Data Description

GENERAL MATHEMATICS INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENTAL SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 The word average is ambiguous, since several methods
can be used to obtain an average. Loosely stated, the
average means the center of the distribution or the most
typical case. Measures of average are also called
measures of central tendency. However, knowing the
average of a data set is not enough to describe the data
entirely.

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 Even though a shoe store owner
knows that the average size of a
man’s shoe is size 10, he would
not be in business very long if he
ordered only size 10 shoes. In
addition to knowing the average,
you must know how data values
are dispersed.

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 Ungrouped VS Grouped Data
Ungrouped data which Grouped data is the
is also known as raw type of data which is
data is data that has not classified into groups
been placed in any after collection.
group or category after
collection.

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 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

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A measure of central tendency is a single value that
attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central
position within that set of data. As such, measures of
central tendency are sometimes called measures of central
location.

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 THE MEAN

The mean (or arithmetic average) is the most popular and

well known measure of central tendency. It can be used
with both discrete and continuous data, although its use is
most often with continuous data. The mean is obtained by
adding all the values of the data and dividing the sum by
the total number of values.

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 THE MEAN

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 THE MEAN

Advantages:
1. The mean is not often one of the actual values that you have observed in
your data set. However, one of its important properties is that it
minimises error in the prediction of any one value in your data set. That
is, it is the value that produces the lowest amount of error from all other
values in the data set.
2. It includes every value in your data set as part of the calculation.
3. The mean is the only measure of central tendency where the sum of the
deviations of each value from the mean is always zero
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 STEPS IN SOLVING THE MEAN

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 NOTE

The procedure for finding the mean for grouped data

assumes the mean of all the raw data values in each class is
equal to the midpoint of the class. In reality, this is not true,
since the average of the raw data values in each class usually
will not be exactly equal to the midpoint. However, using
this procedure will give an acceptable approximation of the
mean
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 Example 1

The data show the number of patients in a sample of six

hospitals who acquired an infection while hospitalized. Find the
mean.
110 76 29 38 105 31

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 Solution

110 76 29 38 105 31 UNGROUPED

There are 6 values. Hence, n = 6. And since it’s a sample, we

have

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 When NOT to use MEAN?

The mean has one main disadvantage: it is particularly

susceptible to the influence of outliers. These are values that
are unusual compared to the rest of the data set by being
especially small or large in numerical value. For example,
consider the wages of staff at a factory below:

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 When NOT to use MEAN?

The mean salary for these ten staff is $30.7k. However,

inspecting the raw data suggests that this mean value might not
be the best way to accurately reflect the typical salary of a
worker, as most workers have salaries in the $12k to 18k
range. The mean is being skewed by the two large salaries.
Therefore, in this situation, we would like to have a better
measure of central tendency.
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 THE MEDIAN

The median is the halfway point of the data set. Before you can find
this point, the data must be arranged in order. When the data set is
ordered, it is called the data array. The median either will be a
specific value in the data set or will fall between two values. The
median is less affected by outliers and skewed data.

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 STEPS IN GETTING THE MEDIAN

UNGROUPED DATA:
Step 1: Arrange the data in order.

Step 2: Select the middle point. If there are two values in the
middle, simply add the two values and divide the sum by 2.

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 Example 1

The number of rooms in the seven hotels in downtown Pittsburgh

is 713, 300, 618, 100, 595, 401, and 512. Find the median.

UNGROUPED

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 Solution

Step 1: Arrange the values

100, 300, 401, 512, 595, 618, 713
Step 2: Select the middle value
100, 300, 401, 512, 595, 618, 713
Hence, 512 is the median.

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 Skewed Distributions and the Mean and the Median

Normally Distributed:

You can use both

MEAN and
MEDIAN

BEST: MEAN

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 Skewed Distributions and the Mean and the Median

Skewed:

BEST: MEDIAN

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 THE MODE

The third measure of average is called the

mode. The mode is the value that occurs
most often in the data set. It is sometimes
said to be the most typical case. Normally,
the mode is used for categorical data
where we wish to know which is the most
common category.

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 THE MODE

A data set that has only one value that occurs with the greatest
frequency is said to be unimodal. If a data set has two values that
occur with the same greatest frequency, both values are
considered to be the mode and the data set is said to be bimodal.
If a data set has more than two values that occur with the same
greatest frequency, each value is used as mode, and the data set
is said to be multimodal. When no data value occurs more than
once, the data set is said to have no mode.
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 Disadvantages of MODE

1. mode is very rarely used with

continuous data.
2. it will not provide us with a very
good measure of central tendency
when the most common mark is far
away from the rest of the data in
the data set

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 Using Excel to find Measures of Central Tendency

Example:
Find the mean, mode and
median of the data that
represent the population of
licensed nuclear reactors in
the United States a recent 15-
year period
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 When to use Mean, Median and Mode?

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 MEASURES OF VARIATION

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 In statistics, to describe the data set accurately, statisticians must
know more than the measures of central tendencies. It is important to
know how dispersed the data set is. Range, variance, standard
deviation and coefficient of variation will be discussed.

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 THE RANGE

The range is the simplest of the three measures. The range is the
highest value minus the lowest value. The symbol R is used for the
range.

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 Example

The salaries for the staff

of the Raj&Howard
Manufacturing Co. are
shown here. Find the
range.

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 Solution

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 THE POPULATION VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION

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 THE POPULATION VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION

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 STEPS IN SOLVING VAR AND SD

Step 1: Find the mean of the data

Step 2: Subtract the mean from each data value
Step 3: Square each result
Step 4: Find the sum of the squares
Step 5: Divide the sum by N (number of values) to get the
variance.
Step 6: Take the square root to get the standard
deviation.
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 Example
A testing lab wishes to test two
experimental brands of outdoor paint to see
how long each will last before fading. The
testing lab makes 6 gallons of each paint to
test. Since different chemical agents are
added to each group and only six cans are
involved, these two groups constitute two
small populations. The results (in months)
are shown. Find the variance and standard
deviation for the both months.

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 Solution

Step 1:

Step 2:

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 Solution

Step 3:

Step 4:

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 Solution

Step 5:

Hence, the variances of brand A and B are 291.7 and 41.7,

respectively.

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 THE SAMPLE VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION

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 STEPS IN SOLVING SAMPLE VAR AND SD

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 Example

Find the sample variance and standard deviation for the

amount of European auto sales for a sample of 6 years shown.
The data are in millions of dollars.
11.2, 11.9, 12.0, 12.8, 13.4, 14.3

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 Solution

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:

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 Solution

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 USES OF VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

1. Variance and standard deviation can be used to determine the spread of the
data.
2. The measures of variance and standard deviation are used to determine the
consistency of a variable.
3. The variance and standard deviation are used to determine the number of
data values that fall within a specific interval in a distribution.
4. Variance and standard deviation are used quite often in inferential statistics.

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 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

A statistic that allows you to compare standard deviations when

the units are different is called the coefficient of variation. The
coefficient of variation denoted by CVar, is the standard
deviation divided by the mean. The result is expressed as
percentage.

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 Example

The mean of the number of sales of cars over 3-month period is 87, and the
standard deviation is 5. The mean of the commission is $5225, and the
standard deviation is $773. Compare the variations of the two.

Solution

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 Thank you and God
Bless

GENERAL MATHEMATICS INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENTAL SCHOOL-SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL