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C++_Assignment

The document outlines key concepts in C++ programming, including polymorphism (both compile-time and run-time), inline functions, operator overloading, constructor overloading, and call by reference. Each concept is explained with definitions and accompanied by code examples to illustrate their implementation. The document serves as a guide for understanding these fundamental C++ features.

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10 views

C++_Assignment

The document outlines key concepts in C++ programming, including polymorphism (both compile-time and run-time), inline functions, operator overloading, constructor overloading, and call by reference. Each concept is explained with definitions and accompanied by code examples to illustrate their implementation. The document serves as a guide for understanding these fundamental C++ features.

Uploaded by

dipanshi9.lovely8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++ Programming Assignment

Name: Dipanshi
Course: ECE, 5th Semester

1. Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability of a function, object, or operator to take multiple forms. In C++,
polymorphism can be achieved in two ways:
a. Compile-time Polymorphism (Function Overloading and Operator Overloading)
b. Run-time Polymorphism (Inheritance and Virtual Functions)

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Shape {
public:
virtual void draw() { // Virtual function
cout << "Drawing a Shape" << endl;
}
};

class Circle : public Shape {


public:
void draw() override {
cout << "Drawing a Circle" << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Shape* shape;
Circle circle;
shape = &circle;
shape->draw(); // Run-time polymorphism
return 0;
}
2. Inline Function
An inline function is a function whose definition is small and can be substituted at the place
of its call to reduce the overhead of a function call.
It is defined using the `inline` keyword.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

inline int square(int x) {


return x * x;
}

int main() {
cout << "Square of 5: " << square(5) << endl;
return 0;
}

3. Operator Overloading
Operator overloading allows defining custom implementations for operators in user-
defined types. For example, overloading the `+` operator to add two objects.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Complex {
private:
float real, imag;
public:
Complex(float r = 0, float i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) {}
Complex operator + (const Complex& c) {
return Complex(real + c.real, imag + c.imag);
}
void display() {
cout << real << " + " << imag << "i" << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Complex c1(2.5, 3.5), c2(1.5, 2.5);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2;
c3.display();
return 0;
}

4. Constructor Overloading
Constructor overloading allows creating multiple constructors with different parameter
lists in the same class, enabling object initialization in various ways.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Rectangle {
private:
int length, width;
public:
Rectangle() : length(0), width(0) {} // Default constructor
Rectangle(int l, int w) : length(l), width(w) {} // Parameterized constructor
void display() {
cout << "Length: " << length << ", Width: " << width << endl;
}
};

int main() {
Rectangle r1; // Calls default constructor
Rectangle r2(10, 20); // Calls parameterized constructor
r1.display();
r2.display();
return 0;
}

5. Call by Reference
Call by reference allows a function to modify the actual arguments passed to it. Instead of
passing values, the memory address of variables is passed.

Example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int &x, int &y) {
int temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
}

int main() {
int a = 10, b = 20;
cout << "Before Swap: a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
swap(a, b);
cout << "After Swap: a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
return 0;
}

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