Shea, 1994). As an example, think of
the kinds of passionate comments you might read on a sports blog. While “flaming” is not
necessarily forbidden in virtual communication, “flame wars,” when two or three people
exchange angry posts between one another, must be controlled or the camaraderie of the group
could be compromised. Don’t feed the flames; extinguish them by guiding the discussion back to
a more productive direction.

Rule 8: Respect other people’s privacy

Depending on what you are reading in the virtual world, be it an online class discussion forum,
Facebook page, or an email, you may be exposed to some private or personal information that
needs to be handled with care. Perhaps someone is sharing some medical news about a loved one
or discussing a situation at work. What do you think would happen if this information “got into
the wrong hands?” Embarrassment? Hurt feelings? Loss of a job? Just as you expect others to
respect your privacy, so should you respect the privacy of others. Be sure to err on the side of
caution when deciding to discuss or not to discuss virtual communication.

Rule 9: Don’t abuse your power

Just like in face-to-face situations, there are people in cyberspace who have more “power” than
others. They have more expertise in technology or they have years of experience in a particular
skill or subject matter. Maybe it’s you who possesses all of this knowledge and power! Just
remember: knowing more than others do or having more power than others may have does not
give you the right to take advantage of anyone. Think of Rule 1: Remember the human.

Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people’s mistakes

When someone makes a mistake, whether it’s a spelling error or a stupid question, be kind about
it. If you do decide to correct someone, be polite about it and don’t criticize.

❖ Digital Etiquette in an Online Classroom Setting

Online etiquette is important because it facilitates effective online transactions and

interactions. Observing online etiquette means you know how to show respect when writing
emails, participating in online classes, or posting to social media.

Online etiquette for students includes the following:

✓ During class, the default is to keep yourself on mute.

✓ Use chat boxes responsibly and for the purpose of discussing relevant class material.

✓ If you have a question that may be answered by looking it up online, do so by simply raising
your virtual hand before asking it during class.

✓ If you want to say something or participate in a recitation, just raise your virtual hand for you
to be acknowledged and lower it once you’ve done with your talk.

✓Know whether your instructor expects you to use formal or informal language in
communicating with them and behave accordingly.

CONCLUSION

Digital etiquette is an essential skill for anyone who uses the internet. It helps us
communicate effectively and respectfully with others online. It also helps us avoid conflicts,
misunderstandings, and cyberbullying. Moreover, it helps us create a positive and healthy online
environment for ourselves and others.
 However, digital etiquette is not something that we can learn once and forget. It is something
that we need to practice regularly and update constantly. As the internet evolves and changes, so
does digital etiquette. Therefore, we need to be open-minded and adaptable to the new
challenges and opportunities that arise in the digital age.

Let’s always take into consideration that digital etiquette is not a fixed or static concept. It is
constantly evolving and changing as new technologies and trends emerge and as new generations
of users join the online world. Therefore, it is important to keep up with the latest developments
and best practices of digital etiquette.

Ultimately, we humans, being part of change, it’s our moral obligation to act as a good digital
citizen and an effective contributor to what other things or ideas we can share to the future
generations. Nothing is wrong if we use technology or the internet in the way we want, but bear
in mind that it should be utilized in moderation.

D. HYGIENE, GROOMING, AND PROPER DRESSING

“When you feel good on the inside, you feel good on the outside but when you feel clean and
maintained, that feeling of goodness just skyrockets.”

Often just getting a good bath or a new haircut makes you feel a different level of confidence.
This shows how much impact hygiene and grooming can have on a person. But does maintaining
good hygiene translate to self-grooming? Well, proper hygiene is the first step to grooming, but
there’s more to it than you think. While hygiene is linked to maintaining the cleanliness of your
body and surrounding, grooming focuses on maintaining a good look, one which makes you feel
confident.

What is Hygiene?

• The word hygiene is derived from the word Greek Word “hygies” which means
“living well” or “healthy”.

• Hygiene represents the goddess Hygeia who is the goddess of health and cleanliness.

• Hygiene is a practice in our day-to-day life which we follow to maintain good health.

• It refers to maintaining a certain level of cleanliness that leads to a healthy body and
living conditions. Washing your hands, taking a bath, and cutting your nails are all
part of maintaining your hygiene.
The level of hygiene a person likes to practice can vary for each individual. While some are very
particular about their cleanliness, others don’t take it as seriously. But practicing a decent level
of hygiene is very important for each individual. It not only makes you feel good but even
prevents you from various diseases and viruses. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), “Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the
spread of diseases.” Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health. Generally, we use
the term hygiene to describe the practice of keeping oneself and their surroundings clean,
especially to prevent illness or the spread of disease. Good hygiene is a barrier to many
contagious diseases, including fecal-oral diseases and it plays an important role in promoting
better health and well- being.

Types Of Hygiene

1. Personal hygiene – It involves the cleanliness of one’s body and clothing, proper living
habits, healthy diet, rest, and exercise, basically means cleanliness of your body. Good
personal hygiene means keeping all parts of the physical body clean and healthy. It is an
essential Part of maintaining both physical and mental health. In people who practice
poor personal hygiene, the body offers a perfect environment for the growth of germs,
hence leaving it vulnerable to infection.

The main goal of personal hygiene is to improve or enhance personal standards of cleanliness,
within people’s living conditions. Some of the personal hygiene practices include bathing,
washing clothes, washing hands, proper use of the toilet, caring for the teeth, nails, feet, personal
grooming, maintaining good practices when either spitting, sneezing, or coughing, and
inculcating clean habits at a young age. On a social level, people tend to avoid a person with
poor personal hygiene, hence resulting in isolation and loneliness.

2. Environmental Hygiene – The aim of environmental hygiene is to create safe spaces so as

to prevent diseases. In general, environmental hygiene involves disinfection activities (to
control the harmful organisms and bacteria that threaten health), rodent control,
disinfestation, and fumigation activities. When the environment is polluted with toxic
waste through either spitting or vomiting, the State is accountable for the respective
cleaning of the environment using companies that are in the field of environmental
hygiene. This way, children and other people who use the same street are prevented from
falling ill due to exposure to such waste. Environmental hygiene takes care of the health
of both current and future generations.
 3. Domestic hygiene – Domestic hygiene which involves cleanliness, the sanitary
preparation of food, and ventilation, generally means cleanliness in homes. Domestic
hygiene practices include all the work done to keep people’s clothes, beddings, and
houses clean. These activities include washing clothes and beddings, cleaning the toilet,
sweeping and cleaning floors, and washing dishes after meals. It is important to keep the
house clean so that it remains a healthy place. In the case where the house and things in it
are not often cleaned, dirt and moisture accumulate, making the house ideal for the
breeding of parasites, germs, and disease-carrying animals. These germs can cause
infection or sickness to the people living in the house. Domestic hygiene also entails the
use of soap, proper ventilation, fresh air, hygiene in food storage, proper waste disposal,
and keeping away household pests, rats, and insects.

4. Food hygiene – One of the greatest risks to the health of a population is contaminated
food. It is a leading cause of disease outbreaks and transmission. Food that is kept for too
long contains pathogens or toxic chemicals whereas foodstuffs that are consumed raw,
such as vegetables and fruits, can get contaminated by flies, dirty hands, or unclean
water. Food that has been improperly prepared can also lead to chemical poisoning. For
instance, improperly pounded and cooked cassava leaves may contain dangerous cyanide
levels. Therefore, to promote good health, food should be prepared and stored properly.

Any facility where food is prepared or served for public consumption must adhere to the set
hygiene practices by health regulating agencies. These systems are put in place to regulate the
general environment where food is prepared, the methods used to prepare and serve it, how the
food is stored, and the personal employee hygiene standards. Required equipment for food
hygiene includes stainless steel surfaces for the preparation of Food and cooking utensils. These
regulations also include specific standards for water and food temperatures and the required
sanitation systems for disinfecting and cleaning utensils and surfaces.

What is Personal Hygiene and Why is it Important?

Personal hygiene is essential for your body and mental health. Having a good relationship with
your body translates to a healthy lifestyle. Personal hygiene includes everything from washing
your hands, taking care of your hair, cleaning your body, and brushing your teeth. Moreover,
practicing personal hygiene is a physical self-care activity that involves taking care of your
physical body to stay disease-free. As your body comes in contact with numerous viruses and
germs on a daily basis, maintaining good personal hygiene habits will keep you physically
healthy and prevent you from getting sick. Moreover, personal hygiene practices make you feel
and look great, which eventually helps boost your self-esteem. Besides, it goes without saying
that people always prefer the company of a more hygienic person. Whereas having poor personal
hygiene may have a negative impact on your health as well as drive others away from you. Now
that you know why is it important to maintain good personal hygiene; understanding the types of
personal hygiene practices for taking appropriate action is necessary.
Good Hygiene Habits to Include in Your Routine

Here are 10 ways to keep yourself clean and some general examples of personal hygiene that you
can incorporate into your routine:

1. Hand Hygiene – Washing your hands has always been the simplest and inevitable
personal hygiene practice. It is the first thing that comes to our mind when someone talks
about hygiene. At least, after the pandemic, people are taking it seriously.

Here are some hand hygiene practices to remember:

• It is easier for germs and viruses to enter your body through your hands. That is why
you must wash your hands BEFORE consuming food and AFTER handling the trash,
or even pets, or coming into physical contact with unclean surfaces or items.

• Also, make sure you wash your hands thoroughly (your palms, back of hand, fingers,
between fingers, fingernails, and even wrist) with a good hand wash or soap for 30
seconds and then dry them well.

• Alternatively, when it is inconvenient to wash your hands with soap and water, you
can use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. It is one of those
essentials every woman should always carry in her bag.

2. Toilet Hygiene – Maintaining appropriate toilet hygiene, whether at home or in a public

restroom, will help reduce infections. Toilet hygiene comprises many habits. However,
when it comes to maintaining personal hygiene, the following are some of the simple
practices to keep in mind:

• After using the toilet, wash your hands properly with soap.

• Before flushing, don’t forget to close the lid.

• Before leaving the restroom, make sure you dry your hands well.

• Above all, do not bring your phone inside. It’s a very unhygienic practice and NOT at
all cool!!
 3. Oral Hygiene – Dental hygiene is brushing your teeth regularly and taking the necessary
steps to maintain good dental health. Poor dental hygiene results in tooth decay and bad
breath. When it comes to dental care, you need to be very conscious of your habits and
maintain oral hygiene to avoid all sorts of dental problems. Dental checkups are equally
important, and you must not skip yearly checkups (maybe once in 6 months). However,
prevention is always better than cure; and you must take appropriate measures from your
side to care for your oral health.

So, here are a few things you need to consider while caring for your teeth:

• Brush your teeth twice a day (at least), maybe in the morning, and before going to
bed for about 2 minutes each time.

• Flossing your teeth to remove bacteria or any food particles between your teeth is a
great way to avoid further dental problems. So, don’t neglect it and floss your teeth
with a Water Flosser or this Listerine Ultra Clean Access Flosser once a day.

• Do consider using a mouthwash like this Antiseptic Mouthwash with Cool Mint
Flavor, since brushing your teeth is not always enough – as your toothbrush is unable
to reach some areas within your mouth. It also helps you deal with bad breath.

• Drink plenty of water, and you can also chew on sugarless gum to avoid bad breath.

4. Shower Hygiene – For most of us, a daily shower is more like a habit; than a personal
hygiene practice. And there’s a solid reason why you’ve developed this habit! However,
some people (still) feel too lazy to take a bath or shower daily.

So, here are some reasons why you need to take a proper shower with a soap or body wash
regularly:

• Showering will ACTUALLY wake you up in the morning.

• It helps prevent body odor and skin irritation.

• In addition to physical health benefits, a bath or shower also provides mental health
benefits. And is one of the easiest ways to practice self-care.

• And don’t forget to wash your hair with shampoo; a minimum of once or twice a week.
 5. Feminine Hygiene – Intimate hygiene is the most rarely spoken and frequently neglected
aspect of personal hygiene despite its importance. Showering on a daily basis is not
sufficient to keep your private areas clean and free of infections. And so, you need to
maintain good feminine hygiene by taking some EXTRA measures.

Here's how to have good hygiene as a girl down there:

• As your skin is sensitive down there, you must use an intimate wash with well-
balanced pH levels like this Summer’s Eve Cleansing Wash, instead of any fragrant
soap or body wash.

• Consider wearing breathable innerwear on a daily basis, preferably cotton-based.

• If vaginal discharge bothers you, you can use panty liners to stay and feel fresh.

• Always use a soft (& clean) towel to keep your intimate area clean and dry. Also,
make sure that you wipe from front to back. (Alternatively, you can use intimate
cleansing wipes when using a public restroom.)

6. Sickness Hygiene – Sickness hygiene applies to those who are unwell and need to take
measures to avoid spreading their illnesses. Practicing sickness hygiene is necessary to
protect your loved ones, colleagues, and other people who may get infected by you. And
lately, the worldwide pandemic has definitely taught this to all of us – the HARD way!

Here are some sickness hygiene practices to consider practicing when you’re sick:

• When sneezing, cover your mouth with a mask. (Or at least a handkerchief or tissue).

• Dispose of your used tissues and mask SAFELY.

• Sanitize the shared surfaces, whether at your home or workplace.

• Do not share food, utensils, or any other items.

7. Facial and Skin Hygiene – Your skin is the natural barrier that protects your organs from
viruses and infections. That is why taking daily measures intentionally to care for your
skin and keep it healthy is necessary.

Here are some things to consider to take good care of your skin:
 • Maintain a skincare routine. It won’t take much of your time, and you can keep it as
basic as possible. Just be consistent!

• Touching your face with unwashed hands is a complete NO-NO.

• Avoid skin picking at all costs.

• Keep in mind that NOT every product is suitable for everyone. So, make sure that the
skin products you use suit your skin type. And stop using the products right away if
they show any kind of allergic reaction.

8. Nail Hygiene –You expose yourself (and those around you) to viruses and nail infections
by neglecting good nail hygiene. Keeping your fingernails, toenails, and hangnails
trimmed and clean is all-important.

Here are some nail hygiene tips to keep in mind:

• Longer nails are more likely to have build-up than shorter nails. That is why it is
necessary to maintain the proper length – not too long, not too short (it also makes
them easier to clean). Besides, well-trimmed nails look much healthier and prettier
than LONG dirty dragon nails!!

• Every time you wash your hands, make sure you cleanse your fingernails too.

• Avoid ripping or biting your hangnails – use a nail trimmer instead.

9. Sleep Hygiene – Sleep hygiene practices refer to your evening rituals and habits that help
you get a night of restful sleep. Whereas lack of good sleep hygiene practices may cause
sleeping disorders. That’s why it is important!!!

Here are some good sleep hygiene practices you need to make sure you follow:

• Disconnect from technology by turning off all your screens 60 to 90 minutes before
going to bed. (Instead, do something else like reading, journaling, etc.)

• Avoid drinking caffeine for 4 to 6 hours before going to bed.

 • Eat a light meal for dinner.

• Maintain a consistent sleep and wake-up time.

• Make sure you get 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night.

10. Clothing Hygiene – Clothing and hygiene are closely related, as your worn clothes may
harbor germs. It may cause skin infections if not washed thoroughly or worn without
washing. You need to ensure that the clothes you wear; or any textile items you use are
cleaned regularly. And always wear clean, fresh, and preferably comfortable clothes on a
daily basis.

What Is Grooming?

Grooming is about maintaining your appearance in a way that makes you look presentable and
attractive. People often have the perception that attractiveness is related to the facial features and
body type of a person when most of it’s influenced by how you carry and present yourself.

Grooming involves techniques that enable you to reflect your personality through your looks.
The way you dress, your haircut, and your perfume can tell a lot about you without an
introduction.

Why Is Grooming Important?

Your appearance is the reflection of your personality. How you present yourself can make or
break an individual’s first impression of you. But taking care of your appearance isn’t just for
others, it has a deeper impact on yourself than it has on others.

Getting a fresh haircut, having your nails done, or putting on a nice outfit can shift your
confidence to the next level. When you feel good about how you look, your self-esteem and
confidence speak for themselves. Grooming isn’t about changing how you look. It’s simply a
way of presenting yourself in your best form. This not only leaves a great impact on others but
helps you build self- love and acceptance.

Types of Personal Grooming

Grooming yourself requires time and effort, but the outcomes are worth it. There are many areas
of your lifestyle that needs a constant check-up so that you are your best self.

Here are some basic forms of grooming:

• Haircut and Style

Your hair is an important feature of your face, whether it’s your scalp or facial hair. You don’t
need to keep up with the trend and change your hairstyle now and then. It’s more about
maintaining your hair. It involves trimming your beard however feels right to you. This will
make you look fresh and clean. Combing your hair and making sure it looks nice and presentable
will help you feel relaxed and neat.

• Skin and Nail Care

You don’t need an elaborate skincare routine to feel good. Just a simple routine with a few basic
steps that you can follow helps you achieve fair skin that will boost your confidence.
Maintaining your nails is more important than you think. Having evenly cut nails puts a good
impression on people, whereas if your nails are chipped or broken, you may look unprofessional
and careless.

• Clothing and Footwear

How you dress reflects your personality. Your sense of style has a great influence on how you
are perceived. You must dress according to the occasion. Under-dressing can make you appear
uninterested, while overdressing may be perceived as tacky. This also helps you feel good about
yourself. Knowing your dressing style can make you appear confident and sorted.

• Perfume or Cologne

A good perfume or cologne can leave a lasting impression. Finding a scent that resonates with
your energy can make your personality ten times more attractive.

Simple Ways to Groom Yourself

Here are simply some ways to groom yourself:

• Keep a simple skin and hair care routine

• Dress in a way that makes you feel comfortable yet confident

• Find yourself a good perfume

• Give your nails an even cut and shape

Hygiene vs. Grooming: What Is the Difference?

Good hygiene means maintaining a healthy body and lifestyle, while grooming focuses on
improving your appearance and personality.

You can practice hygiene without any self-grooming. For example, you can have clean nails
without giving them a proper or even cut. However, practicing both simultaneously can help you
feel both refreshed and confident. Not only will it improve your health, but it will also boost your
self-esteem. But one of the first steps to grooming is practicing good hygiene. Without hygiene,
grooming might help you appear good, but your health will eventually decline.

The lack of grooming can result in a bad impression and lack of confidence but ignoring proper
hygiene results in a far worse outcome. Lack of proper hygiene can put your health at risk.
Therefore, practicing hygiene holds more importance than grooming. Focusing on your hygiene
and grooming are simple ways that can uplift your confidence and personality. It not only affects
you physically, but it also has a major impact on your mental health.

What is Proper Dressing?

“Dressing well is a form of good manners.” – Tom Ford

A good physical appearance at work is vital and plays a major role in creating a smashing
impression. In a world where first impressions are often the only chance we get to make, our
choice of attire becomes a potent tool for self-expression and communication. With a great first
impression, talking your way into closing business deals becomes easier since you feel positive
and confident.

The significance of clothing in our lives goes beyond mere aesthetics; it’s a reflection of our
personality, values, and even our mood. Each outfit we choose has the power to convey a
different facet of ourselves, whether it’s the confidence exuded by a perfectly tailored suit, the
comfort of well-worn jeans, or the elegance of a classic black dress. Our clothing choices can
speak volumes before we utter a single word. Hence, choosing the right outfit is extremely
important.

Proper dressing refers to choosing and wearing clothing that is appropriate for a specific
occasion, environment, or social context. The concept of proper dressing can vary widely
depending on cultural norms, social expectations, and the nature of the event or setting. It’s
essential to be sensitive to the expectations of the situation and the people you are interacting
with. Adhering to these guidelines helps ensure that your clothing choices align with the
demands of the environment, convey respect, and make a positive impression.

Here are 20 tips that will help you pick the appropriate look and be your best self at work:

1. Dress modest

While it’s important that you put in effort in your look, be sure to not look like you are trying too
hard. Avoid clothing that will draw attention to it. Be comfortable in your skin.
 2. Wear the right shoes

There are some bosses who judge all of their employees by the kind of shoes they wear. Match
your shoe colour and type with your suit colour. Make sure you have a pair of shoes that are
formal, clean and polished.

3. Wear well-fitted clothes

You might feel that wearing a shirt that is a size bigger than yours or pants that are a little tighter
than the usual does not make too much of a difference. You are wrong! Even the simplest of
clothes look best only when they fit perfectly to your body. Same goes with the suits.

4. Wear glasses that fit

Glasses may seem like a petty item but if you have loose ones that keep sliding down your nose
or fall off when you sneeze, no one is going to take you seriously. Get a frame which suits your
face shape and features and fits well.

5. Wear the right colours

Colour has a powerful subconscious effect on every part of our lives, including the way people
feel so it’s important to choose colours that will help you be perceived the way you want to be.
For example, black is the colour of power and authority, red calls for attention, Indigo conveys
integrity and sincerity and yellow is known to be an illuminating and uplifting colour.

6. Don’t get too flashy

Standing out is important but not at the expense of wearing colours that can be distracting to the
eye. Avoid neon colours and flashy accessories.

7. Don’t wear a very b perfume

Smelling good is never a bad thing, but don’t wear a perfume that’s too b. What may be a
delightful fragrance to you may cause allergic reactions, headaches and even nausea to others. As
a general rule of thumb, don’t wear perfume for job interviews. Opt for something light for
workdays.

8. Pay attention to the bag you carry

This one’s for the women – Don’t carry a bag that is too big or too small. A big bag will give
people an easy glimpse inside every time you open it and a small one can have your personal
belongings pop out. Also, ensure that the colour of your bag matches your outfit.
 9. Dry and brush your hair

Going to work with wet hair is a sign of either being late, careless or not serious enough about
your job. Oversleeping is not an excuse to go with messy hair at work (ladies, invest in some dry
shampoo). Neatly combed hair show that you are serious about your appearance.

10. Wear an outfit that is crisp – no wrinkles, stains or holes

Being particular about your outfit shows that you take your work seriously. If you are someone
who is constantly travelling, opt for shirts and suits in microfiber and blended fabrics. Such
fabrics are wrinkle-proof and also stain-resistant.

11. Wear a good watch

In formal attire, the watch holds as much importance as the tie or the belt. Choose well. For
business wear, choose a watch with a simple dial, leather strap, and roman or stick indices.

12. Trim your beard

If you’re in a suit, you need be well-groomed. Big messy beards and suits don’t go together. If
you’ve got a beard, keep it tidy.

13. Wear outfits that make you feel comfortable

Comfort should be your number one priority. You’re going to be spending most of your day in
your work clothes so you want it to feel like a second skin. However, dressing comfortably does
not mean casual and carefree. If you’re getting clothes tailored, make sure to walk around during
your fitting, sit on a chair and move your arms around to ensure your garment allows for such
movement.

14. Don’t hide behind facial hair

If you’re going to sport a moustache, beard or any other form of facial hair, analyze what goes
well with your face shape and don’t overdo it.

15. Have a neat pocket square

You might not always use a pocket square but when you do, it needs to be well-folded, ironed
and crisp. Although it makes up a small part of your outfit, it attracts a lot of attention.
 16. Don’t dress provocatively

Again, for the ladies – Wearing a shirt that shows your cleavage or a skirt that is too short is not
the answer to getting more attention. It creates an inaccurate impression and can get you in
people’s bad books.

17. Don’t over-accessorize

Attractive accessories can add a lot of substance to simple outfits but don’t let them overpower
your look. Large earrings or a sports watch with a huge dial will not compliment your corporate
wear.

18. Avoid ankle socks

Glimpses of your bare skin every time you sit down or cross your legs isn’t a good look. Wear
socks that match your trousers and create a more streamlined look.

19. Don’t wear jewelry that makes noise

Bracelets or any other kind of jewelry that makes noise is a no. Noise can be disrupting and
irritating for those around you and it certainly doesn’t help create a professional impression.

20. Don’t go overboard with casual Friday

Friday might be the day you look forward to every week but don’t get excited to the extent of
dressing shabbily. Make sure you still maintain decorum with your clothing.

Be smart about your choices. Add some quirkiness here and there. Carry an attitude that suits
your attire and vice versa!

The way we dress and the clothes we choose to wear have a significant impact on our personality
development. Clothing is not just a superficial aspect of our lives, it is a means of self-
expression, a reflection of our inner thoughts and feelings and a powerful tool for shaping how
others perceive us.

Here we will delve into the profound role of dress and clothes in personality development.

1. Self-Expression

One of the primary roles of clothing in personality development is self-expression. The clothes
we choose reflect our personal style, values and individuality. For many people, fashion is an art
form, a way to communicate who they are and what they stand for without uttering a word.
Whether you
prefer a casual, laid-back style or a more formal, polished look, your clothing choices say a lot
about your personality.

2. Confidence and Self-Esteem

The clothes we wear can significantly impact our confidence and self-esteem. When you put on
an outfit that makes you feel comfortable and confident, it boosts your self-assuredness. This, in
turn, affects how you carry yourself and how you interact with others. Confidence is an essential
aspect of personality development, and the right clothing can be a catalyst for it.

3. Adaptability

Our clothing choices are not fixed, they can adapt to different situations and social contexts. The
ability to adapt one’s dress style to fit various scenarios is a skill that reflects flexibility in
personality development. Whether it’s dressing professionally for work, casually for social
events, or formally for special occasions, the way you adapt your clothing choices showcases
your adaptability and social acumen.

4. Perceptions and First Impressions

The old adage “dress for success” holds some truth. The clothes you wear influence how others
perceive you, often forming first impressions. Whether consciously or unconsciously, people
make judgments based on your attire. Dressing appropriately for a job interview, for example,
can create a favorable impression and influence the perception of your professional competence.

5. Cultural and Social Norms

Clothing choices can be heavily influenced by cultural and social norms. Adhering to these
norms is often essential for fitting into specific social circles or communities. Conforming to
dress codes can help you connect with others who share similar values and traditions,
contributing to a sense of belonging and identity.

6. Individuality and Identity

On the flip side, clothing also plays a role in establishing individuality and identity. Many people
use fashion as a means of standing out and showcasing their unique personalities. Wearing
clothing that is different from the norm can be a way of expressing non-conformity,
independence and originality.

Finally, dress and clothes undeniably play a vital role in personality development. They are a
canvas for self-expression, a source of confidence, and a tool for adaptability. Moreover,
clothing influences first impressions and communicates cultural and social affiliations. However,
it is essential to remember that clothing is just one facet of personality. While it can help shape
perceptions and reflect your inner self, true personality development goes beyond what you
wear.
It encompasses your behaviors, attitudes, values, and beliefs, making clothing just one piece of the
intricate puzzle that is your personality.

CHAPTER 7: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(Understanding and Developing the Hard Skills and Soft Skills))

OUTLINE

I. Introduction to Hard Skills

II. Understanding and Developing the Hard Skills

• Definition

• Types of Hard Skills

• Common Hard Skills

• Acquiring Hard Skills

• Importance of Hard Skills

III. Conclusion
 IV. Introduction to Soft Skills

V. Understanding and Developing the Soft Skills

• Examples of Soft Skills

• Most Important Soft Skills

• Developing Soft Skills

• Importance of Soft Skills

VI. Conclusion

VII. References

Understanding and Developing the Hard Skills and Soft Skills

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

a. Define and differentiate hard skills and soft skills.

b. Understand the importance of hard skills and soft skills in the field of
profession.
 c. Determine which soft skills and hard skills they need to improve.

Understanding and Developing the Hard Skills

(Discussant: DE GUZMAN, Rosalie P)

I. Introduction

Every job will require certain hard skills specific to the industry. Hard skills represent the
requirements necessary to properly perform a job. While looking for new employees, employers
will look at a candidate’s hard skills listed in their resume, or else a company can’t run smoothly
without employees who have effective and necessary hard skills. They’re what daily business
operations rely on. Thus, excellent hard skills ensure that work tasks are not only done but done
right and adequately trained tech employees can help companies achieve growth goals and
improve the efficiency of the company.

II. Understanding and Developing the Hard Skills

Definition of Hard Skills

• Hard skills are specific abilities, capabilities, talents, and skill sets that an individual
can possess and demonstrate in a measured way.

• Hard skills are learnable skills that enable individuals to perform job-specific tasks or
that may be required for a specific job.

• They can be gained from experience or learned through training, schooling,

apprenticeships, online courses, and certification programs. Certifications, degrees, and
licenses can show a potential new hire has these skills.

• Hard skills are often those you list on a resumé or the areas in which you hold
certifications.

• Hard skills can also be considered technical skills.

Types of Hard Skills

1. Analytical skills

2. Computer skills

3. Marketing skills

4. Technical skills

5. Communication Skills

1. Analytical skills

Analytical skills are the abilities that allow you to collect, organize, visualize, and assimilate data.

Analytical skills refer to an individual’s ability to identify a problem, investigate to find out
relevant facts and find a logical solution.

• Data analysis • Data and metric interpreting

• Data mining

• Research

• Google Analytics or Google Search Console

2. Computer skills

Refers to the knowledge and ability to use various digital tools and technologies to complete job
tasks efficiently and effectively.
Computer software knowledge Presentation software

Microsoft Office Suite

3. Marketing skills

Marketing is about communicating with an audience. It’s the strategy that drives a business to
grow and prosper. Marketing skills help cultivate deep, meaningful relationships with customers.
Instead of just focusing on short-term results, marketing skills help win customers for the long
haul by ensuring long-term brand affinity and loyalty.

• Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO) • Social media

• Email marketing

• Search engine optimization (SEO).

4. Technical skills

Technical skills are sets of abilities or knowledge used to perform practical tasks in the areas of
science, the arts, technology, engineering, and math.

• Computer-aided design (CAD)

• Programming languages

• Machine learning (ML)

• User interface design

• Natural language processing (NLP)

 5. Communication skills

Communication skill is the ability of an individual to accurately convey a message to another

person. Communication skills might be the first thing you think of when naming soft skills but
communication skills can be hard skills when utilized in very specific tasks and/or require a
knowledge base to do them (Emily Liou, 2022). The ability to speak another language is also
considered a hard skill, and it’s one of the few skills you might consider listing no matter what
job you apply for.

• Academic writing • Press Release writing

• Blog writing • Proposal writing

• Content writing • Research and reporting

• Copywriting • Technical report writing

• Editing and proofreading • Translation

• Grant writing • Transcription

Common Hard Skills

• Computer software knowledge • Copywriting

• Graphic design • Computer programming

 • Data analysis • Foreign languages

• Project management • Search engine optimization (SEO)

• Marketing

Top Hard Skills (2022)

• Customer service • Social media

• Accounting • Sales and marketing

• Business development • Financial analysis

• Sales management• Software Engineering

• Finance • Structured query language (SQL)

• Computer science

Acquiring hard skills

Although some individuals can have innate abilities that make it easier for them to learn a hard
skill either through formal lessons or in informal ways, most people develop hard skills through
some sort of educational process.

For example, some people have a natural sense of numbers that makes it easier for them to learn
basic as well as complex math, yet they – as well as others – learn math through a series of
lessons.
Individuals learn hard skills in various ways, including learning them in traditional schools,
colleges, and vocational education programs. Individuals can also learn hard skills through
apprenticeships, mentoring, on-the-job training, and hands-on training. Individuals can teach
themselves hard skills, too, through books, online platforms, and even through trial and error.

Certificates, diplomas, licenses, and test scores are often used as proof that an individual has
achieved a certain level of proficiency for a particular hard skill or set of hard skills.

A driver's license, for instance, demonstrates that an individual has demonstrated a minimum
level of proficiency as determined by the government agency issuing the driver’s license. A
commercial driver’s license shows that an individual has achieved another, higher level of
proficiency.

Importance of hard skills

Nearly all jobs today, including most professional positions, require hard skills. Job descriptions
frequently list a series of hard skills needed to be hired, and they also often list the preferred
proof of those skills, such as degrees or certificates, that each job applicant needs in order to be
considered for the position.

Possessing specific hard skills demonstrates one’s proficiency and capabilities to successfully
perform the job and fulfill its duties. Whether you’re a professional or a graduate, in your job
hunt, your skills matter. They tell potential employers what you can do, how you can do it, and
even who you are.

For many professions in many companies, the possession of hard skills is important to ensure a
company’s financial success; however, in some instances, the worker’s hard skills are critical to
preventing catastrophic results. A surgeon, for instance, must have very specific hard skills to
ensure against unnecessary harm to a patient; a pipefitter must also be exacting in his or her
application of hard skills to ensure against something like a gas leak.

In addition, the importance of hard skills is that they establish the backbone of the services your
business provides or the products it creates. You would not hire a heart surgeon without the hard
skills to perform heart surgery, imagine a hospital where the medical staff doesn’t have proper
medical knowledge and experience. Will you seek treatment there? Of course not.

Furthermore, many employers seek out soft skills, finding that interpersonal skills are needed –
sometimes in equal measure to their hard skills – for individuals to successfully complete the
jobs they’re assigned to do.
 III. CONCLUSION

Every job calls for a specific skill set often made up of a combination of hard and soft skills.
Whether you are considering a new job or applying for your first job, knowing which hard skills
are needed, and obtaining those skills, means you will have a better chance of being hired or
promoted in your field of choice. Be reminded that to get hired and be successful in the
workplace, you’ll need a combination of hard and soft skills, both of which you can continually
build on and develop. Furthermore, hard skills vs soft skills aren’t an either-or proposition. It’s a
package worth cultivating in potential and long-term employees alike.

Understanding and Developing Soft Skills

(Discussant: DOMINGO, Andrea)

[IV & V. Introduction and Understanding and Developing Soft Skills]

Soft skills, or people skills, are traits and abilities that you develop throughout your entire life.
Soft skills speak to how and why you are motivated to do certain things. They speak directly to
your personality. These interpersonal skills are difficult to define or measure, but they’re still
valuable in the workplace.

These are the personality traits, behaviors, and interpersonal skills that we use to interact with
other people. In the workplace, they represent our ability to work effectively and harmoniously
with others, and it’s for this reason they are exactly the type of skills that employers look for.

Soft skills, however, are more interpersonal than technical. They’re sometimes known as durable
skills. For example, an example of some soft skills would be time management and relationship-
building. Soft skills are typically something that you find yourself naturally good at, without
having to learn it through education or hands-on training. However, you can still improve your
soft skills, just as you can improve your hard skills.

Examples Of Soft Skills

• Communication

• Critical thinking

• Adaptability
 • Creativity

• Problem-solving

• Organization

• Willingness to learn.

• Leadership

• Dependability

• Work ethic

• Teamwork

• Time management

• Decision-making

The Most Important Soft Skills

• Creativity

The World Economic Forum’s Future Of Jobs report placed creativity in the top five most
important skills for the future.

Creativity as a soft skill doesn’t mean you need to be an artist or designer. It’s about learning to
think in a creative way and finding innovative solutions to solve problems for your organization.

• Communication

Effective communication in the workplace is based on your ability to converse productively with
others. If you are able to speak to people clearly and politely, while at the same listening
empathetically to what colleagues, customers, or clients have to say, you will be more productive
and achieve better results.

Successful communication involves verbal, non-verbal, and written skills, coupled with an
understanding of active listening.

• Emotional intelligence

Emotional intelligence is your ability to understand and control your own emotions, while at the
same time recognizing and empathizing with the emotions of those around you.

Emotional intelligence is also a highly prized soft skill in high pressure roles when remaining
calm is key, or those that involve negotiation and the need to understand the other side’s
position.

• Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and analyze effectively. In the workplace, critical
thinking involves the process of taking information or problems and processing them in the most
logical way to extract value and find solutions.

It’s a highly valued soft skill, in part because it works so well in tandem with other soft skills.
For example, if you have strong critical thinking skills, it will improve your time management
because you can solve problems quickly.

• Adaptability

Adaptability, or flexibility, is the ability to embrace change and challenges with a positive,
resourceful attitude.

• Collaboration

Collaboration, also known as teamwork, is the ability to work effectively with your colleagues. It
encompasses and requires a variety of other important soft skills, such as emotional intelligence,
adaptability, and communication.

Working collaboratively means you can quickly and better understand your own strengths and
weaknesses. Working together also fosters a healthy work environment of learning and sharing
between colleagues.

How To Develop Soft Skills

Improving your soft skills is not as straightforward, but you can still do it.

First, you need to know which soft skills you want to develop. Perform an honest self-
assessment. You can also ask for feedback from your boss, colleagues, family, and friends. For
example, if you’re frequently late to work, or you tend to miss deadlines, then you might need to
develop time management. If you’re interested in a promotion, then you might need to develop
leadership skills.

Once you know which soft skills you want to develop, then it’s time to start working on them.
Some soft skills you can develop through learning.

To develop time management, you might first watch a webinar on productivity, and then apply
each tip. To develop leadership skills, you might spearhead a new project at work or request
more responsibility in your volunteer role. These skills can take a long time to develop as you
unlearn old habits and learn new ones.

Although not customarily acquired through formal training, soft skills can be learned. To
improve soft skills, an individual must be open to feedback and willing to change behaviors.
Training can provide tips and strategies for developing better practices, such as active listening
and empathizing with others. And practicing can strengthen areas where deficiencies exist.

Why Are Soft Skills Important?

How well you interact and treat others is crucial for career success. Trust develops through
positive interactions and relationships, and productivity increases in environments where soft
skills flourish. Honing your abilities to resolve conflicts, solve problems, and provide excellent
customer service can lead to stronger relationships with colleagues, clients, and other
professional contacts.

VI. CONCLUSION

Overall, soft skills are not usually tied to specific professions, rather they relate to our
personalities and, as such, they are highly transferable skills. Although they are less tangible than
hard skills they can still be learned and developed, and employers will value any qualifications
you have that demonstrate a willingness to improve them.

Soft skills are also uniquely human. In a workplace and job market changing at high speed
because of technological advancement, they are the type of skills that cannot, thus far, be
replicated by artificial intelligence (AI). This will only increase their importance in the future.
DISCUSSION PAPER

CHAPTER 7: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(Planning and Managing Career)

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

II. Career Development

• Planning Career

• Managing Career

III. Conclusion
 IV. References

I. INTRODUCTION

“Plan your work for today and every day, then work your plan” – Margaret Thatcher.

Do you ever wonder what will happen next when you graduated from college? How about asking
yourself what will be the future that awaits you? Are you ready for it, or not? What things we
should consider to achieve our goals?

In order for us to be ready in the future we need to plan our careers and we should learn how we
will manage our careers. In this chapter, we will be going to talk about career planning and
career management.

II. CAREER DEVELOPMENT

Career Planning

Career planning refers to the process of making educational and career choices based on
knowledge of oneself and the environment. The purpose of career planning is to encourage
individuals to explore and gather information about various educational and career opportunities
thus enabling them to develop realistic career goals. Career planning is an ongoing activity that
should be implemented as early as the middle school years and extend into adulthood.

The career planning process can be divided into four stages. These stages include (1)
self- assessment, (2) knowledge of academic-career options, (3) in-depth evaluation and goal-
setting and (4) career plan implementation.
Self-assessment refers to an individual’s ability to gather information about his or her interests,
skills and abilities, values, and personality type. Examples of questions to consider at this stage
include the following: What types of work and school-related courses and activities do I enjoy?
What can I do well? What types of skills have I gained through various curricular and curricular
experiences? What values do I consider important in my preferred career?

Knowledge of academic career options refers to an individual’s ability to gather information

about the world of work. Knowledge of specific jobs, occupations, and organizations; work
conditions; required education; job outlook; and chances for advancement are important factors
in choosing the right career.

Finally, the last stage of the career planning process is career plan implementation, which
involves making an initial choice and taking steps toward reaching career goals. The primary
focus of this stage is on job and educational preparation. Individuals at this stage should make
deliberate efforts to (1) apply to various education and training programs, (2) gather information
on specific companies, (3) develop a job search strategy, (4) develop resumes and cover letters,
and (5) prepare for job interviews.

Make a Career Plan

A career plan includes the short-term and long-term goals for your career. A short-term
goal is something you want to do soon. The near future can mean today, this week, this month, or
even this year. It is something you want to accomplish soon. A long-term goal is something you
want to do further in the future. It requires much longer time and planning. Career planning is the
self-evaluation and planning done by a person to have a strong career path. Who manages your
career? Who makes the decisions? YOU! Learn all about career plans, why they are important,
and how to see them through until they are completed.

Look at this figure about career planning. How will you start to plan for it? What do you need to
set? Let us talk about it . . .

1. Knowing yourself

Assess yourself to know who you are and what you want. It also means understanding
your strengths and weaknesses, your passions and fears, your desires and dreams, your
likes and dislikes, and your tolerances and limitations. Knowing yourself means knowing
your purpose in life.

2. Exploring your options

Discover careers to find what you really want. Assess your skills and interests.
Focus on what you want to do and how to get there. Learn the skills needed to pursue the
career of your dreams.
 3. Making Decisions

It is the process of making logical choices from the available options by identifying a
decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.

4. Moving On

It is more about learning to live and managing your career to help yourself succeed. It is
important to move forward because there are things in our past that should not hold us
back from improving ourselves. And, in career development, improvement and change
are always occurring.

Upon describing the figure above, you have learned that it is important to make a career
plan first and set a goal whether it is a short-term or a long-term goal. In-depth evaluation and
goal setting refer to an understanding of how to make decisions based on the information one has
gathered in the first two stages of career planning; an awareness of the factors that may impact
one’s ability to implement one’s decisions; and the setting of short, medium, and long-term
goals. During this stage, individuals may want to consider questions such as, “Do my interests,
skills, and values match those of the occupation I’ve selected?”, “What schools offer the training
that will be needed to pursue my career of interest?”, and “How long will it take me to complete
the education required for my career of interest? Are there other occupations that I should
consider as alternatives?”

People who set and finish career goals tend to get more things done and often earn more
money than people who do not set goals. You need to follow these tips to increase your chances
of successfully following your plans.

1. Write it down. Write down your career plan so that you will remember it and you can
track your progress. You are more likely to commit to your plan that is specific,
measurable, achievable, realistic, and timely (SMART). Put a copy of your plan in some
place where you can see it often such as on your bedroom mirror or the refrigerator door.
Let me describe to you first the SMART goal-setting model.

Here’s what SMART stands for:

SPECIFIC – Each goal must be specific and as clearly defined as possible. You can have
multiple goals, but each one must be clear. Example: One of my goals is to become an English
teacher.

MEASURABLE – Each goal must also have clearly defined metrics for how it can be measured
– either for progress or the end goal. One of my goals is to become an English teacher in the
school while working as a student.
ACHIEVABLE – It can be easy to get carried away when setting goals, but a goal that

Is ultimately not achievable will deplete your motivation. Keep goals small and achievable.

One of my goals is to become an English teacher at the school where I graduated from.

RELEVANT – this is where putting some time into planning your goals can pay off. One of my
goals is to become an English teacher in the school where I graduated, so I can pay forward my
former teachers.

TIME-BOUND – make sure you set yourself realistic deadlines for each goal and its

Required steps to keep you focused and motivated. After four years, one of my goals is to
become an English teacher in the school where I graduated.

The SMART model has been widely accepted as the go-to model because it can be applied to
simple and complex goals, work goals, personal goals, individual, and group goals. It is a highly
adaptable model with a very clear structure that can be used with other planning and business
tools to achieve large goals.

2. Set deadlines. Make one of two goals that you can achieve within a few days or

A week. Then make other short-term goals that only take a few months to complete.

Over time you will see how many tasks you have completed and how much closer you are to
accomplishing your long-term goals.

3. Reward yourself. Working toward your goals is hard work. Think of small rewards

To give yourself when you accomplish something big or small. These bonuses will help you stay
motivated.

4. Have an accountability partner. It is important to try to complete your goals with a

company. Find one or two people who will help you stick to your plan. This can be a
friend, a job coach, or your supervising agent (or corrections agent). Your partner will
remind you of deadlines and give you encouragement when you face setbacks.
Managing Career

What is Career Management?

When we say career management, it is an ongoing, conscious, and step-by-step process of an

individual to manage their career in order for them to meet their goals, aspirations, and ambitions.

Career planning is a process in which people analyze their personal strengths, weaknesses, skills,
interests, and more to determine which job opportunities would be a great fit. It is our ability to
further our growth by foreseeing the possibilities; just like an architect foresees a structure by
planning every small detail in the blueprint.

How to create a career management plan?

Here are some steps to create an effective career management plan:

1. Explore your career options. It involves self and environmental exploration. It is you
being aware of your preferences, strengths, and aspects requiring improvement. And, it is
also about evaluating your work environment if your desired occupation type, industry, or
field is suitable for you.

2. Become more self-aware. It is examining your skills, qualities, and characteristics. It is

considering your values, what’s important to you, and how you envision your future.

3. Define long-term goals. Setting specific and concise career goals is essential to monitor
your career development and progress toward achieving the goals.

4. Develop an effective strategy. After setting your career goal, you can develop a strategy
to accomplish it. This step usually involves a series of activities to attain the goal.

5. Implement your strategy. This step entails executing your plans and taking the necessary
steps to manage and develop your career. While implementing your career management
strategy, you can ask for feedback from your immediate manager or supervisor.

Why career management is important?

Here’s why career management is important:

1. Helps you achieve your professional goals. Managing your career can also help you
recognize improvement areas and take the necessary steps to impact your career
positively.

2. Facilitates resourcing and redeployment. Career management helps you become

resourceful and advance to roles that best suit your skill sets and meet your aspirations.

3. Fulfills intrinsic personal needs. Career management helps fulfill your intrinsic needs and
personal goals by helping you recognize and work toward your career objectives.

4. Helps career growth and development. It motivates you to improve skills and knowledge
at work, increasing job satisfaction and professional development.

III. CONCLUSION

It is important to accept and recognize the fact that every individual has some special quality and
special ability and is capable of doing something exceptional in some area. And it is up to us to
recognize that talent and channelize it properly. But don’t forget that, planning what your career
will be and managing it is important that will help you to get to your goals in life.

DISCUSSION PAPER

CHAPTER 7: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(Matching Your Personality and Career)

OUTLINE

I. Introduction

II. Matching Your Personality and Career

• Common Reasons for Matching Personality Towards Career

• Suggestions on Aligning Personality to Career

• Importance of Having a Successful Career

III. Conclusion

IV. References

MATCHING YOUR PERSONALITY AND CAREER

I. Introduction
Personality plays a significant role when choosing your career path otherwise when you already
have your job. The reason why it is important is because your personality will determine your
strengths and your weaknesses which can land you into better decision-making.

Career

• A person’s chosen profession or occupation is referred to as their career. Your career

can include one or more jobs over the course of your life, as well as the actions,
decisions, and paths you take to advance in your profession. A career typically makes
use of your skills and talents while also providing you with personal fulfillment and a
sense of purpose.

II. Matching Your Personality and Career

COMMON REASONS WHY MATCHING YOUR PERSONALITY TOWARDS YOUR

CAREER IS ESSENTIAL, THE FOLLOWING ARE THE REASONS:

1. Better culture fit.

One of the most significant benefits of matching your personality to your job is the ease with
which you can connect with your colleagues and clients. Those who are outgoing and expressive
will likely enjoy working with those who share their openness; chances are, these people will be
able to keep you accompany and will help you to be productive and free from any stress.

2. Better job performance.

When you enjoy the tasks and environment of your job and find them personally meaningful,
you’re more likely to enjoy your chosen career and your work. This can lead to greater
motivation and a higher level of engagement in your role.

3. Higher job satisfaction.

Many people report that a good personality-job fit leads to greater job satisfaction. Having tasks
and assessments that best match your skills and personality traits increases your confidence in
your work abilities, allowing you to develop a more positive attitude toward your career. As a
result, you will feel more valued as a worker.

4. Personality determines your strengths and weaknesses.

When pursuing your ideal career, taking into account your personality traits can help you
identify your strengths and weaknesses. This reflection identifies not only your existing technical
skills, but also how you interact or behave around others, and how to best mesh this with
potential job opportunities.

While your strengths will help you determine which career paths you’d be best suited for,
recognizing your weaknesses will help you identify areas that need improvement. You can then
devise a strategy to address these gaps in your abilities.

HERE ARE SOME OF THE SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO ALIGN YOUR PERSONALITY

TO YOUR CAREER

1. Personality Tests

When you first start out in the real world, you must question the validity of all personality tests.
When you’re in a learning and discovery mode, personality questions can help guide you toward
different industries. However, while these tests can be entirely accurate, they still can’t replace
real-world experience. Moreover, the information you learn about yourself through personality
can’t provide you with day-to-day life experience as if you were already working in the field.

2. Keep an Open Mind

Pay attention to the projected job market and make decisions with both your head and your heart.
Consider a career in graphic design or web development if you enjoy both art and computers.

3. Self-Reflection

One of the smartest ways to find the right career path is to spend time getting to know yourself
well. Try new things, spend time shadowing people in different industries, and work with a
mentor who can help you define your brand. Additionally, when you take the time to reflect on
yourself, you will have a much better idea of the type of work culture that best suits your
personality.

WHY HAVING SUCCESSFUL CAREER IMPORTANT IN LIFE

1. A career is a lot of your life.

2. It affects who you are at home.

3. It is a part of your identity.

 4. It provides direction and purpose.

5. Work will define your social life.

III. Conclusion

To conclude, finding your passion is a moral obligation. If you don’t figure out what you’re best
at and meant to do, you’re denying yourself and making the world a little darker. When we don’t
do what we love, our lives begin to unravel. People drink, eat, or waste time on meaningless
activities to compensate for their lack of love at work. Finding your passion is important not only
for you, but also for your family, friends, relationships, and the world at large. You have a gift
that the world needs, and failing to nurture it is robbing the world of that gift. Indeed, finding
yourself a meaningful career does not have to take a lifetime, but it will require perseverance.

DISCUSSION PAPER

CHAPTER 7: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(Nurturing Personal Passion Passion and Career)

NURTURING PERSONAL PASSION AND CAREER

Nurture- the process of caring for and encouraging the growth or development of someone or
something.

Passion -a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for something or about doing something. It
is a driving force inside you that pushes you toward something. It’s an internal fire needing
maintenance.

A passion is an activity or field that motivates you, inspires you, and aligns with your personal
values. Developing your passions can help guide you both personally and professionally. By
pursuing a career you’re passionate about, you may engage more meaningfully with your work
and feel a greater sense of professional fulfillment.

Everyone has that thing they love almost more than anything else. Whether it’s a particular sport,
an artistic pursuit, or simply an outlet that allows you to be your best self, you have an interest
that’s so strong, that you wish it could be entwined with your job. Well, who says it can’t be?

In a dynamic society with unprecedented opportunities, you don’t have to put your passion on
the backburner. Instead, you can find a job that complements or nurtures your passion. Keep
reading to find out the benefits of having a job you’re passionate about, how to find that
opportunity, and how to remain passionate about it as your career progresses.

Combinations of Career Interests and Skills

Pursue (INTERESTS HIGH, SKILLS HIGH)

Areas of both high interest and high confidence. Include in top career choices.

Develop (INTERESTS HIGH, SKILLS LOWER)

Areas of high interest, low confidence. Either accept as a vocational or pursue skill building.
Explore (INTERESTS LOWER, SKILLS HIGH)

Areas of low interest but high confidence. Reconsider why interest is low or transfer skills to
another area.

Avoid (INTERESTS LOW, SKILLS LOW)

Areas of both aversion and low confidence. Exclude from top career choices.

HOW TO FIND YOUR PASSION

1. Reflect on your hobbies

If you want a career you enjoy, think about activities you already enjoy doing. People who enjoy
taking pictures might pursue a career as a photographer or people who like sports might become
a coach. While some hobbies correlate directly to a career, some might inform an indirectly
related pursuit. Think about the skills your hobbies require and consider careers that require
those skills. For example, if you enjoyed performing in high school plays, you might seek a job
that involves public speaking and collaboration.

2. Try new things

When you focus on the skills and jobs you’ve historically focused on, you may overlook other
options that could suit you more. Instead of labeling yourself as one particular type of person,
consider what you can learn by investing in a new activity or field. Consider taking a class in
another industry, watching a tutorial, or researching topics that pique your interest.

3. Dedicate yourself to your current tasks

You might be able to find passion in your current circumstances without making a career change.
Try approaching your current job, interests, and responsibilities with energy, curiosity, and
dedication. Enthusiasm for your daily tasks can transform mundane activities into fulfilling
projects. For example, if you work in data entry, think about the end goal of your work and
optimize your work environment to get yourself excited about your tasks.

4. Learn about new topics

With the vast amount of information available, it can be challenging to decide which sources are
worth your attention. However, when you make it a regular habit to take in ideas and information
from topics of interest, you can more easily discover which ideas truly inspire passion. Consume
high-quality content from authoritative sources to widen your understanding of different fields
and
topics. Read nonfiction books and articles, listen to podcasts, and watch educational videos.
Keep an idea journal or corkboard where you can save and post things that catch your attention.
You may notice the same kinds of ideas keep popping up as you collect your thoughts. Pursuing
new information can expose you to careers, fields, and hobbies you could pursue.

5. Practice mindfulness

Sometimes being mindful of your daily thoughts and activities can help you determine what you
truly enjoy doing. When you discover something that makes you feel passionate, take time to
experience that activity or idea. Set aside time to develop interests that are separate from your
other responsibilities and make this time a priority. It might help you spend this time away from
technology so you can fully focus on the task and embrace the thoughts and feelings it inspires.

6. Take risks

Living a passionate life might require some risk-taking, especially if you plan to make a career
shift. To find things you’re passionate about, consider pursuing activities and ideas that scare
you. For example, you may decide to do a tandem skydive, find out you love the experience, and
decide to train to do a solo jump. You could even decide that you want to learn to become a
skydiving instructor. Related: A Guide for Choosing Between a Job for Money vs. Passion

7. Take classes to explore your passions

There are many opportunities to continue learning about the topics that interest you. Online
classes offer a wide number of subjects and learning modes. Local colleges and libraries offer
educational courses. Clubs and organizations also share their expertise through festivals and
seminars. The more you learn, the easier it can be to discover what topics excite your passion.
Some companies even fund professional development, so your employer might pay for you to
earn certifications or take part in a conference in an area that interests you.

8. Expand your professional network

Learning what other people are passionate about may help you understand your own interests
and ambitions. Surrounding yourself with people who care deeply about their purpose might also
motivate you. You can learn how passionate people choose their field, what their daily routine is
like, and what tools they recommend for someone seeking a passion. If you’re interested in a
field, you might also join a community of like-minded people pursuing the same thing. For
example, if you want to become an artist, attending an art class in your neighborhood might give
you a sense of direction and belonging. You could also join a professional organization or find a
digital community through a social media network or internet forum dedicated to the field or
activity.

9. Define your values

Many people find jobs they’re passionate about by thinking about what matters to them. When
your workplace has similar values to you, it might be easier to connect with your work and feel a
sense of purpose. For example, if you care about education, equality, and reading, your passion
might be literacy. You could find a job working with a nonprofit group that helps poorly funded
schools access quality reading materials, or you might work for a government agency that
focuses on public education.

10. Ask yourself what’s next

Another way to discover your passion is to write your future biography. Discuss what you hope
to accomplish five to ten years from now. After you complete this writing assignment, work
backward to find out what accomplishments made you the most excited. Make a plan to turn this
prediction into a reality with actionable objectives that help you work toward your goals.

How do you stay passionate in your career?

1. Share your goals and dreams with loved ones.

The more you talk about something, the more real it becomes. Speak about your goals as often as
possible, with as many people as you can, to keep your interest level high.

“The more people you bring into the fold to share your goals with, the more people you have
asking you about your progress and updates, which keeps you on track,” said Monahan.

2. Don’t be afraid to make a change.

If you aren’t feeling satisfied with your work, speak to your manager and ask if you can be
involved in projects geared more toward your talents. By leveraging your skills and interests in
the workplace, you will not only perform better but also feel more motivated, confident, and
inspired. If you’re still unhappy, don’t hesitate to make a change. You’re never trapped, and no
matter how long you have been in a position, there is always a way to have a smooth transition to
a new opportunity.

3. Never stop being a student.

One of the biggest misconceptions is that comfort is the key to happiness. But if you become too
comfortable in your role, that fiery passion you once had may start to dull. If you commit to
continually learning new facets of your industry and explore ways your profession is changing,
you can get a benefit besides being better at your job – you can remember why you fell in love
with this passion in the first place and rekindle the flame. Those with a hunger to always learn
more won’t see their passion fade away.
 4. Surround yourself with like-minded people.

The company you keep is critical. Hanging around people equally passionate about the same
career as you or very passionate about their unique journey can be a great influence. If you see
people around you investing time in their work and talking positively about all the cool and
interesting things they’re doing, you’ll be motivated to do the same. Conversations with like-
minded people can remind you why you started on this path in the first place and reinvigorate the
drive that powered you in the beginning.

5. Passion breeds success and happiness

It’s of course possible to be successful in a job you aren’t passionate about. People can excel at
all sorts of things even if they have no genuine interest in them and don’t like the tasks much at
all. But will you be happy? The odds are you won’t. That’s why finding a job you’re passionate
about is so important.

CHAPTER 7: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(Understanding and Developing the Hard Skills and Soft Skills))

OUTLINE
I. Introduction to Hard Skills
II. Understanding and Developing the Hard Skills
 Definition
 Types of Hard Skills
 Common Hard Skills
 Acquiring Hard Skills
 Importance of Hard Skills
III. Conclusion
IV. Introduction to Soft Skills
V. Understanding and Developing the Soft Skills
 Examples of Soft Skills
 Most Important Soft Skills
 Developing Soft Skills
 Importance of Soft Skills
VI. Conclusion
VII. References
 Understanding and Developing the Hard Skills and Soft Skills

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
a. define and differentiate hard skills and soft skills.
b. understand the importance of hard skills and soft skills in the field of profession.
c. determine which soft skills and hard skills they need to improve.

Understanding and Developing the Hard

Skills (Discussant: DE GUZMAN, Rosalie
I. Introduction P)

Every job will require certain hard skills specific to the industry. Hard skills represent the
requirements necessary to properly perform a job. While looking for new employees, employers
will look at a candidate's hard skills listed in their resume, or else a company can't run smoothly
without employees who have effective and necessary hard skills. They're what daily business
operations rely on. Thus, excellent hard skills ensure that work tasks are not only done but done
right and adequately trained tech employees can help companies achieve growth goals and
improve the efficiency of the company.

II. Understanding and Developing the Hard

Skills Definition of Hard Skills

 Hard skills are specific abilities, capabilities, talents, and skill sets that an individual can
possess and demonstrate in a measured way.
 Hard skills are learnable skills that enable individuals to perform job-specific tasks or that
may be required for a specific job.
 They can be gained from experience or learned through training, schooling,
apprenticeships, online courses, and certification programs. Certifications, degrees, and
licenses can show a potential new hire has these skills.
 Hard skills are often those you list on a resumé or the areas in which you hold
certifications.
 Hard skills can also be considered technical skills.

Types of Hard Skills

1. Analytical skills
2. Computer skills
3. Marketing skills
 4. Technical skills
5. Communication Skills

1. Analytical skills

Analytical skills are the abilities that allow you to collect, organize, visualize, and assimilate data.

Analytical skills refer to an individual's ability to identify a problem, investigate to find out
relevant facts and find a logical solution.

 Data analysis  Data and metric interpreting

 Data mining  Research
 Google Analytics or Google Search Console

2. Computer skills

Refers to the knowledge and ability to use various digital tools and technologies to complete
job tasks efficiently and effectively.

Computer software knowledge Presentation software

Microsoft Office Suite

3. Marketing skills

Marketing is about communicating with an audience. It's the strategy that drives a business to
grow and prosper. Marketing skills help cultivate deep, meaningful relationships with customers.
Instead of just focusing on short-term results, marketing skills help win customers for the long
haul by ensuring long-term brand affinity and loyalty.

 Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO)  Social media

 Email marketing  Search engine optimization (SEO).

4. Technical skills

Technical skills are sets of abilities or knowledge used to perform practical tasks in the areas of
science, the arts, technology, engineering, and math.

 Computer-aided design (CAD)  Programming languages

 Machine learning (ML)  User interface design
 Natural language processing (NLP)
5. Communication skills

Communication skill is the ability of an individual to accurately convey a message to another

person. Communication skills might be the first thing you think of when naming soft skills but
communication skills can be hard skills when utilized in very specific tasks and/or require a
knowledge base to do them (Emily Liou, 2022). The ability to speak another language is also
considered a hard skill, and it’s one of the few skills you might consider listing no matter what
job you apply for.

 Academic writing  Press Release writing

 Blog writing  Proposal writing
 Content writing  Research and reporting
 Copywriting  Technical report writing
 Editing and proofreading  Translation
 Grant writing  Transcription

Common Hard Skills

 Computer software knowledge  Copywriting

 Graphic design  Computer programming
 Data analysis  Foreign languages
 Project management  Search engine optimization (SEO)
 Marketing

Top Hard Skills (2022)

 Customer service  Social media

 Accounting  Sales and marketing
 Business development  Financial analysis
 Sales management  Software Engineering
 Finance  Structured query language (SQL)
 Computer science

Acquiring hard skills

Although some individuals can have innate abilities that make it easier for them to learn a hard
skill either through formal lessons or in informal ways, most people develop hard skills through
some sort of educational process.

For example, some people have a natural sense of numbers that makes it easier for them to learn
basic as well as complex math, yet they -- as well as others -- learn math through a series of
lessons.
Individuals learn hard skills in various ways, including learning them in traditional schools,
colleges, and vocational education programs. Individuals can also learn hard skills through
apprenticeships, mentoring, on-the-job training, and hands-on training. Individuals can teach
themselves hard skills, too, through books, online platforms, and even through trial and error.

Certificates, diplomas, licenses, and test scores are often used as proof that an individual has
achieved a certain level of proficiency for a particular hard skill or set of hard skills.

A driver's license, for instance, demonstrates that an individual has demonstrated a minimum
level of proficiency as determined by the government agency issuing the driver's license. A
commercial driver's license shows that an individual has achieved another, higher level of
proficiency.

Importance of hard skills

Nearly all jobs today, including most professional positions, require hard skills. Job descriptions
frequently list a series of hard skills needed to be hired, and they also often list the preferred
proof of those skills, such as degrees or certificates, that each job applicant needs in order to be
considered for the position.

Possessing specific hard skills demonstrates one's proficiency and capabilities to successfully
perform the job and fulfill its duties. Whether you’re a professional or a graduate, in your job
hunt, your skills matter. They tell potential employers what you can do, how you can do it, and
even who you are.

For many professions in many companies, the possession of hard skills is important to ensure a
company's financial success; however, in some instances, the worker's hard skills are critical to
preventing catastrophic results. A surgeon, for instance, must have very specific hard skills to
ensure against unnecessary harm to a patient; a pipefitter must also be exacting in his or her
application of hard skills to ensure against something like a gas leak.

In addition, the importance of hard skills is that they establish the backbone of the services your
business provides or the products it creates. You would not hire a heart surgeon without the hard
skills to perform heart surgery, imagine a hospital where the medical staff doesn't have proper
medical knowledge and experience. Will you seek treatment there? Of course not.

Furthermore, many employers seek out soft skills, finding that interpersonal skills are needed --
sometimes in equal measure to their hard skills -- for individuals to successfully complete the
jobs they're assigned to do.
III. CONCLUSION

Every job calls for a specific skill set often made up of a combination of hard and soft skills.
Whether you are considering a new job or applying for your first job, knowing which hard skills
are needed, and obtaining those skills, means you will have a better chance of being hired or
promoted in your field of choice. Be reminded that to get hired and be successful in the
workplace, you’ll need a combination of hard and soft skills, both of which you can continually
build on and develop. Furthermore, hard skills vs soft skills aren’t an either-or proposition. It's a
package worth cultivating in potential and long-term employees alike.

Understanding and Developing Soft Skills

(Discussant: DOMINGO, Andrea)

[IV & V. Introduction and Understanding and Developing Soft Skills]

Soft skills, or people skills, are traits and abilities that you develop throughout your entire life.
Soft skills speak to how and why you are motivated to do certain things. They speak directly to
your personality. These interpersonal skills are difficult to define or measure, but they’re still
valuable in the workplace.

These are the personality traits, behaviors, and interpersonal skills that we use to interact with
other people. In the workplace, they represent our ability to work effectively and harmoniously
with others, and it’s for this reason they are exactly the type of skills that employers look for.

Soft skills, however, are more interpersonal than technical. They’re sometimes known as durable
skills. For example, an example of some soft skills would be time management and relationship-
building. Soft skills are typically something that you find yourself naturally good at, without
having to learn it through education or hands-on training. However, you can still improve your
soft skills, just as you can improve your hard skills.

Examples Of Soft Skills

 Communication
 Critical thinking
 Adaptability
 Creativity
 Problem-solving
 Organization
 Willingness to learn.
 Leadership
 Dependability
 Work ethic
 Teamwork
 Time management
 Decision-making
The Most Important Soft Skills
 Creativity
The World Economic Forum’s Future Of Jobs report placed creativity in the top five most
important skills for the future.

Creativity as a soft skill doesn’t mean you need to be an artist or designer. It’s about learning to
think in a creative way and finding innovative solutions to solve problems for your organization.

 Communication

Effective communication in the workplace is based on your ability to converse productively with
others. If you are able to speak to people clearly and politely, while at the
same listening empathetically to what colleagues, customers, or clients have to say, you will be
more productive and achieve better results.

Successful communication involves verbal, non-verbal, and written skills, coupled with an
understanding of active listening.

 Emotional intelligence

Emotional intelligence is your ability to understand and control your own emotions, while at the
same time recognizing and empathizing with the emotions of those around you.

Emotional intelligence is also a highly prized soft skill in high pressure roles when remaining
calm is key, or those that involve negotiation and the need to understand the other side’s position.

 Critical Thinking

Critical thinking is the ability to reason and analyze effectively. In the workplace, critical
thinking involves the process of taking information or problems and processing them in the most
logical way to extract value and find solutions.

It’s a highly valued soft skill, in part because it works so well in tandem with other soft skills.
For example, if you have strong critical thinking skills, it will improve your time management
because you can solve problems quickly.

 Adaptability

Adaptability, or flexibility, is the ability to embrace change and challenges with a positive,
resourceful attitude.

 Collaboration

Collaboration, also known as teamwork, is the ability to work effectively with your colleagues. It
encompasses and requires a variety of other important soft skills, such as emotional intelligence,
adaptability, and communication.
Working collaboratively means you can quickly and better understand your own strengths and
weaknesses. Working together also fosters a healthy work environment of learning and sharing
between colleagues.

How To Develop Soft Skills

Improving your soft skills is not as straightforward, but you can still do it.

First, you need to know which soft skills you want to develop. Perform an honest self-
assessment. You can also ask for feedback from your boss, colleagues, family, and friends. For
example, if you’re frequently late to work, or you tend to miss deadlines, then you might need to
develop time management. If you’re interested in a promotion, then you might need to develop
leadership skills.

Once you know which soft skills you want to develop, then it’s time to start working on them.
Some soft skills you can develop through learning.

To develop time management, you might first watch a webinar on productivity, and then apply
each tip. To develop leadership skills, you might spearhead a new project at work or request
more responsibility in your volunteer role. These skills can take a long time to develop as you
unlearn old habits and learn new ones.

Although not customarily acquired through formal training, soft skills can be learned. To
improve soft skills, an individual must be open to feedback and willing to change behaviors.
Training can provide tips and strategies for developing better practices, such as active listening
and empathizing with others. And practicing can strengthen areas where deficiencies exist.

Why Are Soft Skills Important?

How well you interact and treat others is crucial for career success. Trust develops through
positive interactions and relationships, and productivity increases in environments where soft
skills flourish. Honing your abilities to resolve conflicts, solve problems, and provide excellent
customer service can lead to stronger relationships with colleagues, clients, and other
professional contacts.

VI. CONCLUSION

Overall, soft skills are not usually tied to specific professions, rather they relate to our
personalities and, as such, they are highly transferable skills. Although they are less tangible than
hard skills they can still be learned and developed, and employers will value any qualifications
you have that demonstrate a willingness to improve them.
Soft skills are also uniquely human. In a workplace and job market changing at high speed
because of technological advancement, they are the type of skills that cannot, thus far, be
replicated by artificial intelligence (AI). This will only increase their importance in the future.
 DISCUSSION PAPER

CHAPTER 7: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(Planning and Managing Career)

OUTLINE
I. Introduction
II. Career Development
 Planning Career
 Managing Career
III. Conclusion
IV. References

I. INTRODUCTION

“Plan your work for today and every day, then work your plan” – Margaret Thatcher.
Do you ever wonder what will happen next when you graduated from college? How about
asking yourself what will be the future that awaits you? Are you ready for it, or not? What things
we should consider to achieve our goals?
In order for us to be ready in the future we need to plan our careers and we should learn
how we will manage our careers. In this chapter, we will be going to talk about career planning
and career management.

II. CAREER DEVELOPMENT

Career Planning
Career planning refers to the process of making educational and career choices based on
knowledge of oneself and the environment. The purpose of career planning is to encourage
individuals to explore and gather information about various educational and career opportunities
thus enabling them to develop realistic career goals. Career planning is an ongoing activity that
should be implemented as early as the middle school years and extend into adulthood.
The career planning process can be divided into four stages. These stages include (1)
self- assessment, (2) knowledge of academic-career options, (3) in-depth evaluation and goal-
setting and (4) career plan implementation.
Self-assessment refers to an individual’s ability to gather information about his or her interests,
skills and abilities, values, and personality type. Examples of questions to consider at this stage
include the following: What types of work and school-related courses and activities do I enjoy?
What can I do well? What types of skills have I gained through various curricular and curricular
experiences? What values do I consider important in my preferred career?
Knowledge of academic career options refers to an individual’s ability to gather information
about the world of work. Knowledge of specific jobs, occupations, and organizations; work
conditions; required education; job outlook; and chances for advancement are important factors
in choosing the right career.
Finally, the last stage of the career planning process is career plan implementation, which
involves making an initial choice and taking steps toward reaching career goals. The primary
focus of this stage is on job and educational preparation. Individuals at this stage should make
deliberate efforts to (1) apply to various education and training programs, (2) gather information
on specific companies, (3) develop a job search strategy, (4) develop resumes and cover letters,
and (5) prepare for job interviews.
Make a Career Plan
A career plan includes the short-term and long-term goals for your career. A short-term
goal is something you want to do soon. The near future can mean today, this week, this month, or
even this year. It is something you want to accomplish soon. A long-term goal is something you
want to do further in the future. It requires much longer time and planning. Career planning is the
self-evaluation and planning done by a person to have a strong career path. Who manages your
career? Who makes the decisions? YOU! Learn all about career plans, why they are important,
and how to see them through until they are completed.
Look at this figure about career planning. How will you start to plan for it? What do you need to
set? Let us talk about it . . .

1. Knowing yourself
Assess yourself to know who you are and what you want. It also means understanding
your strengths and weaknesses, your passions and fears, your desires and dreams, your
likes and
dislikes, and your tolerances and limitations. Knowing yourself means knowing your purpose in
life.
2. Exploring your options Discover
careers to find what you really want. Assess your skills and interests. Focus on what you want to
do and how to get there. Learn the skills needed to pursue the career of your dreams.
3. Making Decisions
It is the process of making logical choices from the available options by identifying a
decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.
4. Moving On
It is more about learning to live and managing your career to help yourself succeed. It is
important to move forward because there are things in our past that should not hold us back from
improving ourselves. And, in career development, improvement and change are always
occurring.
Upon describing the figure above, you have learned that it is important to make a career
plan first and set a goal whether it is a short-term or a long-term goal. In-depth evaluation and
goal setting refer to an understanding of how to make decisions based on the information one has
gathered in the first two stages of career planning; an awareness of the factors that may impact
one’s ability to implement one’s decisions; and the setting of short, medium, and long-term
goals. During this stage, individuals may want to consider questions such as, “Do my interests,
skills, and values match those of the occupation I’ve selected?”, “What schools offer the training
that will be needed to pursue my career of interest?”, and “How long will it take me to complete
the education required for my career of interest? Are there other occupations that I should
consider as alternatives?”
People who set and finish career goals tend to get more things done and often earn more
money than people who do not set goals. You need to follow these tips to increase your chances
of successfully following your plans.
1. Write it down. Write down your career plan so that you will remember it and you can track
your progress. You are more likely to commit to your plan that is specific, measurable,
achievable, realistic, and timely (SMART). Put a copy of your plan in some place where you
can see it often such as on your bedroom mirror or the refrigerator door. Let me describe to you
first the SMART goal-setting model.

Here’s what SMART stands for:

SPECIFIC – Each goal must be specific and as clearly defined as possible. You can have
multiple goals, but each one must be clear. Example: One of my goals is to become an English
teacher.
MEASURABLE – Each goal must also have clearly defined metrics for how it can be measured
– either for progress or the end goal. One of my goals is to become an English teacher in the
school while working as a student.
ACHIEVABLE – It can be easy to get carried away when setting goals, but a goal that
is ultimately not achievable will deplete your motivation. Keep goals small and
achievable. One of my goals is to become an English teacher at the school where I
graduated from.
RELEVANT – this is where putting some time into planning your goals can pay off. One of my
goals is to become an English teacher in the school where I graduated, so I can pay forward my
former teachers.
TIME-BOUND – make sure you set yourself realistic deadlines for each goal and its
required steps to keep you focused and motivated. After four years, one of my goals is to become
an English teacher in the school where I graduated.
The SMART model has been widely accepted as the go-to model because it can be applied to
simple and complex goals, work goals, personal goals, individual, and group goals. It is a highly
adaptable model with a very clear structure that can be used with other planning and business
tools to achieve large goals.
2. Set deadlines. Make one of two goals that you can achieve within a few days or
a week. Then make other short-term goals that only take a few months to
complete.
Over time you will see how many tasks you have completed and how much closer you are to
accomplishing your long-term goals.
3. Reward yourself. Working toward your goals is hard work. Think of small rewards
to give yourself when you accomplish something big or small. These bonuses will help you stay
motivated.
4. Have an accountability partner. It is important to try to complete your goals with a
company. Find one or two people who will help you stick to your plan. This can be a friend,
a job coach, or your supervising agent (or corrections agent). Your partner will remind you of
deadlines and give you encouragement when you face setbacks.

Managing Career

What is Career Management?

When we say career management, it is an ongoing, conscious, and step-by-step process of

an individual to manage their career in order for them to meet their goals, aspirations, and
ambitions.
Career planning is a process in which people analyze their personal strengths, weaknesses,
skills, interests, and more to determine which job opportunities would be a great fit. It is our
ability to further our growth by foreseeing the possibilities; just like an architect foresees a
structure by planning every small detail in the blueprint.

How to create a career management plan?

Here are some steps to create an effective career management plan:
 1. Explore your career options. It involves self and environmental exploration. It is you
being aware of your preferences, strengths, and aspects requiring improvement. And, it is also
about evaluating your work environment if your desired occupation type, industry, or field is
suitable for you.
2. Become more self-aware. It is examining your skills, qualities, and characteristics. It is
considering your values, what's important to you, and how you envision your future.
3. Define long-term goals. Setting specific and concise career goals is essential to monitor
your career development and progress toward achieving the goals.
4. Develop an effective strategy. After setting your career goal, you can develop a
strategy to accomplish it. This step usually involves a series of activities to attain the goal.
5. Implement your strategy. This step entails executing your plans and taking the
necessary steps to manage and develop your career. While implementing your career
management strategy, you can ask for feedback from your immediate manager or supervisor.

Why career management is important?

Here’s why career management is important:
1. Helps you achieve your professional goals. Managing your career can also help you
recognize improvement areas and take the necessary steps to impact your career positively.
2. Facilitates resourcing and redeployment. Career management helps you become
resourceful and advance to roles that best suit your skill sets and meet your aspirations.
3. Fulfills intrinsic personal needs. Career management helps fulfill your intrinsic needs
and personal goals by helping you recognize and work toward your career objectives.
4. Helps career growth and development. It motivates you to improve skills and
knowledge at work, increasing job satisfaction and professional development.

III. CONCLUSION
It is important to accept and recognize the fact that every individual has some special
quality and special ability and is capable of doing something exceptional in some area. And it is
up to us to recognize that talent and channelize it properly. But don’t forget that, planning what
your career will be and managing it is important that will help you to get to your goals in life.
 DISCUSSION PAPER

CHAPTER 7: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(Matching Your Personality and Career)

OUTLINE
I. Introduction
II. Matching Your Personality and Career
 Common Reasons for Matching Personality Towards Career
 Suggestions on Aligning Personality to Career
 Importance of Having a Successful Career
III. Conclusion
IV. References
 MATCHING YOUR PERSONALITY AND CAREER

I. Introduction

Personality plays a significant role when choosing your career path otherwise when you already
have your job. The reason why it is important is because your personality will determine your
strengths and your weaknesses which can land you into better decision-making.

Career

 A person's chosen profession or occupation is referred to as their career. Your career can
include one or more jobs over the course of your life, as well as the actions, decisions,
and paths you take to advance in your profession. A career typically makes use of your
skills and talents while also providing you with personal fulfillment and a sense of
purpose.

II. Matching Your Personality and Career

COMMON REASONS WHY MATCHING YOUR PERSONALITY TOWARDS YOUR

CAREER IS ESSENTIAL, THE FOLLOWING ARE THE REASONS:

1. Better culture fit.

One of the most significant benefits of matching your personality to your job is the ease
with which you can connect with your colleagues and clients. Those who are outgoing and
expressive will likely enjoy working with those who share their openness; chances are, these
people will be able to keep you accompany and will help you to be productive and free from any
stress.

2. Better job performance.

When you enjoy the tasks and environment of your job and find them personally
meaningful, you're more likely to enjoy your chosen career and your work. This can lead to
greater motivation and a higher level of engagement in your role.

3. Higher job satisfaction.

Many people report that a good personality-job fit leads to greater job satisfaction.
Having tasks and assessments that best match your skills and personality traits increases your
confidence in your work abilities, allowing you to develop a more positive attitude toward your
career. As a result, you will feel more valued as a worker.
4. Personality determines your strengths and weaknesses.

When pursuing your ideal career, taking into account your personality traits can help you
identify your strengths and weaknesses. This reflection identifies not only your existing technical
skills, but also how you interact or behave around others, and how to best mesh this with
potential job opportunities.

While your strengths will help you determine which career paths you'd be best suited for,
recognizing your weaknesses will help you identify areas that need improvement. You can then
devise a strategy to address these gaps in your abilities.

HERE ARE SOME OF THE SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO ALIGN YOUR

PERSONALITY TO YOUR CAREER

1. Personality Tests

When you first start out in the real world, you must question the validity of all personality tests.
When you're in a learning and discovery mode, personality questions can help guide you toward
different industries. However, while these tests can be entirely accurate, they still can't replace
real-world experience. Moreover, the information you learn about yourself through personality
can't provide you with day-to-day life experience as if you were already working in the field.

2. Keep an Open Mind

Pay attention to the projected job market and make decisions with both your head and your heart.
Consider a career in graphic design or web development if you enjoy both art and computers.

3. Self-Reflection

One of the smartest ways to find the right career path is to spend time getting to know yourself
well. Try new things, spend time shadowing people in different industries, and work with a
mentor who can help you define your brand. Additionally, when you take the time to reflect on
yourself, you will have a much better idea of the type of work culture that best suits your
personality.

WHY HAVING SUCCESSFUL CAREER IMPORTANT IN LIFE

1. A career is a lot of your life.

2. It affects who you are at home.

3. It is a part of your identity.

4. It provides direction and purpose.

5. Work will define your social life.

III. Conclusion

To conclude, finding your passion is a moral obligation. If you don't figure out what you're best
at and meant to do, you're denying yourself and making the world a little darker. When we don't
do what we love, our lives begin to unravel. People drink, eat, or waste time on meaningless
activities to compensate for their lack of love at work. Finding your passion is important not only
for you, but also for your family, friends, relationships, and the world at large. You have a gift
that the world needs, and failing to nurture it is robbing the world of that gift. Indeed, finding
yourself a meaningful career does not have to take a lifetime, but it will require perseverance.

DISCUSSION PAPER

CHAPTER 7: CAREER DEVELOPMENT

(Nurturing Personal Passion Passion and Career)

NURTURING PERSONAL PASSION AND CAREER

Nurture- the process of caring for and encouraging the growth or development of someone or
something.

Passion -a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for something or about doing something.
It is a driving force inside you that pushes you toward something. It’s an internal fire needing
maintenance.

A passion is an activity or field that motivates you, inspires you, and aligns with your personal
values. Developing your passions can help guide you both personally and professionally. By
pursuing a career you're passionate about, you may engage more meaningfully with your work
and feel a greater sense of professional fulfillment.

Everyone has that thing they love almost more than anything else. Whether it’s a particular sport,
an artistic pursuit, or simply an outlet that allows you to be your best self, you have an interest
that’s so strong, that you wish it could be entwined with your job. Well, who says it can’t be?

In a dynamic society with unprecedented opportunities, you don’t have to put your passion on
the backburner. Instead, you can find a job that complements or nurtures your passion. Keep
reading
to find out the benefits of having a job you’re passionate about, how to find that opportunity, and
how to remain passionate about it as your career progresses.

Combinations of Career Interests and Skills

Pursue (INTERESTS HIGH, SKILLS HIGH)

Areas of both high interest and high confidence. Include in top career choices.

Develop (INTERESTS HIGH, SKILLS LOWER)

Areas of high interest, low confidence. Either accept as a vocational or pursue

skill building
Explore (INTERESTS LOWER, SKILLS HIGH)

Areas of low interest but high confidence. Reconsider why interest is low or
transfer skills to another area.

Avoid (INTERESTS LOW, SKILLS LOW)

Areas of both aversion and low confidence. Exclude from top career choices.

HOW TO FIND YOUR

PASSION

1. Reflect on your hobbies

If you want a career you enjoy, think about activities you already enjoy doing. People who enjoy
taking pictures might pursue a career as a photographer or people who like sports might become
a coach. While some hobbies correlate directly to a career, some might inform an indirectly
related pursuit. Think about the skills your hobbies require and consider careers that require
those skills. For example, if you enjoyed performing in high school plays, you might seek a job
that involves public speaking and collaboration.

2. Try new things

When you focus on the skills and jobs you've historically focused on, you may overlook other
options that could suit you more. Instead of labeling yourself as one particular type of person,
consider what you can learn by investing in a new activity or field. Consider taking a class in
another industry, watching a tutorial, or researching topics that pique your interest.

3. Dedicate yourself to your current tasks

You might be able to find passion in your current circumstances without making a career change.
Try approaching your current job, interests, and responsibilities with energy, curiosity, and
dedication. Enthusiasm for your daily tasks can transform mundane activities into fulfilling
projects. For example, if you work in data entry, think about the end goal of your work and
optimize your work environment to get yourself excited about your tasks.

4. Learn about new topics

With the vast amount of information available, it can be challenging to decide which sources are
worth your attention. However, when you make it a regular habit to take in ideas and information
from topics of interest, you can more easily discover which ideas truly inspire passion. Consume
high-quality content from authoritative sources to widen your understanding of different fields
and topics. Read nonfiction books and articles, listen to podcasts, and watch educational videos.
Keep an idea journal or corkboard where you can save and post things that catch your
attention. You
may notice the same kinds of ideas keep popping up as you collect your thoughts. Pursuing new
information can expose you to careers, fields, and hobbies you could pursue.

5. Practice mindfulness

Sometimes being mindful of your daily thoughts and activities can help you determine what you
truly enjoy doing. When you discover something that makes you feel passionate, take time to
experience that activity or idea. Set aside time to develop interests that are separate from your
other responsibilities and make this time a priority. It might help you spend this time away from
technology so you can fully focus on the task and embrace the thoughts and feelings it inspires.

6. Take risks

Living a passionate life might require some risk-taking, especially if you plan to make a career
shift. To find things you're passionate about, consider pursuing activities and ideas that scare
you. For example, you may decide to do a tandem skydive, find out you love the experience, and
decide to train to do a solo jump. You could even decide that you want to learn to become a
skydiving instructor. Related: A Guide for Choosing Between a Job for Money vs. Passion

7. Take classes to explore your passions

There are many opportunities to continue learning about the topics that interest you. Online
classes offer a wide number of subjects and learning modes. Local colleges and libraries offer
educational courses. Clubs and organizations also share their expertise through festivals and
seminars. The more you learn, the easier it can be to discover what topics excite your passion.
Some companies even fund professional development, so your employer might pay for you to
earn certifications or take part in a conference in an area that interests you.

8. Expand your professional network

Learning what other people are passionate about may help you understand your own interests
and ambitions. Surrounding yourself with people who care deeply about their purpose might also
motivate you. You can learn how passionate people choose their field, what their daily routine is
like, and what tools they recommend for someone seeking a passion. If you're interested in a
field, you might also join a community of like-minded people pursuing the same thing. For
example, if you want to become an artist, attending an art class in your neighborhood might give
you a sense of direction and belonging. You could also join a professional organization or find a
digital community through a social media network or internet forum dedicated to the field or
activity.

9. Define your values

Many people find jobs they're passionate about by thinking about what matters to them. When
your workplace has similar values to you, it might be easier to connect with your work and feel a
sense of purpose. For example, if you care about education, equality, and reading, your passion
might be literacy. You could find a job working with a nonprofit group that helps poorly funded
schools access quality reading materials, or you might work for a government agency that focuses
on public education.
 10. Ask yourself what's next

Another way to discover your passion is to write your future biography. Discuss what you hope
to accomplish five to ten years from now. After you complete this writing assignment, work
backward to find out what accomplishments made you the most excited. Make a plan to turn this
prediction into a reality with actionable objectives that help you work toward your goals.

How do you stay passionate in your career?

1. Share your goals and dreams with loved ones.

The more you talk about something, the more real it becomes. Speak about your goals as often as
possible, with as many people as you can, to keep your interest level high.

“The more people you bring into the fold to share your goals with, the more people you have
asking you about your progress and updates, which keeps you on track,” said Monahan.

2. Don’t be afraid to make a change.

If you aren’t feeling satisfied with your work, speak to your manager and ask if you can be
involved in projects geared more toward your talents. By leveraging your skills and interests in
the workplace, you will not only perform better but also feel more motivated, confident, and
inspired. If you’re still unhappy, don’t hesitate to make a change. You’re never trapped, and no
matter how long you have been in a position, there is always a way to have a smooth transition to
a new opportunity.

3. Never stop being a student.

One of the biggest misconceptions is that comfort is the key to happiness. But if you become too
comfortable in your role, that fiery passion you once had may start to dull. If you commit to
continually learning new facets of your industry and explore ways your profession is changing,
you can get a benefit besides being better at your job – you can remember why you fell in love
with this passion in the first place and rekindle the flame. Those with a hunger to always learn
more won’t see their passion fade away.

4. Surround yourself with like-minded people.

The company you keep is critical. Hanging around people equally passionate about the same
career as you or very passionate about their unique journey can be a great influence. If you see
people around you investing time in their work and talking positively about all the cool and
interesting things they’re doing, you’ll be motivated to do the same. Conversations with like-
minded people can remind you why you started on this path in the first place and reinvigorate the
drive that powered you in the beginning.
 5. Passion breeds success and happiness
It’s of course possible to be successful in a job you aren’t passionate about. People can excel at
all sorts of things even if they have no genuine interest in them and don’t like the tasks much at
all. But will you be happy? The odds are you won’t. That’s why finding a job you’re passionate
about is so important.