Notes-1

AC Circuit
Unit-II (BEEE)

Topics (AC Circuit)

Unit – II :
1- phase AC Circuits: Generation of sinusoidal AC voltage, definition of
average value, R.M.S. value, form factor and peak factor of AC quantity ,
Concept of phasor, Concept of Power factor, Concept of impedance
and admittance, Active, reactive and apparent power, analysis of R-L, R-C,
R-L-C series & parallel circuit

3-phase AC Circuits: Necessity and advantages of three phase systems,

Meaning of Phase sequence,
balanced and unbalanced supply and loads. Relationship between line and
phase values for balanced star and
delta connections. Power in balanced & unbalanced three-phase system and
their measurements

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Sinusoidal ac voltages are available from a variety of sources. The
most common source is the typical home outlet, which provides an
ac
voltage that originates at a power plant; such a power plant is most
commonly fueled by water power, oil, gas, or nuclear fusion. In each
case an ac generator (also called an alternator) as shown in Fig, is
the primary component in the energy-conversion process

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The power to the shaft developed by one of the energy sources listed
will turn a rotor (constructed of alternating magnetic poles) inside a
set of windings housed in the stator (the stationary part of the
dynamo) and will induce a voltage across the windings of the stator,
as defined by Faraday’s law,

a sinusoidal ac voltage is developed that can be transformed to

higher levels for distribution through the power lines to the
consumer.

A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating current (ac).

Such a current reverses at regular time intervals and has alternately
positive and negative values. Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or
voltage sources are called ac circuits
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Definitions:

Waveform: The path traced by a quantity, such as the voltage in

given Fig. plotted as a function of some variable such as time (as
above), position, degrees, radians, temperature, and so on.

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Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant
of time; denoted by lowercase letters (e1, e2).
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a waveform as measured
from its average, or mean, value, denoted by uppercase letters (such
as Em for sources of voltage and Vm for the voltage drop across a
load). For the waveform of Fig. the average value is zero volts,
and Em is as defined by the figure.
Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function as
measured from the zero-volt level. For the waveform of Fig.
the peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since the average
value of the function is zero volts.
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Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the full voltage
between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the
sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks.

Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself

after the same time interval. The waveform of Fig. is a periodic
waveform.

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Time Period (T): T is the time interval between successive repetitions of a
periodic waveform

Cycle: cycle is the portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.

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Frequency ( f ): frequency is number of cycles that occur in 1 s.
The frequency of the waveform of Fig.(a) is 1 cycle per second
for Fig.(b), 5⁄2 cycles per second.
Time period of 0.5 s [Fig.(c)], the frequency would be 2 cycles per second.

frequency is inversely related to the Time period

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Angular frequency

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GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL
VOLTAGE OR CURRENT

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 understanding concept of phase angle
If the waveform is shifted to the right or left of 0°, the expression becomes

If the waveform passes through the horizontal axis with a positive going
(increasing with time) slope before 0°, as shown in Fig.a
the expression is

If the waveform
passes through the horizontal axis with a positive-going slope
after 0°, as shown in Fig. b
the expression is

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 lagging & leading concept of two waveforms

lagging & leading concept of two waveforms

Let us examine the two sinusoids The starting point of v2 occurs first in time.
Therefore, we say that v2 leads v1 by φ or that v1 lags v2 by φ.
If φ is not equal to zero we also say that v1 and v2 are out of phase.
If φ = 0, then v1 and v2 are said to be in phase
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Example 5: Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of the
sinusoid
v(t) = 12 cos(50t + 10◦)

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PHASOR FORM OF VOLTAGE & CURRENT
PHASOR DIAGRAM

Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more

convenient to work with than sine and cosine functions.
radius vector having a constant magnitude (length) with one end fixed at
the origin, is called a phasor

the phasor form of a sinusoidal voltage or current are

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Phasor Expression (value) of ac voltage & current

Phasor value of V & I are

where is phase angle

consider an example
where instantaneous values & phasor values given

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Hint:
time domain expression(instantaneous value)

phasor form expression is

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Solution:
given values are in instantaneous form(time domain)

their phasor forms(phasor domain) are..

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Hint:sinosudal expression means instantaneous form or time domain form

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Solution:
sinosudal expression means instantaneous form or time domain form

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Solution by Phasor diagram analysis:

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Solution by Phasor diagram analysis:

change instantaneous values into Phasor values

Phasor value of V & I are

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phasor expression

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RESPONSE OF BASIC R, L & C
ELEMENTS TO A SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT
Resistor: symbol

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Inductor:

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 Inductor:
An inductor is a circuit element that consists of a conducting wire usually in
the form of a coil.
Two typical inductors are shown in given fig.
Inductors are typically categorized by the type of core on which they are
wound. For example, the core material may be air or any nonmagnetic
material, iron, or ferrite. Inductors made with air or nonmagnetic materials
are widely used in radio, television, and filter circuits.
Iron-core inductors are used in electrical power supplies and filters.
Ferrite-core inductors are widely used in high-frequency applications

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Capacitor:
Symbol

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Capacitor:

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EXAMPLE 9: The voltage across a resistor is indicated. Find the
sinusoidal expression for the current if the resistor is 10 ohm.

Solution:

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EXAMPLE 10. The current through a 0.1-H coil is provided. Find
the sinusoidal expression for the voltage across the coil.

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EXAMPLE 11: The voltage across a capacitor is provided
below. What is the sinusoidal expression for the current?

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behaviour of inductor with high, low & zero frequency(dc) supply

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behaviour of Capacitor with high, low & zero frequency(dc) supply

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COMPLEX NUMBERS: (i) RECTANGULAR FORM (ii) POLAR FORM (phasor form)

a b c

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COMPLEX NUMBERS: (i) RECTANGULAR FORM (ii) POLAR FORM (phasor form)

a b c

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CONVERSION BETWEEN RECTANGULAR & POLAR FORM:

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practice problem:

also convert answers given in polar to rectangular form

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practice problem:

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basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with
complex numbers.
Addition: (i)

(ii)

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basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with
complex numbers.
Subtraction:

Multiplication: (i)

(ii)

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basic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with
complex numbers.
division:

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IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE OF CIRCUIT

(i) IMPEDANCE IN RECTANGULAR FORM

(ii) IMPEDANCE IN POLAR FORM (phasor form)

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Example 14: Determine the equivalent impedance of the network given if
the frequency is f = 60 Hz.

Solution:

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practice problem:

Answer:

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practice problem: Calculate the total impedance of the circuits

Answer:

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Power in ac circuit:

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Example 17: in the given R-L circuit

(I) calculate phasor value of voltage source

(II) calculate Total Impedance of circuit in phasor form
(III) calculate current in phasor form
(VI) calculate value of VR & VL in phasor
(V) draw phasor diagram
(VI) determine Real, Reactive & Apparent power
also find power factor of the circuit

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Solution :
(I)

(II)

(III)

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(IV)

(V)

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(VI)

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Practice problem:

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Example 19: in the given R-C circuit

(I) calculate phasor value of current source

(II) calculate Total Impedance of circuit in phasor form
(III) calculate Total voltage of the circuit in phasor form
(VI) calculate value of VR & VC in phasor
(V) draw phasor diagram
(VI) determine Real, Reactive & Apparent power
also find power factor of the circuit

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Solution :
(I)

(II)

(III)

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Solution :
(IV)

(V)

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(VI)

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Practice problem:

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Example 20: in the given R-L-C circuit

(I) calculate phasor value of voltage source

(II) calculate Total Impedance of circuit in phasor form
(III) calculate Total current of the circuit in phasor form
(VI) calculate value of VR, VL & VC in phasor
(V) draw phasor diagram
(VI) determine Real, Reactive & Apparent power
also find power factor of the circuit

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Solution :

(I)

(II)

(III)

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(IV)

(V)

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(VI)

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Practice problem:

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Example 21: A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12Ω, an
inductance of 0.15H and a capacitor of 100uF are connected in series across a
100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (i) impedance of circuit (ii) rms value of circuits
current (iii) rms value of voltage across R, L & C also find power factor of the
circuit
Solution: value of voltage source
given is rms value

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