Welcome to Computer Networks,

Models, Standards,
Protocols, and Ports.
After this video, you will be able to
explain networking models and standards.
List the role of each protocol type,
and define common ports.
A networking model describes
the architecture, components, and design
used to establish communication
between the source and destination systems.
Data packets follow the protocols of network models.
There are two types of networking models.
The OSI or Open Systems Interconnection model is
a conceptual framework used to
describe the functions of a networking system.
The TCP/IP or Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol model
is a set of standards that allow
computers to communicate on a network.
TCP/IP is based on the OSI model.
The OSI model is
a conceptual framework used to
describe the functions of a networking system.
Data flows across these layers
when communicating over a network.
The seven layers of the OSI model include application.
Users and applications interact
directly with the software application.
Presentation, ensures that data is in
a usable format and is where data encryption occurs.
Session, controls the flow
of information between different computers,
including authentication and reconnections.
Transport, manages the delivery
and error checking of data packets.
Data is commonly transported using
Transmission Control Protocol or TCP.
Network, responsible for interpreting
the addresses and directing the path the data will take.
Data link, defines the format of data on the network.
This layer also corrects errors
that may have happened at the physical layer.
Physical, electrically or optically
transmits raw, unstructured data over a physical medium.
The TCP/IP model is a set of standards
that allow computers to communicate on a network.
TCP/IP is based on the OSI model and functions similarly.
The background protocols are still in place,
but the way they are organized is slightly different.
The data travels through fewer layers on both ends.
Networking standards define the rules
for data communications that are
needed for interoperability of
networking technologies and processes.
Standards are widely accepted
protocols that engineers use to make
sure the things they build integrate
with existing devices and technology.
There are two types of network standards.
De jure or formal standard are
formal standards developed by
an official industry or government body.
Formal standards have gone through
formal processes to obtain consensus,
including publicly available documentation.
Examples include HTTP,
HTML, IP, and Ethernet 802.3d.
De facto standards result from
marketplace domination or practice.
De facto standards are accepted in
practice but have not undergone
any formal process to obtain consensus
and may not have publicly available documentation.
Typically, de facto standards result
from marketplace domination or practice.
Examples include Microsoft Windows and QWERTY keyboard.
Standards are usually created by
government or non-profit organizations
for the betterment of an entire industry.
This ensures a broader compatibility
across vendors and industries.
Some of the well-known organizations that have created
network standards are
international standards organization or ISO,
established the well-known
OSI reference networking model.
International Telecommunication Union or ITU,
standardized international telecom,
and set standards for fair use in radio frequency.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA,
established the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers,
or IEEE, established the IEEE 802 standards.
The World Wide Web Consortium or W3C,
established the World Wide Web (www) standard.
Finally, the Internet Engineering Task Force or
IETF maintains the TCP/IP protocol suites.
IETF also developed the Request
for Comment, or RFC, standard.
A network protocol is
an established set of rules that determine how
data is transmitted between
different devices in the same network.
Network protocols are typically
created according to industry standards.
There are thousands of different network protocols,
but they all perform one of
three primary actions: security,
communication, and network management.
Transmission Control Protocol or TCP,
and User Datagram Protocol or
UDP are two primary internet protocols.
TCP guarantees sent data
makes it to its intended recipient.
It's slower and requires more resources.
File transfer protocol, or FTP,
web browsing, and email are typical applications of TCP.
UDP doesn't guarantee all packets will arrive,
but it's fast and needs fewer resources.
Good for live streaming, online gaming,
and calls over the internet.
The TCP/IP suite is a collection of protocols.
Together, these protocols
provide a complete networking solution.
The Internet of Things,
or IoT, network model
comprises diverse protocols for communication,
which include data collection,
data package, data transfer, and data control.
The Crypto Classic protocol is
designed to serve as one of the most efficient,
effective, and secure payment
methods built on the blockchain network.
It ensures privacy and transparency of payments directly
transferred between two parties who
have an address on the blockchain network.
Ports are the first and last stop
for information sent across a network.
A port is a communication endpoint.
A port always has an associated protocol and application.
The protocol is the path that
leads to the application's port.
A network device can have up to 65,536 ports.
Port numbers do not change.
A socket is a two-way communication channel.
Each socket is made up of a source IP address,
a protocol, a port number,
a destination IP address.
You use a socket whenever you send
data over your local network or over the internet.
For example, whenever you
use a web browser, send an email,
or watch a video online,
a socket is used over the network in
order to make that communication possible.
In this video, you learned that network models in OSI
and TCP/IP describe the design
used to establish network communication.
Network standards define the rules for
data communication and ensure broader compatibility.
Network protocols are based on
an established set of rules for data transmission.
Sockets use ports and protocols to
facilitate communication between network devices.