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Bidirectional Associative Memories BAM

Bidirectional Associative Memories (BAM) are recurrent neural networks that store and recall pairs of patterns, allowing bidirectional associations between input and output. They consist of two layers of neurons with a symmetric weight matrix and utilize an energy function to achieve stable states. BAM has applications in associative memory, pattern recognition, data recovery, and language translation, but faces limitations such as capacity constraints, noise sensitivity, and stability issues.

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31 views2 pages

Bidirectional Associative Memories BAM

Bidirectional Associative Memories (BAM) are recurrent neural networks that store and recall pairs of patterns, allowing bidirectional associations between input and output. They consist of two layers of neurons with a symmetric weight matrix and utilize an energy function to achieve stable states. BAM has applications in associative memory, pattern recognition, data recovery, and language translation, but faces limitations such as capacity constraints, noise sensitivity, and stability issues.

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cse.vedictechnologies
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Bidirectional Associative Memories (BAM)

Introduction
Bidirectional Associative Memories (BAM) are a type of recurrent neural network
introduced by Bart Kosko in 1988. They extend the concept of Hopfield networks to store
and recall pairs of patterns rather than single patterns, enabling a bidirectional association
between input and output patterns.

Key Characteristics
1. **Bidirectional Association**:
- BAM networks store associations between two sets of patterns (e.g., \( X \) and \( Y \))
and can retrieve one set when the other is presented.

2. **Architecture**:
- Two layers of neurons: input layer and output layer.
- Neurons in the input layer are connected to neurons in the output layer and vice versa.
- Weights are represented by a bipartite connection matrix.

3. **Symmetric Weight Matrix**:


- Weight matrix \( W \) is calculated using Hebbian learning:
\[
W = \sum_{\mu} X^{\mu} (Y^{\mu})^T
\]
where \( X^{\mu} \) and \( Y^{\mu} \) are pattern pairs.

4. **Binary States**:
- Neurons typically take binary states (\(+1, -1\) or \(0, 1\)).

5. **Energy Function**:
- Similar to Hopfield networks, BAM networks minimize an energy function to find stable
states. The energy function is:
\[
E = -\sum_{i} \sum_{j} W_{ij} x_i y_j
\]
where \( x_i \) and \( y_j \) are the states of input and output neurons, respectively.

Working Mechanism
1. **Training**:
- BAM is trained using pairs of patterns. The weight matrix is updated to encode the
associations between input and output patterns.

2. **Recalling Patterns**:
- Given an input pattern \( X \), the network retrieves the associated output pattern \
( Y \).
- Similarly, given \( Y \), it can retrieve \( X \). This bidirectional retrieval makes BAM
unique.

3. **Iterative Process**:
- BAM alternates between layers, updating the state of one layer based on the other until
the network converges to a stable state.

Applications
1. **Associative Memory**:
- Storing and retrieving paired data like question-answer pairs or translations.

2. **Pattern Recognition**:
- Recognizing patterns where there is a known association between inputs and outputs.

3. **Data Recovery**:
- Reconstructing missing or noisy data in one layer using the associated data in the other
layer.

4. **Language Translation**:
- Associating words or phrases in two different languages.

Limitations
1. **Limited Capacity**:
- The number of patterns that can be stored without interference is limited by the size of
the network.

2. **Noise Sensitivity**:
- Performance may degrade with noisy or incomplete input patterns.

3. **Scalability**:
- Larger networks require significant computational resources, limiting practical
applications.

4. **Stability Issues**:
- The network may converge to spurious states that do not correspond to any stored
pattern pairs.

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