LAB FILE EXPERIMENT

GROUP-05
SUBJECT-DBMS(CSE3001)
FACULTY-DR.DAWOOD SALEEM

NAME : Tejus Gupta

REG. NO. : 23BCE11334
 S/N0 Lab Experiments Topic Covered
01 Lab 01 1. creating tables and table level constraints
2. use of Insert, update, delete, drop
3. select command
4 relational operators and use of LIKE

02 Lab 02 1.Selecting Data

2. Filtering Data
3. Using Aggregate Functions
4. Joining Tables
5. Using WHERE and JOIN
6. Ordering Data
7. Using Group By
8. Using HAVING Clause

03 Lab 03 1. use of any, in, all, between ,having

2. use of exists and not exists
3. join operations

04 Lab 04 1. Create new users in the database,Grant

specific privileges to these users, Revoke some of
the privileges from these users.

2. Create views to simplify complex queries,

Query and update data using views

05 Lab 05 1. Use of triggers

2. Implementation of triggers

06 Lab 06 1. Basic PL/SQL Block

2. PROCEDURE AND Function Control
Statement
 LAB-01
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1. creating tables and table level constraints

2. use of Insert, update, delete, drop
3. select command
4 relational operators and use of LIKE

------------------------------------------------------------------

1.Creating Tables and Table Level Constraints

 2.INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, DROP Commands
The INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and DROP
commands are Data Manipulation Language (DML) and
Data Definition Language (DDL) commands used to
manage data and schema in a database.
The INSERT command is used to add new rows
(records) into a table. It allows you to insert one or more
rows into the table at a time.
The UPDATE command is used to modify existing data
within a table. It allows you to change the values of one
or more columns for specific rows that match a given
condition.
The DELETE command is used to remove one or more
rows from a table based on a given condition. It does not
delete the table structure itself, only the data within the
table.
The DROP command is a Data Definition Language
(DDL) command used to delete entire database objects,
such as tables, views, indexes, or even entire databases.
 3.Select Command
The SELECT command in SQL (Structured Query
Language) is used to retrieve data from one or more
tables in a database. It is the most commonly used SQL
command for querying and retrieving information. The
SELECT statement allows you to specify which columns
of data you want to view, and you can also apply filters,
sorting, and aggregations to refine the results.
 4.Relational Operators and Use of LIKE
Relational operators are used to perform comparisons
between two values or sets of values in SQL queries.
These operators are essential for filtering, joining, and
querying relational databases based on conditions. They
are used in the WHERE clause or with other SQL
commands to specify conditions for selecting, updating,
or deleting data.
 LAB-02
-------------------------------------------------------------
1.Selecting Data
2. Filtering Data 3. Using Aggregate Functions 4. Joining Tables 5.
Using WHERE and JOIN 6. Ordering Data 7. Using Group By 8.
Using HAVING Clause

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5.Selecting and Filtering Data

Selecting and Filtering data are crucial tasks when
querying a database. These operations help retrieve
specific data based on certain criteria and are essential
for ensuring efficient and targeted data access. The
SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from one or
more tables in a database. You can specify the exact
columns you want to view or use a wildcard (*) to
retrieve all columns.
Filtering limits the rows returned by a query based on
specific conditions. The WHERE clause is used to apply
filters on the selected data, allowing only rows that meet
the criteria to be included in the result.
 6.Using Aggregate Functions
Aggregate functions are built-in functions that perform
calculations on a set of values and return a single
summary value. These functions are commonly used with
the GROUP BY clause to aggregate data in specific
groups, and they are essential for performing calculations
on large datasets.
 7.Joining Tables
Joining tables is a process of combining data from two or
more tables based on a related column between them.
This operation is essential when working with normalized
databases where data is spread across multiple tables.
The purpose of joining tables is to retrieve data from
multiple sources and present it as a single unified result.
 8.WHERE, JOIN, ORDER BY the WHERE,
JOIN, and ORDER BY commands are
essential components of SQL used to filter, combine, and
sort data in a query.
The WHERE clause is used to filter records based on
specified conditions. It is applied to restrict the rows
returned by a query to those that meet certain criteria.
The JOIN command is used to combine rows from two
or more tables based on a related column, typically
using a key relationship (such as primary and foreign
keys). The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the result
set of a query in either ascending (default) or
descending order based on one or more columns.
 LAB-03
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1. use of any, in, all, between ,having 2. use of exists and not exists
3. join operations

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9.ANY, IN, ALL, EXISTS, NOT EXISTS

The commands ANY, IN, ALL, EXISTS, and NOT
EXISTS are used for comparison and filtering data based
on subqueries.
The ANY operator is used to compare a value to any
value returned by a subquery. It works with comparison
operators (like =, >, <, etc.) and checks if the condition is
true for at least one value in the subquery result. The IN
operator checks whether a specified value matches any
value in a list or a subquery. It provides a shorthand for
multiple OR conditions.
The ALL operator compares a value to all values in a
subquery result. It works with comparison operators and
checks if the condition is true for every value in the
subquery.
The EXISTS operator is used to check whether a
subquery returns any rows. It returns TRUE if the
subquery returns at least one row, and FALSE if the
subquery returns no rows.
The NOT EXISTS operator is the opposite of EXISTS.
It checks whether a subquery returns no rows. It returns
TRUE if the subquery returns no rows, and FALSE if it
returns at least one row.

10. GROUP BY and HAVING

The GROUP BY command is used to group rows that
have the same values in specified columns into summary
rows. It's commonly used with aggregate functions like
COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MAX(), MIN() to perform
calculations on each group of data. It helps to group data
based on one or more columns to perform aggregation,
enabling operations like finding totals, averages, or
counts for each group.

LAB-04
-------------------------------------------------------------
1. Create new users in the database,Grant specific privileges to these
users, Revoke some of the privileges from these users.

2. Create views to simplify complex queries, Query and update data

using views
-------------------------------------------------------------

11. User Privileges

In a database management system (DBMS), user
management involves creating new users,
assigning specific privileges, and revoking
unnecessary privileges to ensure secure and
controlled access.
● Creating Users: The CREATE USER
command is used to add a new user to the
database. The user is identified by a
username and password.
● Granting Privileges: Privileges like SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE are
assigned to users using the GRANT
statement. It allows the user to perform
specific operations on tables or views.
● Revoking Privileges: The REVOKE statement
removes specific privileges granted earlier. It
 ensures that users have minimal required
permissions, improving database security.
Example:

● A user user1 is created with a password.

● Privileges SELECT and INSERT are
granted to the user on the Employees
table.
● The INSERT privilege is later revoked.
The SHOW GRANTS command verifies the
assigned or revoked privileges.
 12. Views
Views are virtual tables that simplify access to
data and hide complexity in SQL queries. The
CREATE VIEW statement is used to define a
view based on a SELECT query.
 ● Querying the View: Data in the view can be
accessed like a table using a SELECT query.
Views allow users to interact with filtered or
aggregated data directly.
● Updating Data Through Views: If a view
meets specific conditions (e.g., includes a
primary key), it can be updated using the
UPDATE statement. Changes made through
the view reflect in the underlying base table.
Example:
A view EmployeeDetails is created to
display Name, Department, and Salary
columns from the Employees table. Salaries
for employees in the HR department are updated
through this view. The update reflects in the
Employees table, which is verified by querying
the table.
Views simplify complex queries, enhance security
by restricting access to specific columns, and
allow logical data abstraction.
 LAB-05
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1. Use of triggers
2. Implementation of triggers

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13. Trigger Use & Implementation
A trigger is a special kind of stored procedure that
automatically executes (or "fires") in response to specific
events on a table or view, such as insertions, updates, or
deletions. Triggers are used to enforce business rules,
maintain data integrity, and automate actions like logging
or updating other tables when certain changes occur.

Use Of Triggers :-

Data Integrity Example: Ensuring that a new order is not

inserted for a non-existent customer.

Business Rules Enforcement: Automate the enforcement

of business rules without requiring application logic to
handle it.Example: Automatically updating the
last_updated time stamp column of a record when it is
modified.
Audit Trails: Maintain a history of changes by logging any
modifications to sensitive or critical tables.Example:
Logging all changes to the salary of employees in an
audit_salaries table.

Synchronization: Keep tables synchronized in real-time

by automatically updating related tables when changes
occur.Example: Automatically updating inventory counts
when a new order is placed.

Complex Default Values: Automatically compute and set

complex default values that depend on other columns or
tables.Example: Automatically calculating and setting a
discount value based on the total purchase amount.

Cascading Operations: Automatically perform cascading

operations such as deleting related records in other
tables
Types of SQL Triggers

• BEFORE Triggers: Execute before an insert, update,

or delete operation.

• AFTER Triggers: Execute after an insert, update, or

delete operation.
• INSTEAD OF Triggers: Execute in place of an insert,
update, or delete operation. Commonly used with views.
 LAB-06
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1. Basic PL/SQL Block
2. PROCEDURE AND Function Control Statement

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14. Basic PL/SQL Block

BASIC PL/SQL BLOCK

A PL/SQL block is the basic unit of a PL/SQL program. It is a

section of code that is grouped together and can be executed as
a unit. PL/SQL blocks can be anonymous or named.

Structure of a PL/SQL Block

A PL/SQL block has the following structure:

1. Declare Section: Used to declare variables,

constants, cursors, and other PL/SQL constructs.

2. Begin Section: Contains the executable statements.

3. Exception Section: Handles exceptions or errors
that occur during the execution of the block.
15. Procedures and Functions