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The document discusses the evolution of technical drawing from ancient times, highlighting the first known technical drawing by Chaldean engineer Gudea and the introduction of modern techniques like blueprinting in the 19th century. It explains orthographic projection, detailing how to visualize and represent objects in multiple views, including top, front, and side views. Additionally, it covers first-angle and third-angle projections, noting their differences and usage in various regions.

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Francheska Loise Moral
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10 views8 pages

Report

The document discusses the evolution of technical drawing from ancient times, highlighting the first known technical drawing by Chaldean engineer Gudea and the introduction of modern techniques like blueprinting in the 19th century. It explains orthographic projection, detailing how to visualize and represent objects in multiple views, including top, front, and side views. Additionally, it covers first-angle and third-angle projections, noting their differences and usage in various regions.

Uploaded by

Francheska Loise Moral
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INFORMATION SHEET # 2.

LO 2. Interpret technical drawings and plans

Early Technical Drawing

Perhaps the earliest known technical drawing in existence is a


plan view of a fortress designed and engraved on a stone tablet by
the Chaldean engineer named Gudea. It is remarkable how similar
this plan is to those made by modern architects, although it was
“drawn” thousand of years before paper was invented.

Modern Technical Drawing


The first printed form of technical drawing was the Geometrical
Drawing published in 1849 by William Minifie. In 1876 the blueprint
process was introduced at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition.
Up to this time, the graphic language is considered more or less an
art. Some works were characterized by fine line drawings which
were made to resemble copper-plate engraved while others , by the
use of shade lines and water color “washes.” These technique
become unnecessary after the introduction of blueprinting. This
was the beginning of modern technical drawing . The graphic
language now became a relatively exact method of representation.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

An orthographic projection is a representation of separate


views of an object on a two-dimensional surface. It reveals the
width, depth and height of an object.
The projection is achieved by viewing the object from a point
assumed to be at infinity (an indefinitely great distance away). The
line of sight or projectors are parallel to each other and
perpendicular to the plane of projection.
VISUALIZING ONE VIEW OF AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Three plane of projection

One can develop the skill in visualizing the views of an object


by imagining that the object is enclosed in a “glass box”. Each face
of the object is viewed perpendicularly to the projection plane. The
views are obtained by projecting the lines of sight to each plane of
the glass box. Since the glass box have six sides, six views of the
object can be seen.

 Frontal Plane. The projection shown in the frontal plane is


called front view or front elevation.
 Horizontal Plane. The projection shown in this plane is called
top view or plan view.
 Profile Plane. A projection at this plane is called the side
view or end view, or side or end elevation.

THE GLASS BOX REPRESENTING


THE
PLANES OF PROJECTION

Six principal views of an object

As we unfold the glass box, six views of the object are


revealed: top, front, right-side, left-side, rear, and bottom view. We
assumed that all of the pieces of the glass box are hinged to the
front plane except the rear plane being hinged to the left-side plane,
as shown in the illustration.

UNFOLDING THE GLASS BOX IN ONE PLANE SHOW


THE SIX PRINCIPAL VIEWS OF AN OBJECT

The object is to be presented in two or more separate views


showing the three space dimension, the width, height and depth of
length. This drawing will be the source of information on the true
shape of the object on its top, front and side view of the objects.

In this projection the position of the three main views will be in L


shape. The top and front view is vertically aligned together while the
front view and right side view are horizontally aligned.

Fig.1 Fig. 2 with hidden line

FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

Fig 3- cylinder Fig. 4- with hole

Top view Top view

+
COMMON METHODS OF TRANSFERRING DEPTH DIMENSIONS
(Note: Projection lines are used to transfer height and width dimensions to other views,
but depth dimensions require other methods.)
45º miter line
A. 45º MITER LINE

B. DIVIDERS

C. SCALE
First and Third Angle Projection.

When an object is viewed through a plane of projection from a


point of infinity, an accurate outline of the visible face of the object
is obtained. However, the projection of one face usually will not
provide an overall description of the object so other planes of
projection must be used. Establishing an object’s true height, width,
and depth requires front, top, and side views, which are called the
Principal Planes Of Projection. These include the Vertical, Horizontal,
and Profile Planes, previously explained in Technical Drawing I. The
angles formed between the horizontal and the vertical planes are
called the FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, and FOURTH ANGLES. Currently,
for technical reasons, only the use of first- and third-angle projection
is practical to use.

In orthographic projection, drawings are referred to as “first-


angle” or “third-angle” projections. These two projections are
derived from a theoretical division of all space into four quadrants
by a vertical plane and a horizontal plane. The quadrants are
numbered from 1 to 4, starting from the upper front quadrants and
continuing clockwise when viewed from the right side. The viewer of
the four quadrants is considered to be in front of the vertical or
frontal plane, and above the horizontal plane.

VIEWS ARE PROJECTED FORWARD IN THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION


The position of the profile plane is not affected by the quadrants. It
is considered to be either to the right or left of the object as desired.

Third-angle projection is used in the United States and Canada.


Most European countries use first-angle projection. The difference
between the two is how the object is projected and the position of the
views on the drawing.
In third-angle projection, the projection plane is considered to be
between the viewer and the object, and the views are projected forward to
that plane. The top view appears above the front view, the right-side view
is to the right of the front view, the left view to the left of the front view,
and so on.

VIEWS ARE PROJECTED BACKWARD IN FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION

In first-angle projection, the projection plane is on the far side of


the object. The views of the object are projected to the rear and
onto the projection plane instead of being projected forward.

The individual views are the same as those obtained in the


third-angle projection.

Carefully study the symbols shown below. Normally a symbol is


drawn underneath that clearly shows which angle of projection
has been used.

SYMBOL FOR FIRST-ANGLE AND THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION

The final arrangements of the views are shown in the drawing


below. Notice how the symbol for first angle orthographic
projection has been added to the drawing.

SYMBOL FOR FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION HAS BEEN ADDED TO THE


DRAWING

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