Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition

GT2014
June 16 – 20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany

GT2014-26411

ASME PTC-10 Performance Testing of Centrifugal Compressors –

The Real Gas Calculation Method

Matt Taher
[email protected]

Lead Turbomachinery Engineer

Bechtel Corporation
Houston, Texas

ABSTRACT Ru The universal gas constant (8.3145 kJ kmol-1 K-1)

s Entropy
ASME PTC-10 (2009) provides a test procedure to
T Temperature
determine the thermodynamic performance of centrifugal
w Specific head (work) (kJ/kg)
compressors for gases conforming to ideal gas laws and for real
𝑤𝑝′ Schultz polytropic work
gases. It requires using real gas calculation methods where the
compressibility values depart from the specified limits. ASME ω Acentric factor
PTC-10 employs Schultz X and Y compressibility factors to X Schultz compressibility factor
calculate the polytropic exponent for real gas compression. y Mole percentage of a gas component in the mixture
Specific values of X and Y for the test gas at the test condition Y Schultz compressibility factor
may be different from the values provided in ASME PTC-10 Z Compressibility factor
generalized charts. Therefore, special care should be taken to Subscripts
properly calculate X and Y factors for a test gas at specified
conditions. avg Average
c Critical property
In this paper, Schultz compressibility factors X and Y are d discharge condition
derived as functions of reduced properties. These functions can cm Mixture critical property
be used with any equation of state to precisely calculate X and P Pressure
Y values for any gas composition at the specified operating p Polytropic
conditions. By using the proposed method, Schultz X and Y r Reduced property
compressibility factors for propane are graphically represented s Isentropic, or suction condition
covering a reduced pressure range of 0.1 to 3 and a reduced T Temperature
temperature range of 1.05 to 2. Also, the rate of change of 1 Inlet
polytropic exponents for propane over a wide range of 2 Discharge
pressures and temperatures is graphically demonstrated.
INTRODUCTION
NOMENCLATURE
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
e Polytropic efficiency “Performance Test Code on Compressors and Exhausters,”
h Enthalpy ASME PTC-10 [1], serves as an internationally recognized
kij Binary interaction coefficient of ith and jth gas standard for centrifugal compressor factory acceptance and
components in the mixture field performance testing. The methodology applied in PTC-10
m Polytropic temperature exponent is based upon the original work of Schultz [2], which utilizes
n Polytropic volume component the polytropic model of a compression process. The Schultz
m Mass flow rate method uses the averaging of gas properties along the
MW Gas molecular weight compression path to calculate a constant polytropic exponent
R Gas constant (Ru/MW)

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 and apply a correction factor to modify the calculated Hundseid, Bakken and Helde [6] proposed direct
polytropic head and efficiency. To calculate the polytropic integration of the actual compression path using the GERG-
temperature and volume exponents, Schultz introduced X and Y 2004 equation of state. The method is independent of
compressibility factors. Schultz employed the law of calculating the polytropic exponents, and averaging of gas
corresponding states to develop generalized charts of X and Y properties. The compression path is divided into a large number
for different values of reduced temperatures (T r) and reduced of segments, and the enthalpy and entropy changes are directly
pressures (Pr). calculated by applying constant polytropic efficiency to each
ASME PTC-10 has adopted the Schultz method [2] for real segment.
gas calculations since its updated revision in 1965. Figures Sandberg and Colby [3] proposed a different correction
(3.6) and (3.7) of ASME PTC-10 [1] refer to Schultz factor for the polytropic head calculation, which demonstrated
generalized compressibility charts [2] for calculating X and Y improved accuracy in the majority of cases studied. Sandberg
factors. These figures are shown in appendix 1 for reference.1 and Colby [3] also presented the “incremental calculation
ASME PTC-10 [1] in clause 5.2.1.2 recognizes inaccuracy method”, in which the compression path was divided into a
of generalized charts and states X and Y may be developed for number of segments with varying polytropic exponents while
any specified gas composition. However, it neither addresses a keeping the efficiency constant. The accuracy of results was
method to develop the X and Y factors, nor does it specify improved by increasing the number of segments.
when to use calculated X and Y factors rather than using Except for the method presented by Hundseid et al [6] all
generalized values. Using inaccurate generalized values for X, other methods use the averaging of gas properties along a
and Y may lead to erroneous calculation of polytropic compression path of a constant polytropic exponent and apply a
exponents and polytropic work (head). correction factor to modify the calculated polytropic head and
In this paper, a method is presented to directly calculate efficiency.
Schultz compressibility factors for any gas composition. It
offers an accuracy improvement over the values of the THE POLYTROPIC PROCESS
generalized Schultz compressibility parameters, which have In an actual compression process, gas temperature
been part of PTC-10 since a time prior to widespread use of increases while compressing the gas.
computers. The presented method is independent from using It can be shown that the isentropic enthalpy rise between
any specific equation of state. However, the LKP equation of lines of constant pressure increases at higher temperatures as
state, which is widely used in industry, is employed to follows [9] :
demonstrate utilizing the method. By using the proposed
method, deviations of calculated values for Schultz X and Y 𝜕ℎ
( ) = 𝑍𝑅𝑇 (1)
factors from the values given in generalized charts of ASME 𝜕𝑃 ⁄𝑃 𝑆
PTC-10 [1] are investigated for propane.
As a result, if pressure rise in a compression process is evenly
divided into several stages, it requires more energy to compress
BACKGROUND
the gas at later stages of compression compared to the early
Mallen and Saville [4] showed varying polytropic stages due to temperature increase. The temperature rise in a
exponents along the compression path. They suggested dividing compression process represents an inherent irreversibility,
the compression path into a number of segments for the which is called “reheat” or “heating loss”. 2
numerical integration of the polytropic work function and The actual compression process that a gas undergoes from
offered a correction factor to modify the calculated polytropic pressure P1 to pressure P2 can be modeled with an infinite
head and efficiency. number of infinitesimal compression steps (e.g. P j to Pj+1) along
Huntington [5] compared the accuracy of Schultz [2] and the actual compression path, where each compression step (e.g.
Mallen and Saville [4] methods for polytropic head and A- B-C) is comprised of an isentropic process (A-B) followed
efficiency calculations with values derived from a reference by a constant pressure process (B-C) as illustrated in Figure 1.
direct integration. He assumed a general relationship between In fact, the process (B-C) represents the entropy rise due to
the compressibility factor and pressure at endpoints and at one irreversibilities present in a compression process.
intermediate pressure along the compression path. Then a The enthalpy change between states j and j+1 can be
relationship between polytropic efficiency, pressure, and written as follows:
entropy for the compression path was developed. Huntington
[5] showed his calculation method provides more accurate ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐴 = (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 )
⏟ + (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 )
⏟ (2)
results compared to Schultz [3], and Mallen and Saville [4]. 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

1 2
The definition of the compressibility function Y is not correctly defined It implies the inability of an isentropic process to model an overall
in ASME PTC-10 [1] charts and should be corrected in the next revision of the compression process as it fails to recognize the “inherent irreversibility” due to
standard. the “heating loss” in an actual compression process.

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 Figure 1: Polytropic process of gas compression Figure 2: The jth infinitesimal step of a polytropic
compression process

In a compression process, the reversible work (e.g. A-B) [𝑣𝑑𝑃] [𝑣𝑑𝑃]

represents the minimum amount of work necessary to carry out 𝑒= = [𝑣𝑑𝑃]
(7)
𝑑ℎ +[𝑇𝑑𝑠]
the process. The quality of energy conversion to increase the
pressure from Pj to Pj+1 can be expressed by the efficiency, The total required polytropic work2 (energy) to compress
which is defined as the total work (energy) consumed relative gas from pressure P1 to P2 is obtained by adding reversible parts
to the minimum (work) energy required to elevate the pressure. of infinitesimal compression steps:
ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ∞
𝐵
𝑒= (3)
ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐴 𝑤𝑝 = ∑ ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑃 (8)
𝑗=1 𝐴
The smaller the irreversibilities associated with the
compression process, the smaller the total work (energy) that is The polytropic work is less than the total actual work by the
consumed, and the higher the efficiency. amount of total losses attributed to irreversibilities present in
The polytropic compression process is defined as an the system:
infinite number of infinitesimal adiabatic1 compression steps ∞
𝐶
(e.g. A-B-C) along the actual compression path, each step being 𝑤𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = ∑ ∫ 𝑇𝑑𝑠 (9)
separated from the preceding step by the heating loss, while the 𝑗=1 𝐵
efficiency of the overall compression process is constant and
equal to each compression step. By definition, the efficiency of each infinitesimal compression
step (e.g. A-B-C) is constant, and equal to the efficiency of the
Figure 2 illustrates an infinitesimal step of a polytropic
overall polytropic compression process.
compression process. The enthalpy change as the measure of
required compression energy can be written as follows: ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 𝑤𝑝
𝑒=( ) = ( ) =⋯=
𝑑ℎ𝐴−𝐶 = 𝑑ℎ𝐴−𝐵 + 𝑑ℎ𝐵−𝐶 (4) ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐴 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐴 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑗 𝑗+1
𝑤𝑝
= (10)
Employing the Gibbs relation, equation 4 can be re-written 𝑤𝑝 + 𝑤𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
as:
𝑑ℎ𝐴−𝐶 = [𝑇𝑑𝑠 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃]𝐴−𝐵 + [𝑇𝑑𝑠 + 𝑣𝑑𝑃]𝐵−𝐶 (5) For an infinitesimal step of a polytropic compression process,
the relation of end-point states can be represented by:
Since (A-B) and (B-C) represent an isentropic and constant
pressure processes respectively, equation 5 becomes: 𝑃𝑣 𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (11 − 1)

𝑑ℎ𝐴−𝐶 = [𝑣𝑑𝑃]𝐴−𝐵 + [𝑇𝑑𝑠]𝐵−𝐶 (6) 𝑃𝑚

= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (11 − 2)
𝑇
Where [𝑣𝑑𝑃]𝐴−𝐵 and [𝑇𝑑𝑠]𝐵−𝐶 stand for the reversible part
and the irreversible part of the polytropic process, respectively. Schultz [2] formulated the polytropic process for real gas
Using relation 3, the efficiency of the infinitesimal compression and derived the polytropic exponents “n” and “m”.
compression step becomes:
2
In the turbomachinery industry, the term “polytropic head” is often used
1
By definition, the polytropic process is an adiabatic process. for the “polytropic work”.

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 Schultz [2] defined compressibility factors X and Y to calculate Equation of State
polytropic volume and temperature exponents for real gas
Different equations of state provide different accuracy
compression:
levels when calculating gas thermodynamic properties. The
𝑇 𝜕𝑣 selection of the equation of state to be used for an ASME PTC-
= ( ) −1 (12 − 1)
𝑣 𝜕𝑇 𝑃 10 calculation is important, since it influences the results of the
calculation. The accuracy of an equation of state model depends
𝑃 𝜕𝑣 on the gas mixture and the range of pressures and temperatures
=− ( ) (12 − 2) during the performance test.
𝑣 𝜕𝑃 𝑇
Any equation of state can be used to calculate the partial
1 derivatives in (13-1) and (13-2). However, this paper employs
𝑛= (12 − 3) the LKP equation of state, since the partial derivatives used in
− 𝑚(1 + )
(13-1) and (13-2) were already derived by Reid, Prausnitz, and
𝑍𝑅 1 Sherwood [8] for the LKP equation of state.
𝑚= ( + ) (12 − 4)
𝑃 𝑒
The LKP Equation of State
Schultz X and Y Compressibility Factors The Lee and Kesler model (1975) modified by Plöcker,
Knapp, and Prausnitz (1978) referred to as LKP model is a
ASME PTC 10 [1] employs Schultz generalized virial equation of state. The LKP equation of state is a well-
compressibility charts to obtain “generalized values” of X and established model, which is widely used in industry.
Y factors (refer to appendix 1). Specific values of X and Y for
the test gas may be different from the values presented in In the LKP method, the compressibility factor “Z” of the
generalized charts. Therefore, special care should be given to real fluid is calculated by equation (14):
accurately calculate X and Y factors for a test gas at specified 𝜔
conditions to prevent erroneous results for polytropic exponents 𝑍 = 𝑍 (0) + ( ) (𝑍 (𝑟) − 𝑍 (0) ) (14)
and polytropic work (head). 𝜔 (𝑟)
In this paper, a method is presented to directly calculate Schultz Where (0), and (r) refer to “simple fluid”, and “reference
compressibility factors X and Y as functions of reduced fluid” respectively, and ω is the acentric factor.
properties.
X and Y factors can be directly calculated for any gas mixture Z(0) and Z(r) should be calculated separately by equation
by using the following relations: (15):

𝑃𝑟 𝑣𝑟 𝐶
𝜕𝑃 𝑍 (0) (𝑟)
= =1+ + 2+ +
( 𝑟) 𝑇𝑟 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟
𝑇𝑟 𝜕𝑇𝑟 𝑣
=− −1 (13 − 1) (− )
𝑣𝑟 (𝜕𝑃𝑟 ) +[ ] [( + )𝑒 𝑣 ] (15)
𝑇𝑟 𝑣𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
[ 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇 ]
Where,
𝑃𝑟 1 𝑇 𝑃 𝑣𝑃𝑐
=− (13 − 2) 𝑇𝑟 = ; 𝑃𝑟 = ; 𝑣𝑟 =
𝜕𝑃
𝑣𝑟 ( 𝑟 ) 𝑇𝑐 𝑃𝑐 𝑅𝑇𝑐
[ 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇 ]
2
= 1 − − −
Where, 𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑟2 𝑇𝑟
2
𝑇 𝑃 𝑣𝑃𝑐 𝐶= 1 − +
𝑇𝑟 = ; 𝑃𝑟 = ; 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟
𝑇𝑟
𝑇𝑐 𝑃𝑐 𝑅𝑇𝑐 𝑑2
= 𝑑1 +
𝑇𝑟
These functions can be used with any equation of state to
precisely calculate the X and Y values for the specified test gas Table 1 provides coefficients of the LKP equation of state,
composition and operating condition. which are determined from experimental data.
Appendix 2 explains the derivation of equations (13-1) and (13- For a mixture of gases, pseudo-critical values of a gas mixture
2). (𝑇𝑐𝑚 𝑣𝑐𝑚 𝑃𝑐𝑚 ) will be used to calculate the mixture reduced
temperature, reduced volume, and reduced pressure in equation
(15).

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 Table 1: Coefficients of the LKP equation of state [8] Reid, Prausnitz, and Sherwood [8] derived the partial
derivatives used in relations (13-1) and (13-2) for the LKP
Constant Simple fluid Reference fluid equation of state:

b1 0.1181193 0.2026579
𝜕𝑃𝑟 1 1 + ⁄𝑇𝑟2 + 2 ⁄𝑇𝑟 1 − 2 ⁄𝑇𝑟 𝑑1
b2 0.265728 0.331511 ( ) =[ + + +
𝜕𝑇𝑟 𝑣 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟2 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟
b3 0.154790 0.027655
2 (− )
− ( + 2) 𝑒 𝑣 ] (17 − 1)
b4 0.030323 0.203488 𝑇𝑟 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟
c1 0.0236744 0.0313385
𝜕𝑃𝑟 𝑇𝑟 2 3𝐶 6
c2 0.0186984 0.0503618 ( ) = − 2 {1 + + +
𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟2 𝑣𝑟
c3 0.0 0.016901
+ [3
𝑇𝑟 𝑣𝑟2
c4 0.042724 0.041577
(− )
+ [5 − 2 ( + )] ]𝑒 𝑣 } (17 − 2)
d1*104 0.155488 0.48736
𝑣𝑟2 𝑣𝑟2
d2*104 0.623689 0.0740336

β 0.65392 1.266 Consequently, Schultz compressibility factors X and Y

used in ASME PTC-10 [1] can be directly calculated for any
γ 0.060167 0.03754
gas mixture by using equations (13-1) and (13-2) together with
ω 0.0 0.3978 (17-1) and (17-2).
Figures (3) and (4) show the chart of X and Y
compressibility factors developed for propane by using
Pseudo-critical values of a gas mixture (𝑇𝑐𝑚 𝑣𝑐𝑚 𝑃𝑐𝑚 ) can be equations (13-1) and (13-2), and the LKP equation of state.
calculated by the following mixing rule, which is proposed by Once again, it should be emphasized relations (13-1) and (13-2)
Knapp et. al [8]: can be used with any equation of state. Different equation of
states may provide different accuracy levels.
𝑍𝑐𝑖 = 0 2905 − 0 085𝜔𝑖 16 𝑎
𝑅𝑍𝑐𝑖 𝑇𝑐𝑖 POLYTROPIC WORK –
𝑣𝑐𝑖 = 16 THE REAL GAS CALCULATION METHOD
𝑃𝑐𝑖
1 Once Schultz X and Y compressibility factors for a test gas are
𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑗 = (𝑣 + 𝑣𝑐𝑗 ) 16
8 𝑐𝑖 calculated, the polytropic exponents “n” and “m” can be
calculated by using (12-3) and (12-4).
𝑣𝑐𝑚 = ∑ ∑ 𝑖 𝑗 𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑗 (16 − 1)
𝑖 𝑗
The polytropic exponents “n” and “m” are functions of
pressure, temperature, and the polytropic efficiency. However,
𝑇𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖𝑗 √𝑇𝑐𝑖 𝑇𝑐𝑗 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑗𝑗 =1 16 𝑑 for an infinitesimal step of a polytropic compression process
(e.g. A-B-C) variation of polytropic exponents may be
1 neglected. For the jth infinitesimal step of a polytropic
𝑇𝑐𝑚 = ( ) ∑∑ 𝑖 𝑗 𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑗 𝑇𝑐𝑖𝑗 (16 − 2)
𝑣𝑐𝑚 compression process, pressure and temperature of end points
𝑖 𝑗
(e.g. A and C) can be related by equations (18-1) and (18-2).
𝜔𝑐𝑚 = ∑ 𝑖 𝜔𝑖 16 𝑒
𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃𝐶 𝑣𝐶𝑛 (18 − 1)
𝑖

𝑍𝑐𝑚 = 0 2905 − 0 085𝜔𝑐𝑚 16 𝑃𝐴𝑚 𝑃𝐶𝑚

= (18 − 2)
𝑅𝑍𝑐𝑚 𝑇𝑐𝑚 𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐶
𝑃𝑐𝑚 = (16 − 3)
𝑣𝑐𝑚 In a compression process, gas pressure and temperature are
continually increasing from lower values at suction conditions
to higher values at discharge conditions. Consequently,
polytropic exponents vary across the compression path. The

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 change of polytropic exponents with pressure is higher at
temperatures closer to the critical temperature of a test gas.
Figures 5 and 6 show polytropic exponents “n” , and “m” of
propane over a wide range of temperatures and pressures for an
infinitesimal polytropic compression step with a polytropic
efficiency of 80 percent. It is evident from Figures 5 and 6 that
at low reduced temperatures (Tr < 1.3) for propane, a small
change in pressure yields to large variation for both the
polytropic volume and temperature exponents. At higher
temperatures (Tr > 2), the polytropic volume and temperature
exponents exhibit less sensitivity to variations of pressure.
To evaluate the compressor required work, ASME PTC 10 [1]

Figure 5: Polytropic volume exponent “n” of propane for an

infinitesimal polytropic compression step with a polytropic
efficiency of 80 percent. LKP equation of state is used to
calculate the polytropic exponent.

Figure 3: Schultz compressibility factor “X” of propane versus

reduced pressures and temperatures using LKP equation of state.

Figure 6: Polytropic temperature exponent “m” of propane

for an infinitesimal polytropic compression step with a
polytropic efficiency of 80 percent. LKP equation of state is
used to calculate the polytropic exponent.

employs the polytropic model defined by Schultz [2]. It

assumes an imaginary continuous compression path between
the suction and discharge points on the PV diagram. The
compression path can be represented by the relation 𝑃𝑣 𝑛̅ . The
polytropic work is calculated by integrating the 𝑣𝑑𝑃 between
the inlet and discharge points and along the imaginary
Figure 4: Schultz compressibility factor “Y” of propane versus compression path. In order to perform the integral ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑃, the
reduced pressures and temperatures using LKP equation of state. polytropic exponent 𝑛̅ is assumed “constant” over the entire
compression path. The value of 𝑛̅ is calculated by averaging gas

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 properties at the inlet and discharge conditions. Schultz COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS –
introduced the polytropic head factor ′ as a correction factor GENERALIZED VERSUS SPECIFIC VALUES
accounting for the constancy of “n” along the compression
path. To illustrate inaccuracy involved in using the generalized
The Schultz polytropic work is formulized by: compressibility chart of ASME PTC-10 [1] for X and Y values
of a specific test gas, Figures 7 and 8 are developed. Figures 7
and 8 illustrate deviations of X and Y for propane from the
𝑛̅−1
𝑛̅ 𝑍𝑠 𝑅𝑇𝑠 𝑃𝑑 𝑛̅ generalized charts of ASME PTC-10. They clarify the value of
𝑤𝑝′ = ′
( ) [( ) − 1] (19 − 1) X and Y factors should be directly calculated for the specific
𝑛̅ − 1 𝑀𝑊 𝑃𝑠 test gas rather than inaccurately extracted from generalized
charts. Erroneous values for X and Y factors yield inaccurate
′
∆ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 results for the polytropic exponent and polytropic head.
= ̅ −1
(19 − 2)
𝑘
̅ 𝑍 𝑅𝑇 𝑃 ( ⁄̅ )
𝑘
( ̅ 𝑣 ) 𝑠 𝑠 [( 𝑑 ) − 1]
𝑣 −1
𝑀𝑊 𝑃𝑠

Where,
𝑤𝑝′ Schultz polytropic work;
𝑛̅ Average value of the polytropic volume exponent;
̅𝑣 Average value of the isentropic volume exponent;
′
Schultz polytropic head factor;
Deviation of the correction factor from unity is an
indication of inaccuracies resulting from disregarding the
inherent irreversibilities involved in the compression process as
well as assuming a constant polytropic exponent along the
compression path.
Sandberg and Colby [3] proposed a different correction
factor to improve the accuracy of the calculated polytropic Figure 7: The compressibility factor “X” of propane developed by
head. the LKP equation of state at Tr=1.1 is compared against
generalized values of “X” given in Figure 3.6 of ASME PTC-10
(ℎ𝑑 − ℎ𝑠 ) − 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑠𝑑 − 𝑠𝑠 ) [1].
𝑝 = (19 − 3)
𝑛̅
( ) [𝑃𝑑 𝑣𝑑 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑣𝑠 ]
𝑛̅ − 1

Where,
𝑝 Sandberg-Colby polytropic head factor;
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑔 Average value of suction and discharge temperatures;
With the proposed “polytropic correction factor”, Sandberg and
Colby showed improved accuracy in the majority of cases
studied [3].
Hundseid et al [6] proposed direct integration of the actual
compression path by dividing the path into a large number of
segments and calculating the enthalpy and entropy changes.
Their proposed method does not require a correction factor, and
is independent of calculating polytropic exponents and
averaging gas properties along the compression path. As a
result, Hundseid et al [6] method provides the most accurate Figure 8: The compressibility factor “Y” of propane developed by
result for the compressor work calculation. the LKP equation of state at Tr=1.1 is compared against
generalized values of “Y” given in Figure 3.7 of ASME PTC-10
[1].

7 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

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 CONCLUDING REMARKS
This paper provides a practical means to accurately
calculate polytropic process parameters, which are important
for characterizing machinery performance per ASME PTC-10.
It offers an accuracy improvement over the values of the
generalized Schultz compressibility parameters, which have
been part of PTC-10 since a time prior to widespread use of
computers, which were more amenable to use in hand
calculations.
Schultz compressibility factors X and Y are derived as
functions of reduced properties. These functions can be used
with any equation of state to precisely calculate the X and Y
values for any gas composition at the specified operating
conditions. The LKP equation of state is employed together
with the proposed method to directly calculate Schultz X and Y
compressibility factors as well as polytropic temperature and
volume exponents for propane.

DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this paper consists of
technical interpretations and opinions which, while believed to
be accurate, are offered solely for informational purposes.

REFERENCES
[1] ASME PTC 10, “Performance Test Code on Compressors
and Exhausters,” American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York, NY, reaffirmed 2009.
[2] Schultz, J. M., “The Polytropic Analysis of Centrifugal
Compressors,” ASME Journal of Engineering for Power,
January 1962.
[3] Sandberg M., Colby G., “Limitations of ASME PTC 10 in
Accurately Evaluating Centrifugal Compressor
Thermodynamic Performance”, 42nd Texas A&M
Turbomachinery Symposium, 2013.
[4] Mallen, M. and Saville, G., “Polytropic Processes in the
Performance Prediction of Centrifugal Compressors,” I.
Mech E. Conference Publications, May 1977.
[5] Huntington, R. A., “Evaluation of Polytropic Calculation
Methods for Turbomachinery Performance,” ASME
Transactions, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines
and Power, October 1985.
[6] Hunseid, O., Bakken, L. E. and Helde, T., “A Revised
Compressor Polytropic Analysis,” ASME Paper Number
GT2006-91033, ASME Turbo Expo 2006.
[7] Cengel Y. A. and Boles M. A., “Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach”, McGraw-Hill publication,
Seventh edition, 2008.
[8] Reid R. C., Prausnitz J. M., and Sherwood T. K., “The
Properties of Gases and Liquids”, McGraw-Hill
publication, third edition.
[9] Wilson D. G., Korakianitis T., “The Design of High-
Efficiency Turbomachinery and Turbines”, Prentice-Hall
Inc., second edition, 1998.

8 Copyright © 2014 by ASME

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 APPENDIX 1:
ASME PTC-10 [1] – Figures (3.6) and (3.7)

ASME PTC-10 [1] – Figure (3.6)

Schultz Compressibility Factor - Function X versus reduced pressure

ASME PTC-10 [1] – Figure (3.7)

Schultz Compressibility Factor - Function Y versus reduced pressure

Note: Definition of Y factor in Figure (3.7) is not correct. For the correct definition of X and Y factors, refer to (12-1) and
(12-2). Also, titles of figure (3.6) and (3.7) in ASME PTC-10 [1] should be exchanged. Here it shows the correct title.

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 APPENDIX 2:
𝜕𝑃
DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS (13-1) AND (13-2) ( 𝑟)
𝑇𝑟 𝜕𝑇𝑟 𝑣
=− −1 (13 − 1)
𝑣𝑟 (𝜕𝑃𝑟 )
Equations (12-1) and (12-2) can be re-written as follow: [ 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇 ]
𝑇 Schultz compressibility factor Y can be derived for 𝑇𝑟 𝑣𝑟 and
= 𝑣 −1 (𝑎 1) 𝑃𝑟 as follow:
𝜕𝑇
( )
𝜕𝑣 𝑃 𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑟
( )
𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑟
𝑃 =− 2 (𝑎 9)
𝑃 𝜕𝑃
( 𝑐 ) ( 𝑟)
=− 𝑣 (𝑎 2) 𝑅𝑇𝑐 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇
𝜕𝑃
( )
𝜕𝑣 𝑇
This can be further simplified to:
Cyclic relation among the partial derivatives of 𝑃 𝑣 and 𝑇 is:
𝑃𝑟 1
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃 =− (13 − 2)
( ) ( ) ( ) = −1 (𝑎 3) 𝑣𝑟 (𝜕𝑃𝑟 )
𝜕𝑇 𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑇 [ 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇 ]

𝑣 1 𝑇 1
Substituting ( ) by and ( ) by leads to:
𝑇 𝑃 ( ) 𝑃 𝑣 ( )

𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑇 ( )
𝜕𝑣 𝑇
( ) =− (𝑎 4)
𝜕𝑣 𝑃 𝜕𝑃
( )
𝜕𝑇 𝑣
𝑃 𝑃
Also, ( ) and ( ) can be re-written for 𝑇𝑟 𝑣𝑟 and 𝑃𝑟 :
𝑣 𝑇 𝑇 𝑣

𝜕𝑃 𝑃𝑐2 𝜕𝑃𝑟
( ) =( )( ) (𝑎 5)
𝜕𝑣 𝑇 𝑅𝑇𝑐 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇

𝜕𝑃 𝑃𝑐 𝜕𝑃𝑟
( ) = ( )( ) (𝑎 6)
𝜕𝑇 𝑣 𝑇𝑐 𝜕𝑇𝑟 𝑣

So (app. 4) can be re-written for 𝑇𝑟 𝑣𝑟 and 𝑃𝑟 :

𝜕𝑃
( 𝑟)
𝜕𝑇 𝑃𝑐 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇
( ) = −( ) (𝑎 7)
𝜕𝑣 𝑃 𝑅 (𝜕𝑃𝑟 )
𝜕𝑇𝑟 𝑣

Schultz compressibility factor X can be derived for 𝑇𝑟 𝑣𝑟 and

𝑃𝑟 as follow:
𝑃𝑐 𝑇𝑟
( )
𝑅 𝑣𝑟
= −1 (𝑎 8)
𝜕𝑃
( 𝑟)
𝑃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑇
− ( 𝑐)
𝑅 𝜕𝑃𝑟
( )
𝜕𝑇𝑟 𝑣

This can be further simplified to:

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