What

Reading and Writing Skills | Learning Modules

Reading and Writing Skills | 1

 Patterns of Development in Writing Across
Disciplines
This module exposes students on how to develop their writing ability through the use of the patterns of
developing paragraphs. The learner will be able to critique a chosen sample of each pattern of development
focusing on information selection, organization, and development.
This contains the use of appropriate devices in connecting ideas to identify the pattern employed in the
sample paragraph as well as to develop unified thoughts through writing.
The module is divided into eight lessons, namely:
● Lesson 1 – Narration
● Lesson 2 – Description
● Lesson 3 – Definition
● Lesson 4 – Exemplification/Classification
● Lesson 5 – Comparison and Contrast
● Lesson 6 – Cause and Effect
● Lesson 7 – Problem-Solution Essay
● Lesson 8 – Persuasion

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. familiarize yourself with the different writing patterns in paragraph development;
2. identify the transitional words and phrases used in the different writing patterns;
3. write a short paragraph using certain writing pattern; and
4. distinguish the uses and the differences of each writing pattern.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. If you were to tell a story, which pattern of paragraph development would you use?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem- Solution
2. Which written text involves sensory images to figure out something?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
3. When giving the full meaning of a certain topic, which pattern is applicable?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
4. What pattern presents the reasons and possible results of an event?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Cause and Effect D. Problem Solution
5. What pattern shows similarities and differences of two subjects in a paragraph?
A. Comparison and Contrast C. Narration
B. Cause and Effect D. Problem Solution

Reading and Writing Skills | 2

 What
6. What section mentions an overview of the problem, the why of the problem, and who should be
concerned about the problem?
A. introduction C. middle section
B. conclusion D. exposition
7. Which text focuses on presenting points of view and seeks on encouraging its readers to accept a
particular argument or act in a way?
A. Persuasive C. Cause and Effect
B. Problem-solution D. Comparison and Contrast
8. Which pattern of development would best suit a text that aims to discuss the taxonomy of a group
of fossils that were recently discovered by a paleontologist?
A. Comparison and Contrast C. Narration
B. Classification D. Problem Solution

Fill in the blanks with the correct transitional devices. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer
sheet.

a. So b. Due to c. First d. When

e. Where f. Second g. Lastly h. Similarly

During my younger years of being a diligent worker, I would spend at least 10 hours working in the
office and I would even bring home some paper works. Until, one day, I was brought to the hospital 9. I
experienced more anxieties. My attending physician told me that I collapsed 10. stress 11. , I started to
follow my doctor’s advice. 12. to spend at least three times a week for exercise. 13. Another is to

take stock of internal stressors I could control. 14. is to use meditation techniques
whenever I felt overwhelmed and to make sure that I got sufficient rest. Lastly, is to take time to do things I
enjoy. 15. , to develop some hobbies during leisure time to divert attention from stressors and eventually,
to establish a more balanced life.

Reading and Writing Skills | 3

 Lesson Narration
1
Developing one’s reading and writing skills is not easy. There are learners who can read but are not able to
express themselves in writing well. You have a lot of ideas in mind but sometimes you may find it hard to
organize these ideas coherently, however, the good thing is that there are many ways on how you can write
effectively. In this lesson, you will learn one way of developing your paragraph. This is through Narration.

What’s In
We have learned in our previous lesson that written text as connected discourse is
formed from spontaneous discreteness that predetermined its connectedness. It means that the text itself
does not have meaning and its meaning can be determined by their connectedness. We also learned
techniques in selecting and organizing information by identifying relevant and irrelevant ideas or
information.

What’s New
Read the set of events and rewrite the following details on your answer sheet to create a coherent story.

1. Finally, the elderly crossed the street safely and Juan was able to reach school on time.
2. One morning, Juan is in a hurry going to school.
3. Then, he thought of helping an elderly even though he will be late for school. 4. Suddenly, he saw
an old lady, carrying a full of basket, crossing the street.

Then, answer the follow-up questions:

1. What words are used to signal the correct sequence of the events?
2. How do you think the ideas were able to relate to one another?
3. What do we call these words?
4. How do these words help to create a story?

What is It
Writing a paragraph involves a deep understanding of how one can achieve a well-focused and unified ideas
in a composition. For example, when students are asked to come up with a summary of a story, they tend to
chop parts of the story and put them in their summary. If that is so, it leads to create unrelated details that
do not contribute in the oneness and clarity of one’s summary.

Reading and Writing Skills | 4

 What
It is important to use strategies of developing ideas using a particular pattern. One of these is through
narration. A narrative text contains the plot which gives direction in making a story.

In developing narration, sequential presentation of events plays an important role. Signal words help to
create unified thought and to show the transition of events to the next. This leads us to focus on the use of
the action words in the story. It also helps to move the story and makes the story interesting.

What’s More

The chronological ordering of events helps to show the reader how the story moves. Most of the
common transitional words are first, next, then, after and suddenly. Moreover, it is also important
to give specific details in pointing out the direction of the story.

Read the paragraph and answer the following questions on a separate sheet.
Being a transferee is never easy. At first, I was hesitant to come but my mother told
me that I would find new friends in Masayahin Senior High School. I would never forget the
day I first entered this school, I felt so shy and nervous. I did not know anyone for I was a new
Grade 11 student. When I entered my first class looking for a chair to sit in, a boy sitting
beside the window sill asked me, “Are you new in this school?” and I answered shyly, “yes.”
Then, he offered me the vacant seat beside him. He was Jasper, a former student in that
school. We got along with each other well in our class. We worked on our assignments and
school projects, he slept in our house doing our research work. After a year, we both realized
that in many ways we had a lot of similarities in terms of interests in life. In the end, we
became best of friends.

1. Where and when did the story happen?

2. What transitional devices are used to indicate the chronological order of time?
3. What event happened first?
4. What does the paragraph tell?
5. What sequence is presented in the story?

Reading and Writing Skills | 5

 What I Have Learned
Choose the best word/group of words that will complete the statements.

Chronological Ordering Narration Transitional

Devices Sequence Plot
1. is a writing pattern that is used to tell a story.
2. A narrative text contains the which gives direction in the story.
3. are words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another,
from one idea to another, or from one paragraph to another.
4. Most of the common transitional words to show of events are first, next,
then, after and suddenly.
5. The of events help to show the reader how the story moves.

Additional Activities
In a short paragraph, narrate how something originated in your
place/community. Use the score guide below:

5 points All transitional devices are appropriate; the narration was very clear.
3 points Some transitional devices are appropriate; the narration was clear.
1 point No transitional devices are used in the narrative; the narration is unclear.

Reading and Writing Skills | 6

 What

Lesson

2 Description
In this lesson, you will learn another way of developing your paragraph through giving description.

What’s In
People love to read and listen to stories and the use of appropriate transitional devices in telling stories is
noteworthy. Likewise, you have previously learned that in writing a narrative, the plot gives direction in
making the story. However, it is not only the plot that will help you to develop your writing skills. The use
of description is also important to help you create a vivid picture of what you are trying to express through
written text.

What’s New
On a separate sheet, complete the table by supplying words or phrases that best describe
the given subjects. Use any of your senses to provide appropriate descriptions.

Subject SIGHT HEARING SMELL TASTE TOUCH

Example: black spotted loud playful powdered soft furry

Dog barks berry scent hair

concert

beachside

adobo

Reading and Writing Skills | 7

 Now, let us answer the following questions.

1. What kind of words is used to describe the given words?

2. How do these words help create a vivid description of the given words?
3. What kind of paragraph can you develop using the given details?

What is It
According to Dayagbil & et al, 2016, the use of description plays an important role to elucidate the nature of
people, places and things. A series of detailed observations about the subject can help you create a good
descriptive paragraph. This involves the use of adjectives and adverbs in the paragraph.

The kind of words we used to describe how your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or even tastes are called
sensory languages. It also concerns how you will arrange the details to provide an image of the scene, the
person or the object you are trying to describe in your text.

There are two types of description. First is objective description, where the writer presents impartial and actual
picture of the subject without biases and excluding personal impression of the subject just like when you give
your description of an experiment in class. Second is subjective description, where the writer gives a personal
impression of what is observed. This is often used in making fiction stories. For instance, when you are asked to
write about a place you visit during summer vacation, you tend to give your personal judgment of how you
experience the place.

What’s More
Read the paragraphs below. Tell whether the description is a subjective description or an objective
description. Be able to prove your answer in two (2) sentences.

1. Sampaloc Lake is an inactive volcanic maar on the island of Luzon, the Philippines. It is the largest of the
Seven Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna. Nearly half of the lake's depth has a shallow depression at the bottom,
indicating its volcanic origin. It is approximately 104 hectares and is 3.5-kilometer boardwalk. The lake
is behind San Pablo City Capitol and at the foot of the Dona Leonila Park.

2. Sampaloc Lake is one of the best tourist spots in San Pablo. It is where you can bring your friends and
loved ones for a picnic and bonding. Most of San Pablenos jog around the lake and do ride bicycles not
only to have morning good exercise but also have fresh air. You can witness the beauty of nature for it is
surrounded with mountains.

Reading and Writing Skills | 8

 What

Lesson

3 Definition
In this lesson, we will focus on the three different types of definitions: formal definition, informal definition,
and extended or expanded definition.

What’s In
Previously, you have learned the first two patterns of development: narration and
description. The descriptive text portrays events and brings a scene or object to life in the imagination of
the reader. Meanwhile, a narrative text tells story or events in chronological order. Now, let’s move on to
another pattern which is called definition.

What’s New
Read the definition paragraph below then answer the given questions.

An estimated 50 years old, giant Crocodylus porosus is a

saltwater crocodile. It was the largest crocodile caught alive
in Buhawan of Agusan del Sur. According to residents, it is
known to attack people and had eaten animals.

The biggest crocodile was given the name of “Lolong” after the
name of Ernesto “Lolong” Goloran, who is one of the veteran
hunters from the Palawan Crocodile and Wildlife Reservation
Center, who led the hunt.

Dr. Adam Britton, an Australian zoologist and crocodile

expert, measured Lolong at 6.17 m (20 ft. 3 in). And in June
2012 Lolong was officially certified by the Guinness Book of
World Records as the “world’s largest crocodile in captivity”.

Reading and Writing Skills | 9

 According to the experts of the National Geographic Channel, Lolong breaks the record of the previous
record-holder with a measurement of 5.48 m (18 FT 0 in).

1. What is being defined in this paragraph?

2. Do the supporting points help you understand the definition better? Are there facts, reasons,
examples, and details that make it even clearer?
3. What transition words are used between supporting points?

Definitions provide concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and explain special meanings for
familiar words. They are often used to explain technical words and concepts. What to define always
depends on the needs of the reader and the purpose of communication. It can be done in either of the two
distinct methods of definition.

First, informal definition as either denotation or connotation. Denotation is the dictionary meaning of
the word. For example: Rose is a family of prickly shrub with pinnate leaves and showy flowers. Meanwhile,
the connotation is the secondary meaning of a word and is not necessarily included in the dictionary.
Rather it is how a writer understands a word based on their own personal or consensual experiences. In
the example: A dozen of pink roses are usually given to their beloved ones. Instead of literally referring to
flowers, love and romance are connoted.

Second, formal definition consists of three principal parts: the species (WORD) n + Genus (CLASS) +
Differentiate. The WORD is the name of the object, process, or concept defined. This is usually followed
by “is” and, “are” and the CLASS or general group to which the objects belong. For example: Skimming
(species) is a reading technique (class) of allowing the eyes to travel over a page very quickly, stopping only
here and there to gain an idea (differentiate).

For the expanded or extended definition, the following are common methods used in paragraph
development that would be of great help (Filomena T. Dayagabil, Ethel L. Abao, and Remedios C. Bacus,
Critical reading and writing for Senior High School. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, 2016, 43:

Methods Examples
San Pablo City is one of the oldest towns in the Philippines and today, it is
known as one of the first-class cities in the province of
Laguna. It is also called the City of Seven Lakes namely: Bunot
By stating its Lake, Calibato Lake, Mohicap Lake, Palakpakin Lake, Pandin Lake,
characteristics Sampaloc Lake, and Yambo lake. These seven freshwater lakes are crater
forms of a steam-blast eruption from Mt. Cristobal.

In this time of global crisis, everyone is responsible for their actions, such
By function as following the precautionary measures given by the health experts to
avoid the spread of the virus.

By what it is not Far from the normal situations that we had before, the pandemic makes each
one of us skip buying unnecessary items.

By what it is Carrot and sweet potato are both root crops which are good source of
similar to carotenoids

Reading and Writing Skills | 10

 What

The opening of the classes for School Year 2020 -2021 amidst the pandemic
is a great challenge to the Department of Education. They continue
By Examples researching different alternative ways of teaching and learning to be
implemented in schools such as online learning, modular learning, and
lastly learning from TV shows and radio programs.

Writers around the world define literature in different ways. The origin of
By origin of word or
the word literature is derived from the Latin word Litera which means
etymology
letter.

Due to the global pandemic, specifically COVID-19, the world embraces the
new normal. People have become more conscious about sanitation and
By its effect hygiene. They now learn physical distancing
in public places. And, most of the people stay at home either working or
developing new hobbies and exploring new things.

What’s More
Analyze how the writer creates a shared concept and what different expanded definition methods are used
in the paragraph. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. You may follow the template below:

Method used Sentence/s

Bimetallic Components

1Bimetals are components made up of two separate metallic units, each occupying a
distinct position in the component. 2Bimetal rods or wires (also called clad metal, duo- or dual-
metal) are made of dissimilar metals. 3The rod core a cylindrical body made of one metal, is
surrounded by a concentric, cylindrical sleeve of another metal. 4Some fibrous metals may also be
regarded as bimetallic; for example, rods made by unidirectional solidification of some eutectic
compositions containing a metallic (or nonmetallic) compound of fibrous filaments embedded in
an almost pure metallic matrix. 5The structure of present-day Nb-SN superconducting core can be
even more complex. 6It is multimetallic-containing more than two dissimilar metals. 7The two
elements of a bimetallic product are usually intimately interlocked, so that they function in unison.

Reading and Writing Skills | 11

 8Bimetal rods or wire stems make it possible to combine
properties of dissimilar metals. For example:
• 9Aluminum-clad steel wire combines the strength of steel with the
electrical conductivity and corrosion resistivity of aluminum.
• 10Superconductor core clad with copper sleeves combines
superconductivity at cryogenic temperatures with assurance
against failure
when a local temporary rise in resistance or
temperature occurs.

11Althoughthe number of desired bimetallic combinations for practical use is virtually unlimited,
manufacturing difficulties restrict the number of bimetallic combinations actually in use.

Based on Betzalel Avitzur et al., “Criterion for the Prevention of Core Fracture during
Extrusion of Bimetal Rods,” Journal of Engineering for Industry, 1983, 293-30

What I Can Do
Define “COVID-19” using the rules you have learned. You may also choose to use the outline below to help
you in writing a good definition paragraph. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Topic sentence: COVID-19 is

● First (supporting Point#1) + (Fact, reason, or detail)
● In addition (supporting point #2) + (Fact, reason, example or detail)
● Finally, (supporting Point #3 + (Fact, reason, example or detail)
● Conclusion: In the end, COVID 19 is

The following score guide may be used to rate your output.

Description Highest point Your Score
Clear topic sentence 5 points
Evidences and examples are specific and
3 points
accurate
Mechanics of writing are observed 2 points
Total 10 points

Reading and Writing Skills | 12

 What

Lesson
Exemplification and
4 Classification
In the previous lessons, you have learned the differences between and among narrative, descriptive, and
definition paragraphs. Now, you will familiarize yourself with two of the most common patterns of
paragraph development – exemplification and classification.

What’s in
As you unravel the unique patterns of development in writing exemplification and
classification paragraphs and how to incorporate them in your own writing, you must first begin to learn
how to identify the basic parts of these patterns – topic sentence, classifications (types, categories),
examples (illustrations) and transitional expressions. These can be used in writing other papers with
different purposes other than telling a story, describing something or defining a concept.

What’s New
Read the passage carefully. Once finished, copy on a separate sheet and fill out the table with the appropriate
words that match the headings below:

Humans are often harmed by pollution. The presence of the hazardous substances brought about
by these three major types of pollution: land, air and water gravely affect our health. For instance, a
person may acquire skin problems and other deformities from the toxic wastes present in the land that
we live in such as garbage, pesticides, heavy metals and other chemicals. Air pollution caused by toxic
gases, solid and liquid particles or aerosols, and other hazardous air pollutants adversely contaminate
the air that we breathe. Long-term exposure to air pollutants has been linked with diseases of the heart
and lungs, cancers and other health problems. Lastly, water pollution observed in our primary water
sources like oceans, rivers, and lakes is caused by the presence of industrial wastes, sewage and waste
waters, chemical fertilizers and pesticides to be specific. Infectious diseases can be acquired through
contaminated water and can cause cholera, jaundice, liver damage and stomach illness in people.

Topic Sentence:
Classification Examples of Hazardous Substances

Reading and Writing Skills | 13

 Pollution 1.
a.
b.
c.
d.

a. .
2. Air b.
c.

Reading and Writing Skills | 14

 3.

a.
b. c.
d.
e.
Transitional
expressions:

Study the accomplished table. How can you say that the words and phrases that you have just
written all exemplify those of the (a) topic sentence, (b) classification, (c) examples and d)
transition words?

If you were able to justify your answers, then, you are now ready to learn more about the
characteristics and features of exemplification and classification as patterns of development in
writing.

What is It
Exemplification (or illustration) is the most common and effective pattern to explain
an idea or point. In developing this kind of paragraph, the writer develops a general statement –the topic
sentence, with one or more examples to support it.

Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective exemplification paragraphs: for
instance, namely, to specify, to clarify, to illustrate, for example, in short, as an example.

On the other hand, classification is used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subjects into groups
or categories based on their common and shared characteristics.

Here are some transitional expressions in writing effective classification paragraphs: classified as,
one kind, the last group, another kind, another, final type, the first category, are categorized as, the next
part.

Remember that you can use both exemplification and classification in developing a paragraph by simply
identifying categories on a particular subject and providing examples or illustration to explain and
clarify meaning.
 What’s More

Read the excerpt that follows. You may take down notes as you read it. After reading the excerpt, you
need to do the following:
1. Indicate the pattern of paragraph development used and illustrate it by using any appropriate
type of graphic organizer to visually display the ideas or concepts presented.
2. Using your graphic organizer, write your improved version of the paragraph by using the
appropriate transitional expressions.
An excerpt from Appassionato

“Passion is visceral. It stands outside traditional thinking. It ignores conventions like distance, time, and
social acceptance. It dares into uncharted waters. It is used to be primarily associated with romantic love. Today,
thanks to authors like Tom Peters and Nancy Austin (A Passion for Excellence), passion’s boundaries have been
extended to embrace work, entrepreneurial endeavours, corporate success.”

Source: Marella Therese A. Tiongson and Maxine Rafaella C. Rodriguez, Reading and Writing
Skills Quezon City: Rex Publishing Inc, 2016, 101-103

What I Have Learned

Reflect on what you have learned today by completing the diagram below:

Write INSIDE the Write some

circle the most questions or
valuable learning clarifications
that you gained OUTSIDE the
from the lesson. circle.
 What I Can Do

Choose at least one from the situations below.

Writing Task 1: You are the editor-in-chief of your school’s publication. The school paper adviser
requires you to write a 2-3 paragraph opinion article about the COVID- 19 pandemic for a special
edition paper.

You need to take a side and be specific in explaining your point of view by providing clear examples
and illustrations to support your arguments.

Writing Task 2: You are one of the business proprietors at your school’s ongoing Business Expo. An
interested customer sent you an e-mail asking about the different types of products you sell.

You need to respond to the e-mail in 2-3 paragraphs indicating the classification of your products.
To encourage your customer to avail, your message must contain the product’s category, specific
features and prices.

Here is the rubric for your writing task:

Total Your
Criteria Descriptions
Score Score
Paragraph Structure Clearly states the main idea to capture the
(Topic Sentence, reader’s attention, adds concrete and interesting 5 pts.
Supporting details and details and brings closure to the paragraph
Conclusion) written.

Effectively uses a high degree of appropriate

Transitional transitions to show development from one 5 pts.
Expressions sentence to another

Grammar and Has no spelling, punctuation and grammatical

Punctuation errors 2 pts.

Total 12 pts
 Lesson

5 Comparison and Contrast

Sometimes, you’ll be asked by your teachers to perform tasks which would require you to make
intelligent choices. School writing activities may require you to do comparison and contrast, in which
you focus on similarities and differences of ideas. By assigning you such writing activities, you are
encouraged to make connections between text and ideas and engage you in critical thinking.

What’s In
Classification as a pattern of development of writing makes you associate similar things or processes by
grouping them into classes or categories. Try this! Choose the word/s that do/does not belong on each
line then write a category name for each group (i.e. rose, banana, sun flower, daisy = banana/flowers).

1. German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, Persian Siamese, Siberian Husky

2. on land, by water, by air, by bus
3. carrot, cabbage, radish, onion
4. jazz, rock, pop, ballet
5. Coins, Dollar, Yen, Franc

Each item gives you a hint over a certain category. That’s similar to our previous lesson about
exemplification and classification. However, although these words belong to the same group, each of
them has similarities and differences, which will be the focus of this lesson on comparison and contrast.
 What’s New
Using the Venn diagram, jot down words and phrases showing similarities and differences between
Junior High School and Senior High School.

Junior Senior
High High
School School

What is It
Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar while contrast in writing discusses elements
or ideas that are different. A compare-and-contrast essay, then analyzes two subjects comparing them,
contrasting them, or both. However, its purpose is not to simply state the obvious but rather to illustrate
subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two subjects.
As a writer, you should help the readers see how these two ideas are similar or different by showing their
advantages and disadvantages so they can weigh the pros and cons before they make a judgment or
decision. Take a look at this example.

Source: Jenn, Kepka, Oregon Writes Open Writing Text. 2015, accessed May 21, 2020,
https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/oregonwrites/chapter/comparison-and-contrast/

My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms of personality, appearance and intelligence. Tina,
the middle child in the family, prefers staying at home than going out with her friends. She is slim, petite and
has dark skin. As she is not sociable, she finds friends with the characters from the books she reads most of
the time. In addition, she is very clever in subjects like Math and Science which made her graduate with
Highest Honors from Senior High School. In contrast, my youngest sister, Joni, is the opposite. She has an
outgoing and friendly personality. There is never a dull moment as she is always ready with stories to tell. She
is tall with a round plump face and fair skin. Being the youngest in the family, she is often asked to perform
during family gatherings since she sings and dances well. My sisters may be different from each other, but
they adore one another.
There are two common ways to organize comparison/contrast paragraph or essay. The Block Method is
used to compare and contrast two subjects one at a time. You may begin by saying everything you have
to say about the first subject you are discussing then move on and write everything about your second
subject. If you are writing a short paragraph or essay, you might be able to fit all of your points about
each item. However, if you would want to address one subject at a time, you may use Point-by-point
comparison.

Some cohesive devices you can use in showing similarities are likewise, similar to, same with, like, in
the same manner. To show contrast, cue words such as: on the other hand, however, while, different
with, in contrast and the like.
Source: Williams, Madalyn. February 21, 2017, accessed May 20,
2020 https://prezi.com/hdigz1iuziht/comparing-the-block-method-and-the-point-by-point-method/

What’s More
Create compare-and-contrast paper outline using either Point-by-point or Block
Method by comparing or contrasting between Junior High School and Senior High School. Be guided by
the rubric below.
Description Highest point Your Score
Has a clear and strong-hook topic sentence 5 points
Evidences and examples are specific 3 points
Has no errors in grammar, spelling and punctuation
2 points
marks
Total 10 points

What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements to summarize what you have learned in this lesson.

● A compare-and-contrast writing analyzes two subjects by .

● The purpose of writing a comparison or contrast essay is not to state the obvious but .
● The two main organizing strategies for compare-and-contrast writing are:
.

Additional Activities
Brainstorm an essay topic leaning towards comparison or contrast. Choose one among the three items
then come up with at least one similarity and three differences. The rubric in “What’s More” segment
may still apply to this activity.

● Cell phone units and brands

● Fast-food chains and fine dining restaurants
● Enrolling in college or getting employed after Senior High School
 Lesson Cause and Effect

6
Reasons and results are two things that interest readers. Thus, it is important for writers like you need
to learn how paragraphs of this kind should be developed.

What’s In
We have learned in our previous lesson that the use of comparison and contrast in developing paragraph
is very effective when you want to show similarities and differences between two ideas. Although a
comparison and contrast essay is set to demonstrate both similarities as well as differences, sometimes
it only shows similarities, and at other times, only differences.

The next pattern of paragraph development focuses on how you can state details through giving reasons
or results of a topic.

What’s New
Read the passage carefully. Then, complete the diagram below.

Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome until we, humans, find a way to abuse its
benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and
within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in
wounded soldiers in Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no
national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc.. However, we are now trying
to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings.

(Excerpt: Emmanuel Tatah Mentan, English Essay Writing Handbook Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse,
2019.)
CAUSE EFFECT
Answer the following questions

1. What is the main idea of the text?

2. What is the idea that explains why the event happened?

3. What is the idea that explains the consequence of the event?

What is It
Cause and Effect is a text development pattern that explains why something happens. It
also states what results in a particular event produces. It usually gives a statement emphasizing the cause and
another emphasizing the effect.
The following guide questions can be used for cause-effect development: ● Why
did it happen?
● What caused it?
● What does it cause?
● What are its effects?
● How is it related to something else?
Further, in developing your texts you can use signal words like as a consequence of, as a result of, because,
because of, now that and since to express cause while accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, and this
resulted in to signify effects.

What’s More
Put a check (✓) if the item is suited for a cause-and-effect text or a cross (x) if not.

1. How to play drums

2. Impact to technology in education
3. Importance of daily reading habit 4. Increased drop-out rate in a school.
5. The act of kindness

What I Have Learned

Complete the given statements to sum up your learning for this lesson.

1. Cause and effect is a text development pattern explains something happens and states
results a particular event produces.
2. focuses on: why did the topic happen; what caused it; what does it cause; what are its effects; and,
how is it related to something else.
3. Signal words used in introducing cause include:
4. Signal words used in introducing effect include:
COVID-19 took the lives of over 29,000 Filipinos and soared to over 1.6 M cases in the country. Write a
five-sentence paragraph that explains why there were so many cases even when people are given
precautions and community quarantine measures. Use cause and effect pattern of development. The
rubric below may be used in this output.

5 points 3 points 1 point

The paragraph states cause and The paragraph states The paragraph states no
effect and all cause and effect but few cause and effect and it uses
transitional devices are properly transitional devices are inappropriate transitional
used. used. devices.

Reflect on the quote: “Working out of cause and effect is eternal” (Deepak Chopra). Develop a cause-and-
effect paragraph to express your insights about this. The previous rubric may still be used for this writing
task.
 Lesson

7 Problem-Solution
In this lesson, you are expected to plan, structure, and write interesting and meaningful paragraphs
applying the problem-solution pattern in your essays about different topics, issues or recent
developments in various fields.

What’s In
With your previous learning about cause-and-effect pattern of development, you can readily write a full-
blown essay addressing any issue that interests you. After answering the “why” and the “what happened”,
we now move on to the “how” – how will we do things and how can we resolve issues or concerns around
us. This time, you will apply the problem-solution pattern of development.

What is It
A problem/solution essay presents a problem, usually discussing several aspects of the problem, then
concludes by discussing solutions to the problem. The problem may be addressed in the following ways:

● Describe the problem only in terms of its effects. ● Use

Effects only
examples.

Causes and ● Outline the causes of the problem.

effects ● Discuss solutions in terms of preventive measures.

Extended ● After a topic sentence, illustrate the problem by using an extended example
example (through a story or an anecdote from your introduction).

The solutions may be presented in various ways and you have to think about which way would be the
most appropriate for the particular problem you are discussing.
Here are some ways to present solutions:

Preventive ● Ways to prevent the problem from occurring in the first place
measures ● For example: How to prevent Covid-19
 ● Suggest the easiest and most obvious solution first, but if that doesn’t work, try
A series of something else, etc.
steps ● For example: if you have a neighbor who does not wear mask nor practice social
distancing, you might first talk to him/her; if that doesn’t work, arrange for a
mediator; etc. (a last resort might be to call the police).

Advice ● Give some advice and helpful hints.

A choice of ● Include solutions that have already been tried, have been unsuccessful, and new
solutions solutions which you are proposing.

The following transitional devices can also help you develop your text.

Introduction Middle Section/ Body Conclusion

● ● For instance…
Nowadays…
● ● Such as/like… ● In conclusion…
It is a common trend that… Society is
● ● Namely… ● To conclude…
becoming
increasingly concerned about… ● To sum up…

What’s More
Choose a specific problem in your place and try to propose solutions for it. Write your
insights in a short paragraph following the problem-and-solution pattern of development. Make use of
correct transitional devices in your text. Be guided by the rubric below.

5 points 3 points 1 point

The paragraph states cause The paragraph states cause The paragraph states no
and effect and all and effect but few cause and effect and it uses
transitional devices are transitional devices are inappropriate transitional
properly used. used. devices.

What I Have Learned

Arrange the following steps in developing a problem-and-solution text.

1. Brainstorm to identify several solutions.

2. Gather supporting information.
3. Define the problem to be solved.
4. Decide how to organize your writing.
5. Write a thesis statement.
6. Support your thesis with examples and details.
7. Write a strong conclusion.

Additional Activities

List down the top three problems of millennials today. Then propose possible solutions to each of your
identified problem. You can use this as a springboard in writing a problem-solution text.
 lesson

8 Persuasive
After this lesson, you are expected to learn the type of paragraph development that focuses on presenting
points of view to persuade or encourage your readers.

What’s In
By this time, you should have learned seven different patterns of paragraph
development. The latest of which is the problem-solution text, which focuses on either a problem or
solution in a particular area or situation. It is a type of text expressed as a dilemma or concerning
issue (problem) and something that was, can be, or should be done to remedy this issue (solution or
attempted solution).
The last pattern of paragraph development featured in this module focuses on how you can state details
through presenting your views and encouraging your target readers to accept your argument.

What’s New
Write your answers on the table after reading the paragraph.
Are the latest smartphones worth the spend of extra money? Newer and more advanced versions of
these phones are becoming popular in the market. However, the previous models seemed to have been
satisfying people’s needs just fine as well. So, what is the difference?

ISSUE ARGUMENT EVIDENCES

Now, answer the following questions:

1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. What issue has been presented in the text?
3. What does the text want us to do?

What is It
Persuasive text can be in the form of an argument, discussion, exposition, review or
even an advertisement.

In developing your own persuasive text, a writer must first state the issue. This will serve as a
background information about the topic. Then, it should be followed by a clear, strong and specific
argument.
An argument is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the issue previously stated.
Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched evidences, which will give details on how and why
it supports the argument. Evidences can be factual, logical, statistical or anecdotal in nature. It can also
explain counter-arguments not because the writer wants to prove which claims are wrong or right but
to enlighten the readers about other positions.

Lastly, a conclusion restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the text. This will be your
final statement to persuade your readers.

Some guide questions in constructing a persuasive text include: ● What

is the issue?
● What is your position or opinion?
● What is the opposing position/opinion?
● What are some reasons for your position/opinion?
● What are some cases or examples that support this?

What’s More
Read the text below and identify the issue, the argument/s and conclusion.

When we consider the ubiquity of cellphones, iPods, personal computers and the
internet, it’s easy to see how science (and the technology to which it leads) is woven into
the fabric of our day-to-day activities. When we benefit from CT scanners, M.R.I. devices,
pacemakers and arterial stents, we can immediately appreciate how science affects the
quality of our lives. When we assess the state of the world, and identify looming
challenges like climate change, global pandemics, security threats and diminishing
resources, we don’t hesitate in turning to science to gauge the problems and find
solutions.

And when we look at the wealth of opportunities hovering on the horizon—stem cells,
genomic sequencing, personalized medicine, longevity research, nanoscience, brain-
machine interface, quantum computers, space technology— we realize how crucial it is
to cultivate a general public that can engage with scientific issues; there’s simply no other
way that as a society we will be prepared to make informed decisions on a range of issues
that will shape the future.

(from "Argumentative Essay," Literary Devices, last modified May 22, 2020,
https://literarydevices.net/argumentative-essay/.)

What I Have Learned

Complete the statements to sum up your key learning for this lesson.

1. is a type of paragraph development that focuses on presenting points of view

2. An serves as a background information about the topic.
3. An is one’s claim or position that can either support or reject the
issue previously stated.
4. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched .
5. A restating the main argument of the text will be the end of the text.
 What I Can Do
Choose an item or a product that you frequently use. Develop a persuasive text by
making a transcript for product advertisement. The rubric below may be used for your
output.

5 points 3 points 1 point

The paragraph states

The paragraph states The paragraph states no
persuasive text and it
persuasive text and it little persuasive text and it does not
uses appropriate uses appropriate use appropriate arguments
arguments and arguments and evidences. and evidences.
evidences.

A. Choose the correct transitional devices. Write your answers on a separate paper.

a. So b. Due to c. First d. When

e. Where f. Second g. Lastly h. Similarly
During my younger years of being a diligent worker, I would spend at least 10 hours
working in the office and I would even bring home some paper works. Until, one day I was
brought to the hospital 1. I experienced more anxieties. My attending physician told me
that I collapsed 2. stress. 3. , I started to follow my doctor’s advice. 4. to spend at least three
times a week for exercise. 5. Another is to take stock of internal stressors I could control.
6. is to use meditation techniques whenever I felt overwhelmed and make sure that I got
sufficient rest. Lastly, is to take time to do things I enjoy. 7.
, to pursue some hobbies and pleasures to live a more balanced lifestyle.

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

8. Which text focuses on presenting points of view and seeks on encouraging its readers to accept
a particular argument or act in a particular way?
A. Persuasive C. Cause and Effect B. Problem-solution D. Comparison and Contrast
9. Which written text involves sensory images to figure out something?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
10. What pattern shows similarities and differences of two subjects in a paragraph?
A. Comparison and Contrast C. Narration
B. Cause and Effect D. Problem Solution
11. When giving the full meaning of a certain topic, which pattern is applicable?
 A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
12. If you were to tell a story, which pattern of paragraph development would you use?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Definition D. Problem Solution
13. What pattern presents the reasons and possible results of an event?
A. Description C. Narration
B. Cause and Effect D. Problem Solution
14. In this section, you need to mention an overview of the problem, the why of the problem, and
who should be concerned about the problem.
A. introduction C. conclusion
B. middle section D. exposition
15. Which would best suit a text that aims to discuss the taxonomy of a group of fossils that were
recently discovered by a paleontologist?
A. Comparison and Contrast C. Narration
B. Classification D. Problem Solution