CHAPTER 1

COMPLEX NUMBERS

Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ME

 Contents
2

• Complex Numbers

• Lesson 1: Simplifying Complex Numbers

• Lesson 2: Complex Number Conversion

• Lesson 3: De Moivre’s Theorem

• Appendix: Derivation of Euler’s Equation

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 Complex Numbers
3

Who uses them in real life?

The navigation system in the

space shuttle depends on
complex numbers!
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 Complex Numbers
4

Where it shows up?

Solve both of these
x +2=0
2
x −2 = 0
2

x = −2
2
x =22

x= 2
Uhoh…….what do I do
here?

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5

Um, no solution ???

x =  −2 does not have a real answer.

It has an “imaginary” answer.

To define a complex number we have to create

first a new variable “ i “.

“i” is an imaginary number or unreal number.

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 What is an Imaginary Number?
6

➢ It is a tool to solve an equation.

➢ It has been used to solve equations for the last

200 years or so. i = −1
2

➢ It is defined to be i such that ;

➢ Or in other words; i = −1
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 Some Observations
7

➢ In the beginning there were counting numbers

➢ And then we
needed integers 0.41
1

➢ And rationals -1 0 2

-3
➢ And irrationals
2
➢ And reals

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 So where do unreals fit in?
8

Complex numbers 3 + 4i

incorporate all 2i
1
0.41
numbers.
-1 0 2

-3


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9
The Number System
COMPLEX NUMBERS

Imaginary
Real Numbers
Nuumbers
Irrational Rational
numbers numbers
𝜋, 2, 𝑒
Non-
Integers
integers 0.1111

Negative Zero Positive

numbers Numbers

Prime Composite

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 Definition
10

➢ A complex number z is the sum of real and imaginary numbers

and is of the form (rectangular/ algebraic/ standard/ normal)
x + yi where i = − 1
➢ x is the real part and y the imaginary part, written as x= Re z or
x= Re (z), y= Im z or y= Im (z). i is called the imaginary unit.

➢ If x = 0, then z = yi is a pure imaginary number.

➢ The complex conjugate of a complex number, z = x + yi, denoted

by z* or Z , is given by z* = x – yi.

➢ Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are
equal and their imaginary parts are equal.
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LESSON 1
SIMPLIFYING COMPLEX NUMBERS
 Powers of i
12

i=i Pattern:
i =
2
( −1 )
2
= −1
i =i = i = i = i
1 5 9 13
i = −1  i = −i
3

i = −1  −1 = 1
4 i = i = i = i = −1
2 6 10 14

i =i
5
i = i = i = i = −i
3 7 11 15

i 6 = −1 i =i =i =i = 1
4 8 12 16

i = −i
7

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 The Power of i4
13

The value of in, where n is any number can be found by dividing

n by 4 and then dealing only with the remainder. Why?
Examples:

i18 = ? 18  4 = 4 with a remainder of 2

i18 = i 2 Then from the chart on the previous slide
i18 = i 2 = −1
i = ? 27  4 = 6 with a remainder of
27 3
i = i Then from the chart on the previous slide
27 3

i 27 = i 3 = −i
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 The Power of i4
14

Try it with i92233 = i

Simplify i50- 6i17+ 3i25
Solution: = i2 -6i +3i
= -1 -6i +3i
= -1-3i

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 Addition of Complex #’s
15

When adding complex numbers, add the real parts

together and add the imaginary parts together.
imaginary part

(3 + 7i) + (8 + 11i)
real part

11 + 18i
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 Subtraction of Complex #’s
16

When subtracting complex numbers, be sure to

distribute the subtraction sign; then add like parts.
Example,

(5 + 10i) – (15 – 2i)

5 + 10i – 15 + 2i
–10 + 12i
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 Multiplication of Complex #’s
17

When multiplying complex numbers, use the FOIL

method.
(3 – 8i)(5 + 7i)
15 + 21i – 40i – 56i 2

15 – 19i + 56 Remember,
2
i = –1

71 – 19i
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 Division of Complex #’s
18

To divide complex numbers, multiply the numerator and denominator by

the complex conjugate of the complex number in the denominator of the
fraction.

7 + 2i The complex conjugate of

3 – 5i is 3 + 5i.
3 – 5i
7 + 2i (3 + 5i) 21 + 35i + 6i + 10i
2
= 2
3 – 5i (3 + 5i) 9 + 15i – 15i – 25i
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 Division (continuation)
19

2
21 + 35i + 6i + 10i
2
9 + 15i – 15i – 25i
21 + 41i – 10
9 + 25
11 + 41i
34
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 Additional Work Examples
20

1. Simplify −4
Solution: − 4 = 4(−1)
= 4i 2
= 2i ans
2. Evaluate 3i (−4i )
Solution: 3i (−4i ) = −12i 2
= (−12)( −1)
= 12 ans
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 Additional Work Examples
21

2
3. Simplify
3i + 7
The trick is to make the denominator real.
2 3i − 7 2(3i − 7)
x =
3i + 7 3i − 7 − 58
(3i − 7)
=
− 29
7 − 3i
=
29
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 Solving Quadratic Equation
22

4. Solve x − 6 x + 13 = 0
2

6  36 − 52
x=
2
6  − 16
x=
2
6  16 − 1
x=
2
x = 3  2i complex solutions (conjugates)
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 Operations of Complex #’s
23

For any complex # ' s z1 = x1 + y1i and z 2 = x 2 + y 2 i,

the following is true.
( x1 + y1i ) + ( x 2 + y 2 i ) = ( x1 + x 2 ) + ( y1 + y 2 )i
( x1 + y1i ) − ( x 2 + y 2 i ) = ( x1 − x 2 ) + ( y1 − y 2 )i
( x1 + y1i )( x 2 + y 2 i ) = ( x1 x 2 − y1 y 2 ) + ( x1 y 2 + y1 x 2 )i
( x1 + y1i ) ( x1 x 2 + y1 y 2 ) y1 x 2 − x1 y 2
= + i
( x2 + y 2 i) x2 + y 2
2 2
x2 + y 2
2 2

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 5 Minute Check Lesson 1
24

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 Assignment # 1
25

Solve the following:

1. (3 + 5i) – (11 – 9i) -8 + 14i

2. (5 – 6i)(2 + 7i) 52 + 23i

3. 2 – 3i –14 – 31i
5 + 8i 89

4. (19 – i) + (4 + 15i) 23 + 14i

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LESSON 2
COMPLEX NUMBER CONVERSION
 Complex Plane
31

➢A complex number can be plotted on a plane with two

perpendicular coordinate axes.
⚫ The horizontal x-axis, called the real axis
⚫ The vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis

y Represent z = x + yi geometrically
P as the point P(x,y) in the x-y plane,
z = x + iy or as the vector OP from the
origin to P(x,y).

O x x-y plane is also known as

The complex plane the Argand diagram
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 Polar Coordinates
32

With z = x + yi where x = r cos , y = r sin 

z takes the polar form: z = r (cos + i sin  ) = r (cis  )
r is called the absolute value or modulus or
magnitude of z and is denoted by |z|.

z = r = x 2 + y 2 = zz *

Note that : zz * = ( x + yi )( x − yi )
= x2 + y2
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 Polar Coordinates
33

Im

y
P
z = x + iy
Complex plane, polar
r
(trigonometric) form of |z |=
a complex number θ

O x Re
Geometrically, |z| is the distance of the point z
from the origin while θ is the directed angle from
the positive x-axis to OP in the above figure.
−1  y 
From the figure,  = tan  
x
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 Polar Coordinates
34

θ is called the argument of z and is denoted by Arg z. Thus,

 y
 = arg z = tan   −1
,z  0
x
For z = 0, θ is undefined.

A complex number z ≠ 0 has infinitely many possible arguments,

each one differing from the rest by some multiple of 2π. In fact, arg
z is actually
 y
 = tan    2n,
−1
n = 0,1,2,...
x
The value of θ that lies in the interval (-π and π) is called the
principal argument of z (≠ 0) and is denoted by Arg z.
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 Euler Formula (e i = cos  + i sin )
35

The polar form of a complex number can be rewritten as :

z = r (cos + i sin  ) = r Common
Complex # can also be in exponential form reiθ: engineering
i notation
z = x + yi = rcis  = r = re
This leads to the complex exponential function :
e z = e x + yi = e x e yi = e x (cos y + i sin y )

cos =
1 i
2
(
e + e − i )
Further leads to :
sin  =
1 i
2i
(
e − e − i )
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 Polar Coordinates
36

In mathematics terms,  is referred to as the argument of z

and it can be positive or negative.

In engineering terms,  is generally referred to as phase of z

and it can be positive or negative. It is denoted as z.

The magnitude of z is the same both in Mathematics and

engineering, although in engineering, there are also different
interpretations depending on what physical system one is
referring to. Magnitudes are always > 0.

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37
Im

z1
x

r1 z1 = r1e i1
+1
-2 Re
r2
− i 2
z 2 = r2 e
x r1 , r2 , 1 ,  2  0
z2

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 Example1: Complex # conversion
38

A complex number (rectangular form), z = 1 + i , has a

magnitude | z |= 12 + 12 = 2

1  
and argument : z = tan   + 2n =  + 2n  rad
−1

1 4 

Hence its principal argument is :  = Arg z =  4 rad


i
in exponential form: z = 2e 4

     
Hence in polar form : z = 2  cos + i sin  = 2  cis  = 2
 4 4  4 4
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 Example2: Complex # conversion
39

A complex number, z = 1 - i , has a magnitude | z |= 12 + (−1) 2 = 2

 −1   
and argument : z = tan −1   + 2n =  − + 2n  rad
 1   4 
Hence its principal argument is : Arg z = −
 rad
−i
 4
in exponential form: z = 2e 4

   
Hence in polar form : z = 2  cos − i sin  = 2 −
 4 4 4
In what way does the polar form help in manipulating
complex numbers?
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 Other Examples
40

What about z1=0+i, z2=0-i, z3=2+0i, z4=-2?

z1 = 0 + 1i z 2 = 0 − 1i
= 1e i 0.5 = 1e −i1.5
= 10.5 = 1 − 1.5

z3 = 2 + 0i z4 = −2 + 0i
= 2e i0 = 2e −i
= 2 0 = 2 − 
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41
Im

●
z1 = + i

z4 = -2 0.5
z3 = 2
● ●
Re

● z2 = - i

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42

Suppose we have 2 complex numbers, z1 and z2 given by :

z1 = x1 + y1i = r1e i1
z 2 = x2 − y 2i = r2 e −i 2
z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + y1i ) + ( x2 − y2i ) Easier with rectangular
form than polar and
= ( x1 + x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )i exponential forms

( )(
z1 z 2 = r1e i1 r2 e − i 2 ) Easier w/ exponential
form than rectangular
i (1 + ( − 2 ))
= r1r2 e and polar forms
magnitudes multiply! phases add!
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 Arithmetic Operations in Polar Form
43

➢ The representation of z by its real and imaginary

parts is useful for addition and subtraction.

➢ For multiplication and division, representation by

the polar form has apparent geometric meaning.

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 Division in Polar Form
44

For a complex number z2 ≠ 0,

i1
z1 r1e r1 i (1 −( − 2 )) r1 i (1 + 2 )
= − i 2 = e = e
z 2 r2 e r2 r2

phases subtract!
magnitudes divide!

z1 r1
= z = 1 − (− 2 ) = 1 +  2
z2 r2
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 Complex Number Conversion
45

i
z = x + yi = r cosθ + ir sin  = r = re
i
e = cosθ + i sin 

Rectangular to Polar: Polar to Rectangula r :

r= x +y 2 2
x = r cos 
−1 y
 = arg( z ) = tan y = r sin 
x
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 Example 3: Convert the following complex
number to polar form: z = −4 + i3
46

Solution:
Imaginary axis r= x +y 2 2

z = –4 + i3
= (−4) + (3) 2 2

θ =143.13°
 = tan −1 3
−4
 = 180 − tan 4
−1 3
α Real 
axis

= 180 − 36.87 = 2.498

  r

Note : π rad= 180°

z = 52.498 r
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 Example 4: Convert the following complex
−i
number to rectangular form: z = 10e
47

x = r cos ; y = r sin  ;
where  = −1 rad
x = 10cos(−1) = 5.4030
y = 10sin(−1) = −8.4147
z = 5.4030 − i8.4147
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 Example 5: Determine the product of the
following 2 complex numbers:
48

−i 0.7
z1 = 8e i2
z 2 = 5e
Solution:
z 3 = z1z 2 = ( 8e i2
)( 5e ) = 40e− i 0.7 i1.3

z 3 = 40(cos1.3 + i sin1.3)
= 40(0.2675 + i0.9636)
= 10.70 + i38.54
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 Example 6: Repeat previous example using
rectangular forms.
49

Solution: z = x + yi = r cosθ + ir sin  = r = re i

z1 = 8ei 2 = 8(cos 2 + i sin 2)
= 8(−0.4162 + i 0.9093) = −3.329 + i 7.274
− i 0.7
z 2 = 5e = 5(cos 0.7 − i sin 0.7)
= 5(0.7648 − i0.6442) = 3.824 − i3.221
z 3 = z1z 2 = (−3.329 + i7.274)(3.824 − i3.221)
= −12.73 + 23.43 + i(27.82 + 10.72)
= 10.70 + i38.54
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 Example 7: Determine the quotient z1/z2 for
the following 2 numbers:
50

−i 0.7
z1 = 8e i2
z 2 = 5e
i2
z1 8e
z4 = = −i 0.7 = 1.6e i 2.7

z 2 5e
z 4 = 1.6(cos 2.7 + i sin 2.7)
= 1.6(−0.9041 + i 0.4274)
= −1.447 + i 0.6838
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 Example 8: Repeat previous example using
rectangular forms.
51

z1 −3.329 + i7.274
z4 = =
z2 3.824 − i3.221
(−3.329 + i 7.274) (3.824 + i3.221)
z4 =
(3.824 − i3.221) (3.824 + i3.221)
−12.73 − 23.43 + i (27.82 − 10.72)
=
14.62 + 10.37
−36.16 + i17.10
= = −1.446 + i 0.6840
25.00
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 De Moivre’s Theorem
56

z = r (cos nθ + i sin n )
n n

(cos nθ + i sin n ) = cos nθ + i sin n

n

for n = 0,1, 2, …
De Moivre’s Formula

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 De Moivre’s Theorem
57

Compute z3 for z = 1- 3𝑖
Solution:
5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin
3 3
Then, since n = 3

5𝜋 5𝜋
(1− 3𝑖 )3 = 23
cos 3 ∙ + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 ∙
3 3
= 8 (-1)
(1− 3𝑖 )3 = -8
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 De Moivre’s Theorem
58

Compute z9 for z = 1+ 3𝑖
Solution: 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin
3 3
Then, since n = 9

𝜋 𝜋
(1 + 3𝑖 )9 = 29
cos 9 ∙ + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 9 ∙
3 3
= 512 (-1)
(1 + 3𝑖 )9 = -512

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 De Moivre’s Theorem
59

1 𝑖
Compute z10 for z= +
2 2
Solution:
2 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin
2 4 4
Then, since n = 10
10 10
1 𝑖 2 𝜋 𝜋
+ = cos 10 ∙ + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 10 ∙
2 2 2 4 4
1
= (0+i)
32
𝑖
=
32
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 Roots of Complex Numbers
60

A number w is said to be an nth root of a nonzero complex number z

if wn = z or w = 𝒏 𝒛

Let w= 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 and z= 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

From this we conclude:
𝑅𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜑 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛 𝜑 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
𝑅𝑛 = r or 𝑅 = 𝑟 Τ𝑛
And
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜑 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛 𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
By equating, we get
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑖 sin 𝑛 𝜑 = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
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 Roots of Complex Numbers
61

These equality imply that 𝑛𝜑 = 𝜃 + 2k𝜋

Thus,
𝜃+2𝑘𝜋
𝜑= where: k = 0, 1, .., n-1
𝑛

𝒏
Consequently, for z≠ 0, 𝒛 is equal to:

These n values are called the nth roots of unity

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 Roots of Complex Numbers
62

Find the three cube roots of z = i

Solution: 𝜋
r = 1, 𝜃=
2

𝒏 𝒏 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝒛= 𝒓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin
𝑛 𝑛
Then, since n = 3
𝜋 𝜋
+ 2𝑘𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝟏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 sin 2
𝟑 𝟑
𝒛=
3 3
For n=3, we will have to get k =0, 1 and 2
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 Roots of Complex Numbers
63

Hence, the three roots are

k=0
𝜋 𝜋 3 1
𝒘𝟎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin = + 𝑖
6 6 2 2
k=1
5𝜋 5𝜋 3 1
𝒘𝟏 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin = − + 𝑖
6 6 2 2
k=2
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝒘𝟐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin = −𝑖
2 2

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 Roots of Complex Numbers
64

𝜋 𝜋
Find the two square roots of z = 4(cos + 𝑖sin )
2 2
Solution: 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝒏 𝒏
𝒛= 𝒓 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin
𝑛 𝑛
Then, since n = 2
𝜋 𝜋
+ 2𝑘𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝟐
𝒛=
𝟐
𝟒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + 𝑖 sin 2
2 2

For n=2, we will have to get k =0 and 1

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 Roots of Complex Numbers
65

Hence, the square roots are

k=0 𝜋 𝜋
𝒘𝟎 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin = 2 + 2𝑖
4 4

k=1
5𝜋 5𝜋
𝒘𝟏 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 sin = − 2 − 2𝑖
4 4

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