CBSE | DEPARTMENT OF SKILL EDUCATION

Comprehensive Notes
Information Technology (402)

Part A

Employability

Skills
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 Unit 1 Communication Skills

Introduction to Communication
Communication plays an important role in our daily life. Being a professional
or student reading, writing, speaking, and listening are very important
to communicate with someone effectively.

The word "Communication" originates from the Latin word

"commūnicāre" which means "to share".

In other words, Information, knowledge, and opinions are

exchanged between two or more people on any given issue
through the transmission of symbolic messages is called
communication.

In professional life, there are many parties involved such as customers,

clients, vendors, distributors, media people, and many more. Hence it is
more important to communicate properly to run a business or organization
smoothly.

Parts of communication
There are three parts of communication:

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Transmitting
There are always two parties involved in communication.
1. Sender
2. Receiver
The message is transmitted from one medium to another from sender to
receiver.
In other words, transmitting also refers convey a message with the help of
various communication mediums.
Listening
Listening is also one of the most important parts of communication. To
evaluate, understand and respond to the message, listening is very
essential. Listening makes communication more effective.

Feedback
The receiver after receiving the message gives a response in the form of

feedback. Feedback confirms the understanding of the receiver and plays a

vital role in the communication cycle.

Let's understand with this example:

Student: Good Morning, Sir.

Teacher: Good Morning.

Student: Sir, My exam is approaching now, Can you guide me on how to score good marks?

Teacher: Yes, First of all, get away from Social Media and cut shot your screen time. That is

a great distraction.

Student: Okay, Sir.

Teacher: Revise your syllabus thoroughly, and do writing practice.

Student: Thank you so much, Sir. I will follow your instructions and try my best.

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In the above conversation, the Student started the conversation. The

student is Sender and Teacher is Receiver. The student sends the message

and the Teacher is giving a response. In the final line, the Student has given

the feedback.

Communication Process and Elements

Observe this screen and understand the communication process:

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After observing the above pictures, there are 5 elements of the
communication process.
They are as follows:

1. Sender - A person begins the communication

2. Message - The information needs to be conveyed through the
communication process
3. Channel - The means or medium used to send and receive the message
4. Receiver - A person to whom the message is sent
5. Feedback - The final response of the receiver
Now in the next section of Unit 1 Communication Skills II , we are going to
discuss methods of communication. Here we go!

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Methods of Communication

There are certain parameters involved in choosing the right method of

communication.
They are:
The right method of
communication affects
various stakeholders of
the organization.
So it is very important
to consider the above
factors and choose the
right method.

Follow this link for questions and answer on the topic of Methods of
Communication.

Important Questions Communication Skills

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Verbal Communications
Communication that can be done using sounds, words, language, and speech
is called verbal communication. In this communication, speech is the most
important part. It helps to establish a good relationship and better
connectivity.
Different Forms of Verbal Communication

Advantages of Verbal Communication

Verbal communication offers the following advantages:
1. Very easy mode of communication
2. Ideas can be exchanged by saying

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 3. Get quick response
4. The interaction can be
changed as per the response
received from another person
5. More reliable, effective, and
flexible for all involved in the
process
6. Save money and time
Disadvantages of
Verbal Communication
1. Sometimes it is difficult to
understand the meaning of spoken words
2. Emotions and body language are observed easily
3. No legal validity
4. Cannot be recorded for future use or any other purpose
5. Cannot be used for community staying at a remote place
6. Cannot be used for lengthy conversations
7. Information can be leaked
Mastering Verbal communication
Priya is a very intelligent girl in . But she gets nervous while addressing the
assembly. Even she is also very shy and hesitates while speaking with
teachers and other elders. So she needs to improve her communication.
She can follow the given points in order to master verbal communication skills:
1 Think Before
Prepare well for the topic before speaking to the
You Speak
audience. Understand the audience and make
communication in such a way that they can
understand. Make a point list of what you are going to
present or say.

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2 Concise and Speak clearly and with clear pronunciation with a
Clear moderately loud voice and speed. The points of
information should be to the point. Avoid repetition of
information.

3 Confidence Main eye contact, be normal and be attentive. Keep

and Body your body language friendly.
Language

Follow this link to read questions and answers on topic verbal

communication.

Questions and Answers Verbal Communication

Non-verbal communication
Nonverbal communication is also an important type of communication.
Sometimes we need not speak a single word and want to convey a message.
In this situation simply we are using signals and messages to others through
expressions, gestures, postures, touch, space, eye movement, and para
language.
Correct body language is very important for non-verbal communication.
Importance of non-verbal communication
Observe this chart, which tells everything about the importance of non-
verbal communication:
The chart shows that:
1. 55% of communication is done
using body movement and
expression or gestures
2. 38% of communication is done
using voice, speech, and visual data
3. Only 7% of communication is done
through words

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Data produced by the above chart says that 55%+38%=93% of
communication is non-verbal communication.
Some of the commonly used gestures, postures and body language are as
follows:
1. Gestures
o Raising hands to greet or say goodbye
o Pointing a finger at someone
2. Expressions: Expression shows different feelings
o Smiling Face - Happiness
o Sad Face - Sadness
3. Body Language
o Various body postures such as standing straight, showing
interest, etc.
4. Postures: Proper body postures indicate how confident you are and
what your feelings
5. Touch: While communicating touch can be used to encourage someone
or to call someone etc.
6. Space: The physical distance while communicating with each other is
called space. The distance depends on the intimacy or closeness
between them
7. Eye Contact: It maintains the flow of conversation, and affection,
seeks attention, etc.
8. Paralanguage: Speaking tone, speed, and volume depends on various
feelings. Hence use tone and volume as per the requirements
Follow this link for questions on non-verbal communication:

Non-verbal communication solved questions

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Visual Communication
Using pictures, charts, graphs, and diagrams to convey a message is known
as visual communication. This can be represented by posters,
advertisements, banners, and electronic displays.

It is very easy to understand the graphics and visual images compared to

text messages for the audience. It is mostly used in advertisements,
teaching, and learning, presentations, etc. It remains consistent and simple.

Communication Cycle & Importance of

Feedback
The communication cycle is a step-by-step process initiated by the sender to
feedback sent by the receiver. Feedback is very important for the sender to
get acknowledgment and improve the process.
Good feedback can be:

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Types of feedback
The types of feedback are as follows:

Importance of Feedback
Let's discuss reasons why feedback is very important in communication:

Follow this link to get access to solved questions on the topic importance of
feedback:

Important questions for importance of feedback

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Barriers to effective communication
For effectiveness, we adhere to the 7 Cs of communication. If any of them is
missing, then it leads to miscommunication.
These 7 Cs are as follows:

A few barriers to effective communication are as follows:

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Linguistic Barriers
The barriers of different languages at a workplace. There are different
language-speaking people working in an organization, hence this is a very
common communication barrier that creates confusion and
misunderstanding among the people involved in communication.
Examples – Slang language, professional jargon,
regional colloquialisms etc.
Physical Barriers
It is related to environmental and natural conditions. Sometimes the receiver
is not able to understand the gestures, posture, and general body language.
In this scenario, the communication becomes less effective.
Examples – text messages are less effective than face-to-face talk

Organizational Barriers
Every organization are having its own standards, rules regulations, formal
structures, behavioral norms, procedures, policies, and code of conduct.
Sometimes employee and employer relationship is also one of the barriers
and makes communication less effective. Sometimes rules and procedures
also make communication difficult.

Cultural barriers
Sometimes people coming from different backgrounds and cultures can be
also a barrier to communication. Because of their cultural beliefs and habits,
they make their assumptions and opinions which makes the communication
less effective.
Examples – Countries like India and Japan consider formality as a sign
of professionalism, whereas countries like Australia prefer more
informal workplaces. An Indian employee working for an Australian
company might consider communicating more informally. Similarly,
an Australian should communicate formally to seem more
professional.

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Interpersonal Barriers
Interpersonal barriers are likely to make communication less effective. It
includes selective perceptions, emotional disconnects, workplace gossip,
biased language, gender differences, stage fear, etc.
Ways to overcome barriers to effective communication

Get access to important questions on barriers of effective communication

topic by following this link:

Important questions barriers of effective

communication

Watch this video to understand more:

Click here to watch video

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Writing Skills - Part of Speech
Writing is one of the vital factors of communication especially for verbal
communication. As you know verbal communication includes written notes,
e- mails, letters, chapters, blogs, SMS/chats etc.

In writing, we use words, words make phrases, and sentences. The group of
words which make complete sense is known as a sentence whereas a group
of words that does not make complete sense is known as a phrase.

A sentence always starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop or
question mark or exclamation mark.
Examples:
 When the periodic test 1 will start?
 Probably be in July.
 Thank you, let us prepare for it!

Capitalization
In the English language we are using capital letters while writing many
times, this is called capitalization. There is a specific grammar rule for
capitalization in English. This rule is known as TINS.

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Punctuation
Symbols also play an important role in writing any language. These symbols
are known punctuations. These symbols are full stop(.), comma(,),
exclamation mark(!), apostrophe (') etc. It is used to separate the different
parts of a sentence for better reading and understanding.
Punctuation Symbol Use Example
Full Stop . To end the sentence and 1) Goa is a
with full forms beautiful
Place.
2) A.T.M
3) Mr. Rakesh
is Engineer.
Comma , Indicates a pose in a 1) Mr. Sagar,
sentence and separates Mr. Varun, and
two or more things in the Mr. Amit are
sentence good friends.
2) After my
morning
breakfast, I
usually take
coffee.

Question ? It ends the question 1) Where are

Mark you going?
2) What are the
next topics?
Exclamation ! It indicates very strong 1) What lovely
mark feelings hairstyles he
has!
2) Wow! What a
fabulous catch he
has taken!

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Apostrophe ' Used followed by an ‘s’ 1) This is Divya's

to show possession or place.
belonging and Used 2) That's amazing
with shortened work.
form of words in
informal speech.

Basic Parts of Speech

The word's function in meaning and grammatical structure inside the
sentence is indicated by the part of speech. For example, nouns, pronouns,
verbs, adverbs, etc.

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Part of Role Sentence Word
speech
It is used with the replacement of nouns
Nouns It refers to a Nisha plays Carom very Sparrow,
person, place, well. Truth,
animal, thing or Here 'Nisha' and 'Carom' India,
idea are nouns. Ramesh,
June,
Tuesday

Pronouns It is used with Nisha plays Carom very I,

replacement of well. She won many He,
nouns competitions. She was She,
awarded many prizes. It,
Here ''She" is a They
replacement for Nisha

Adjectives Words used to Nisha plays in a world- Big,

describe other class Carom tournament. Blue,
words Here 'world-class' is an Strong,
adjective that describes the Naughty,
noun Carom

Verbs Words that Nisha drives a car daily. Stand,

indicate actions in Here drive word indicates Run,
the sentence the action performed by Play,
Nisha.

Adverbs It answers the Nisha slowly parked the nicely,

questions about car. easily,
verbs. 'slowly' indicates how the after,
car is parked. carefully

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Supporting parts of speech

Supporting parts Use Example

speech
Chapters Generally used before nouns The player was
an - before the vowel surprised because
a - before consonant he was fined by a
the - refers to a committee
specific/particular word

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Joins two nouns, Generally used before nouns Sachin and
phrases or an - before the vowel Sehwag were good
sentences a - before a consonant openers.
the - refers to a
specific/particular word

Prepositions Connects one word with The book is on the

another to usually answer the table.
questions ‘where’, ‘when’, and
‘how’.

Interjections Expresses strong Oh no! India lost

emotions, such as the match.
happiness, surprise, anger
or pain.

Follow this link to read the questions on the topic of writing skills - part of
speech.

Important questions part of speech

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Writing Skills - Sentences

Framing sentences requires a subject and a verb, and a few of them have an
object also.

In a sentence the subject performs an action generally, a verb describes

an action and the object receives an action.

Types of object
There are two types of objects in the sentence. They are:
1. Direct
2. Indirect
The object which directly acted on by the verb is called a direct object
whereas the object which answers a question such as to/for who is called an
indirect object.

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Types of Subjects
Observe the given sentences:
Suhas is playing guitar.
The guitar is being played by Suhas.

In the above sentences, the verb is playing. But the subject is different. In
the first sentence, the subject Suhas performs the task. In the second
sentence, the subject is Guitar which receives an action. Hence, Sentence 1
is an Active sentence whereas Sentence 2 Passive sentence.

A sentence where the subject performs the task is an Active sentence.

Whereas a sentence in which the subject receives an action is known as a
Passive sentence.

There are four types of sentences apart from active and passive voice
sentences. They are given in the below diagram:

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Paragraph
A group sentence makes a paragraph that shares a common thought idea or
theme. A group of words forms a sentence and a group of sentences forms a
paragraph.
For example, if you writing a paragraph about Virat Kohli, the paragraph can
be of sentences about his personal information like name, age, personality
etc. and some other details.
In the next paragraph, you can use more description about his cricketing
skills and career as well as his achievements.
Watch this video for more understanding:

Click here to watch video

Follow this link to get access to important questions on the topic of writing
skills sentences.

Important solved questions writing skills

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Unit 2 Self-Management Skills

What is Self-Management?
Self-management refers to the person's ability to control his/her emotions,
thoughts, and behavior effectively in different situations.

Self-management is also referred to as self-control. It includes motivating

oneself and setting goals. Nowadays people having strong self-management
skills are doing better than others. Employers also strongly preferred self-
managed employees.

To do best in daily routine the following skills need to be improved:

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The above areas help a person in developing personality and abilities to do
better in their personal and professional life.

So now let us discuss skills that need to be mastered to achieve success in

life. Observe the following infographics to understand skills that need to be
mastered to achieve success in life.

Stress Management
Sometimes we are worrying about some results. For example, passing or
failing in exams, getting success in life or not, certain tasks given in no time,
some urgent projects without preparation, etc. People are hesitating to take
up some kind of task. This is called stress.
Stress is positive sometimes when it motivates one to achieve more and
Stress is negative when it continues for a long time and due to that some
health problems and mental troubles arise.

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Let us see what is stress?
What is stress?

"Stress is emotional, mental, physical, and social reaction to

any perceived demands or threats. These demands or threats
are called stressors. Stressors are reasons for stress."

— CBSE Study Materials

Examples:
1. Exams are approaching but you feel, you are not prepared
2. Loss of someone very close in the family
3. Worried about people what will say about their attitude and outfit
4. Sometimes due to lack of sleep
Stress management is very essential for people now. Because nowadays
almost everyone has stress in either way. There are many occasions where
stress can be helpful also.
Positive Stress - The stress helps you to finish tasks on deadline and can
motivate

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Negative Stress - Stress that stays for a long time can create problems
Negative stress can harm emotional and physical health, and limit the ability
to function well and maintain relationships.

Managing stress is nothing but just how you handle daily pressures
effectively and find solutions to problems. The ultimate goal of stress
management is balancing life, work, relationships, relaxation, and fun.
ABC of stress management

Three steps to manage stress

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Stress management techniques

The following techniques will help in reducing stress from routine life.
1. Time Management: It is the most effective technique to manage
stress. Time management allows one to perform tasks on or before a
deadline and mind feel relaxed and calm.
2.Physical Exercise and fresh air: Doing physical exercises helps
in proper blood circulation and relaxes the body. Yoga and
breathing exercises are also very helpful techniques in stress
management.
3.Healthy Diet: Healthy diet provides the strength to do daily work
efficiently. Add Dal, Roti, Vegetables, and fruits to your diet.
4.Positivity: Looking at good things and staying positive also helps in
reducing stress. Rather than thinking about math results while chasing
a huge score, trying to maintain the run rate to achieve the score will
be more helpful.
5.Organizing Life and no delaying: Stress can be reduced by
organizing things, completing work on a timeline, and monitoring the
assignments.
6.Sleep: Good sleep will help to function body and mind better. At least
7 hours of sleep relaxes the body and mind.
7.Holidays with family and friends: A break from routine work helps
in maintaining relationships and keeps you fresh. Taking a break from
routine work and visiting new places or relative places will help in
reducing stress.

Ability to work independently

Observe the following which defines what is the ability to work
independently:

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Emotional Intelligence
The ability to identify one's emotions as well as others is known as emotional
intelligence.
It includes these three skills:

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Awareness regarding our own emotions is very critical for all of us. To
manage stress and keep the brain active, and open-minded as well as
overcome failures, and keep emotions in check. Emotional intelligence helps
in building better rapport and maintaining relationships.

Sonu and Monu are working in a multinational company. Both of them joined
the company on the same day. After a few months, Monu got a promotion
and a hike in salary. Sony felt sad and disappointed. He is not behaving well
as earlier. Here Sonu would have been emotionally intelligent and accepted
the facts. He needs to improve his performance and understand the reasons
why Monu got promoted.
An individual need to follow these steps to manage emotional intelligence:

Watch this video for more understanding:

Click here to watch video

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Self-awareness - Strength and weakness

analysis
Self-awareness refers to the process of knowing one's strengths and
weaknesses. Identify strengths and weaknesses to achieve success in life.
Strength and weakness analysis converts strengths and weaknesses into
exceptional talent. Strength and weakness analysis begins with knowing
yourself.
Knowing yourself
To know yourself you should be aware of your likes, dislikes, interests,
background, opinions, and values. Understand what you do well that
measures your strengths.

Strength and weakness analysis

Know your personal characteristics such as name, qualifications, and
interpersonal relationships, and understand them. In addition to this, know
your inner strengths, hidden talents, skills, and even weakness.

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Observe the following table which contains strengths and weaknesses:

Strengths Weaknesses
Creative Writing Find difficulties in solving math
problems
Confident in speaking in front of an Like to speak English fluently
audience
Playing a musical instrument Not like to lose any game or sports

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Techniques for identifying strengths and weaknesses

Finding strengths

Finding weaknesses

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Find answers to these questions for a better analysis

How am I different from others?
1. What do I do better than others?
2. What do other people admire in me?
3. What makes me stand out?
4. Where do I worry and struggles?
5. Where, how and why do others perform better than me?
6. What advice for improvement do I often receive from others?
Difference between interest and ability
Interests Abilities
Things that you like to do in your
An acquired or natural capacity
free time that make you happy.
Things you are curious about or
Enable you to perform a particular
would do even if no one asked you
job or task with considerable
to do it.
proficiency.

Self-Motivation

Self-motivation is a force that encourages us to do things. It

helps us to achieve our goals, feel happy, and improve our
quality of life.

In other words, Self-motivation refers to the ability to do the things that

need to do be done without someone or something influencing us.

Examples of self-motivation:
Suresh is wants to crack JEE Mains. So he started coaching classes
for JEE mains for learning basics. After his school he is going to
coaching institute at evening and do the practice along with his
study.

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Radha wake up at 5 and doing Riyaz for her hobby as singing. She
wants to be a professional singer. Every day she is doing practice
at least two hours in the morning. Nobody told her to do this. She
is doing this by herself only.

Various people are motivated by various things in their lives.

Types of self-motivation
There are two types of self-motivation.

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Qualities of self-motivated people

Self-motivated people have different mindsets and they are different from
ordinary people.
They have these qualities:

Examples:
Mr. E Shreedharan, Former Managing Director, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Ltd, was a self-motivated and energetic person. With his dedication and
respect for others, he motivated his team to work hard and achieve results.

Mahashay Dharmapal Gulati, the founder of Mahashian Di Hatti (MDH)

Private Limited started with a small shop in Karol Bagh but with his focus,
dedication, and clear ideas, MDH (Spice Company) became one of the most
popular brands in India besides having a good reputation all over the world.

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Building self-motivation
There are four steps to building self-motivation, they are as follows:

Self-regulation: Goal Setting

A man was traveling and stopped at an intersection.
He asked an elderly man, “Where does this road take me?”
The elderly person asked, “Where do you want to go?”
The man replied, “I don’t know.”
The elderly people said, “Then take any road. What difference does it
make?”

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How true is that? When we do not know where we are going, any road will
take us there. So in life, we need to have a clear vision of what we will do
and where we want to go.
Goal setting is a very important factor in personal life. It helps to how you
live your life, where and how you want to be in the future.
Goals
Set of dreams with a deadline to fulfill them. Example - Find a career in the
field in which you love to work.
Goal Setting
Determining goals and putting in the effort to achieve them.
Goals allow us to bifurcate what things are important in our life. It helps to
focus on the result rather than on important work. Hence it also helps to
make a successful career and life.
How to set goals?
The SMART method can be used to set goals. The SMART method stands for:

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Examples:
Specific
Not a specific goal: “I would learn to speak English.”
Specific goal: “I would learn to speak English fluently by joining coaching
classes after my school every day, and in six months I will take part in the
inter-school debate competition.”
Measurable
Not measurable goal: “I want to be rich.”
Measurable goal: “I want to have 5 times more money than what I have
today in my hand at the end of this year.”
Achievable
Bigger Goal: “I want to become a teacher in my school.”
Breaking it into smaller goals:
1. Complete higher secondary
2. Complete Graduation
3. Complete B.Ed.
4. Apply for jobs in the teaching field
Realistic
Unrealistic goal: “I will read my entire year’s syllabus in one day and get
good marks.”
Realistic goal: “I spend 3 hours every day of the year after school to revise
my subjects to get good marks in the exams.”
Time-bound
Not a time-bound goal: “I want to lose 10 kg someday.”
Time-bound goal: “I want to lose 10kg in the next 6 months.”
Watch this video for more understanding:

Click here to watch video

Follow this link to get access to questions based on self-management skills:

Important questions self-management skills

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Unit 3 Information and Communication

Technology

In this chapter, we are going to discuss comprehensive notes for unit 3

Information and Communication Technology. Here we go!

Basic Computer Operations

Nowadays we are surrounded by technology. Almost 95% of fields uses
technology for their daily routine and operations. The technology helps in
making work easier and faster. Out of them, ICT is one of the most
important technologies.

ICT Stands for Information and Communication Technology.

ICT refers to all the methods, tools, concepts related to

storing, recording and sending digital information.

Digital information can be recorded or stored in many ways such as

handwritten on paper, written using a typewriter, etc.

The information takes its digital form when it is stored or recorded on

electronic (ICT) devices. These ICT devices are smartphones, tablets,
laptops, PDAs, etc.

Every person has to upgrade and update their devices with the latest
software and apps. Everyone has to learn ICT skills nowadays. It helps to run
a business, communicate, and connect with family and friends.

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Computer hardware and software

The computer system is made up of two parts. They are as below:

The hardware and software both are required to work on the computer.
Alone hardware or software is useless for computers.

Every device has this combination of hardware and software such as

smartphones, tablets, etc. These are devices that come in a compact size
and can be taken anywhere.

The most important part of any computer system is the Operating System. It
is abbreviated as OS. When the computer is turned on, the first software
which is loaded into the computer is the operating system.

The first part launched by an operating system is the desktop.

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Some commonly used operating systems are Windows, Ubuntu, Linux,
Macintosh, etc. Mobiles have their own operating systems such as Android,
iOS, etc.

Apart from this, there are certain application programs required to work on
computers such as browsers, MS Office, games, media players, etc. to
perform a specific task.

Starting a computer
As you know, when you want to work on computers, you need to turn on the
computer. You switch on the computer with the switch and power button
from the cabinet. A computer just starts up and performs basic and
necessary tasks then launches the desktop.

Basic functions performed on startup

When the power button is switched on immediately a program runs on
computers. This program is called BIOS. BIOS stands for Basic Input Output
System.

It performs a basic test known as POST (Power On Self-Test) when the

computer turns on. Here BIOS will check all the connected devices and raise
an error if any device is not working properly otherwise loads the operating
system.

Login and Logout

Every computer has some users. These

users ensure security concerns. Likely
every door has a lock and key, and
every computer system has a username
and password to prevent the usage of
computers by unauthentic users.

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On startup users generally enters username and password. This process is
called login. After finishing the work user clicks on Logout to exit from the
system.

Shutting down the computer

After completing the work, the

computer needs to be shut down. There
are various ways to shut down the
computer.

Follow these steps to shut down the

computer.

Before shutting down the computer

it will close all the applications and
turn off the computer.

Using the keyboard

The most common input device
used in computers is a
keyboard. It allows you to type
numbers, and letters and give
commands using shortcut keys.

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A standard keyboard has various keys for various purposes. These keys are
as follows:

Mouse
A mouse is another input most common pointing and input
device used in computers. The most common use of the
mouse is to move, select and open items on computer
screen.
These functions are as follows:

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Performing basic file operations

As in our routine work at home or school we have different
containers/cabinets to store various files and work related items, as simple
as that computer has also folders to store various files. It becomes very easy
to manage when files are saved in separate folders.

Now let us discuss these basic file operations.

Files and Folders

The data and information stored in computers using files. Every files have its
own format. Hence different files using different formats.

Every files have three main attributes to identify or recognize it:

For
example, MS
Word file
has its own
icon and
extension
.docx.
Some other common file extensions including their file type and software to
work with files are as follows:

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Creating folder
A folder is a container or a location where a set of files can be stored. To
create a folder in Windows 11 follow these steps:

Computer Care and Maintenance

Computers are electronic devices. They also need to be maintained and
taken care of properly to work for a long time. A computer is made up of
electronic components and peripherals, they need to be protected from dust
and damage.

In other words, computers or ICT devices are very expensive. So their

maintenance cost is also very high. Hence users need to take good care of
them on a regular basis.
In the next session of Notes Information and Communication Technology Skills
, we are going to discuss basic tips for taking care of devices. Here we go!

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Basic tips for taking care of devices

Follow the below-given tips to take care of computers and electronic devices
or ICT devices.

Keep device clean

Cleaning external and internal part of computer devices are very important.
It gets dirty for many reasons. Here are some tips for keeping the keyboard,
mouse, screen, battery etc. clean.

Keyboard
1. Should not eat anything over a keyboard.
2. Crumbs can damage the internal parts of a keyboard.
3. Clean a keyboard with a soft brush to remove crumbs and dust
Screen
Wipe the screen with a soft cloth to remove any finger marks
Food & Drinks
1. Avoid eating near working area
2. Avoid keeping glasses of water or cups of coffee near a computer
3. Any liquid spilt over an electronic device can spoil it beyond repair
Taking Care
1. Handle and move your laptop carefully and avoid dropping or banging
it against a hard surface.
2. Even a short fall can damage the screen or the hard disk and make
the device useless.
3. Using a cover for your mobile and a padded case for moving your
laptop protects the device from damage.
Keep Computer Cool
1. The CPU has an internal fan to keep it cool.
2. We should make sure the fan is functioning.

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3. Use an external fan
4. Avoid leaving a device in the sun or in a closed car.
5. We should be careful When using a laptop while sitting in bed and
make sure that the fan in not covered.
Battery
1. Do not overcharge the battery
2. Keep it up to 80-90%
3. Unplug the device
Plug-in device carefully
1. Any device being connected to a laptop or computer such as a USB
drive or headphones, should be done gently.
2. It should not be forced into the port.
3. If you find it difficult to plug in a device, change the direction and try
instead of trying to force it in.
Do not run many programs together
1. When too many programs are running at the same the computer can
become slow and even crash.
2. If a program/app is not being used, it should be closed so that other
programs can work smoothly.
Prepare a maintenance schedule
Scheduled maintenance is mandatory to keep the computer running in perfect
condition for a long time.
Here are some important activities for scheduled maintenance:
1. Daily Maintenance
a. Clean Up Email inbox - Delete unwanted emails
b. Download email attachments and organize them in appropriate folders
2.Weekly Maintenance
a. Clean your keyboard
b. Clean your monitor

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c. Dust CPU and printer
d. Backup your data to an external drive
3.Monthly Maintenance
a. Transfer photographs to computer and delete from the drive
b. Organize photos into folders or albums
c. Clean up the ‘Download’ folder
d.Uninstall unused programs and apps
e.Run disk-cleaner software
f. Run a full system virus scan
g.Yearly/Annual Maintenance
h. Clean up contacts list on social media accounts
i. Clean up e-mail contact list
j. Update your operating system
k. Check for expiry of anti-virus software and renew

Backup Your Data

Backing up data is the most important task to store the information in other
devices and protect data from accidental deletion. The data can be backed
up into CD/DVD or other hard disks.

The backed-up data can be recovered from the device again from the backup.
There are many reasons why data can be lost. These include computer
crashes, human errors, natural disasters, floods etc.
Hence backup is essential to keep the information safe to continue the business
smoothly and not to face any problems due to data.
Scanning and cleaning viruses
A computer virus is a malicious software or program that affects the computer
and damages the files. To avoid loss due to a virus attack antivirus software
should be installed. It prevents a virus from entering the system and saves

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the damage. It also cleans the viruses and makes the computer safe from
viruses.
Increasing Computer Performance
To increase computer performance, follow these activities:

Remove Spam
Spam refers to unsolicited emails coming from companies to advertise a new
product. Users should never respond to such emails because it may contain
harmful links. So users have to delete them on a regular basis. Most of the
mail services automatically store such emails in spam folders automatically.

Computer security and privacy

Computer security is an essential part of computers. Data stored in
computers must be secured and safe from hackers or unauthorized people.
So it is very important to prevent such data loss or data leak.

Reasons for security break

The leakage of information stored in a computer is known as a security break.

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There are two ways in which data can be leaked or lost:
1. Sharing personal information over the Internet by an individual
2. An authorized access
This can be prevented by limiting the data access to necessary people and
users.

Threats to computer
Personal information can be leaked through only threats. These threats are:

1. Theft - Theft refers to stealing information or hardware. There are

three types of threats:
o Physical – Any physical device or hardware stolen or get lost due
to any reason
o Identity – Stealing any sensitive data like passwords and pin
numbers

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o Software Piracy – Licensed software downloaded from
unauthorized sources and use them without any product key or
serial number or fake identity
2. Virus – Viruses are malicious program that harms to computers to
damage the data and software programs or steal the information
stored in computers.
o Worms – They replicate themselves and spread to all files once
they attack on computer. They are very difficult to remove.
o Trojan Horse - It appears to be a useful software program but
once it reaches a computer it starts behaving like a virus and
destroying data.
o Online Predator – people who trap you into inappropriate
relationships. They may be older people posing to be your age,
bullying you into doing illegal activities online and sometimes
face to face.
o Internet Scams – Mail received with an attractive offer that you
won a lottery ticket or huge amount and for claiming that
amount you need to pay certain amount or they may ask and
steal credit card details, banking details, OTP etc. and misuse
them later.

They use different ways to do this like phishing apps, spam emails,
social media advertisements, etc.

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Protecting Data
These measures can be
taken to protect out
data:
1. Use password to login
the computer –
a. Use passwords that
cannot guessed by
anyone easily
b. Use strong
password with a
combination of letters, symbol, digits to prevent unauthorised people to login
2. Install antivirus and Firewall –
a. They can be installed to monitor the incoming and outgoing data
b. They prevent viruses to enter into the computers
c. Anti-virus software can detect and clean viruses from computers
3. Encrypt Data –
a. The data can be encrypted through a software like bit locker
b. It provides a password key to access data
c. Banks and large companies are using this
4. Secure Sites –
a. Use secure sites for online transactions
b. Secure sites have lock and starts with https://
Follow the given links to read important questions:

Important questions ICT Skills

Click here to watch video for more understanding:

Watch now

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Unit 4 Entrepreneurial Skills

In this chapter, Notes Entrepreneurial Skills you will get comprehensive and
simple notes for the topic. Let us begin with its significance in for skill
courses.

Introduction to Entrepreneurial skills

A human being is constantly developing himself. For that he is putting his
efforts in two ways:

What is entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneurship refers to

Self-employment in which individuals run a business to meet

people's needs and strive to improve their business for
profitability.

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Who is an Entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur is a person who is always trying to make

his/her business better by taking risks and trying new ideas.

Example:
Amit and Sumit both own a stationary shop. Amit is handling the shop at his
own place. Customers are coming to him and he is doing his business. Sumit
is walks around and get his customer. He is also doing the work of
laminations and bindings.

Sumit is working more to grow his business. He has added different ideas to
his business. So he is an entrepreneur.

Amit is just doing business here.

Entrepreneurs and the Society

So now you have observed that entrepreneurs are doing their job around us.
They run their business in the market. From the market, people will get their
products and services who need them. This process of buying and selling
helps society to grow.

Basically, entrepreneurs satisfy customers' needs, wants, and demands in

the market.

Akash has opened a shop selling electronic gadgets and home appliances.
He has many customers. He buys the products from manufacturers directly
and sells them in wholesale and individually. He hired four people in the shop
and signed a contract with a transport company for home delivery.

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Here Akash is helping people in his area to make money and decrease
unemployment locally. He improves the lives of people in his nearby area.

Helps in society
So let us discuss now an entrepreneur helps in society. Here it is!

Role of entrepreneurs
An entrepreneurs perform these roles:
1.Innovator’s Role
a. Entrepreneurs innovate by bringing unique and new products and
services into the market.
b. In many cases, these are improved versions of existing products or
services available.
c. Innovation fuels economic growth and helps to boost global presence
of products and services.

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2.Agent’s role
a. Entrepreneurs act as ‘Agents of Change’ as they identify
opportunities, solve problems, offer effective solutions, establish
enterprises, set up industries and bring positive change for the
economy.
3.Coordinating role
a. An entrepreneur coordinates many things such as factors of
production, delegated tasks, smooth functioning across different
business departments, timely delivery of inputs and outputs etc.
b. However, by combining resources in an optimal and best possible
manner, an entrepreneur even makes use of under-utilized
resources in an economy.
4.Risk assumption role
a. Entrepreneurs are not risk-aversive and they realize that taking
risks is a part of business.
b. The fruit of bearing risks can be profit, which leads to wealth
generation for overall economy.
5.Capital formation role
a. Mobilization of idle savings takes place when money is invested
in a business.
b. This mobilization of capital leads to development of assets, trade
activities, increase in capital availability and economic
development.
6.Imitating role
a. In many developing countries, entrepreneurs either imitate or
adapt the innovations of developed nations.
b. These innovations are adapted according to the local needs and
conditions and work towards overcoming the entrepreneurial
challenges.

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7.Employment Generation role
a. Businesses cannot function without employing people.
b. Skilled professionals, unskilled labor and managerial staff are all
required by businesses.
c. Hence, entrepreneurship solves the problem of unemployment,
which is a major problem in economic development.
8.Status transformation role
a. Since more and more people are employed by entrepreneurs,
overall income and standard of living of the society increases.
b. This encourages equitable distribution of wealth and reduces
income disparity in the economy.
9.Balancing role:
a. Entrepreneurship is encouraged with small and micro enterprises
and small-scale industries as well.
b. This encourages regional development and removes
development imbalances in the economy.
Positive impacts on society
An entrepreneur has the following positive impacts on society:

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Role of Society in Boosting Entrepreneur

Society plays an important role in boosting entrepreneurs by:

Activities related to society

The activities related to society by an entrepreneur are as follows:

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Read this story of Bharti, the Jeweler queen.
Bharti A young woman from Bihar. Many girls in her area like to wear
earrings. She buys jute from a farmer and makes earrings from that. Her
business is called Manavi Natural Handicrafts. She sees that most women
in her village do not work. So, she hires two women to help her. As her orders
increase, she buys more jute. She hires three more women to work for her.
The farmer and the women working for her now earn more money. They are
able to save money for their future.

Qualities of an Entrepreneur
Quality is the way in which a person acts or behaves. The qualities of an
entrepreneur are as follows:

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4. Hardworking
a. Hardworking is the key to success.
b. A successful entrepreneur is working for more than usual hours
between 60 to 90 hours weekly, the normal working hours are 40
hours
c. In his efforts, he puts in lots of trial-and-error methods
5. Optimism
a. For a successful entrepreneur, positivity and belief are very
important factors
b. Entrepreneurs should think negatively and be afraid of adverse
situations
c. He should learn from his mistakes
d. Always tries to find an alternative solution to the problem
6. Independence
a. They should have autonomy and self-assure
b. They are not working for someone else, they like to be their own boss
c. They enjoy their freedom to run the business
7. Energetic
a. They have a lot of energy and drive which makes them proactive
b. They are always acting to attempt various strategies and carry out
tasks.
8. Self-confident
a. Confident entrepreneurs have conviction in their own abilities and
vision
b. They have a strong drive toward achieving their objectives
c. In order to sell their idea to every stakeholder, entrepreneurs are
able to convey their enthusiasm and vision to investors, staff
members, customers, etc.

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9. Perseverant
a. They have a mindset that supports accepting failure, learning from
mistakes, persevering, never giving up, and constant
experimentation.
b. Their businesses must never give up on their goals

Functions of Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur performs these functions:

Rajesh Marwaha and J.S.Mahendipur have given a comprehensive

classification of the function of the entrepreneur in their book
'Entrepreneurship and Small Business'.
Let's discuss them in short:
1. Entrepreneurial Functions: These functions are related to
organization and infrastructure.
a. Organization Building and Management is about
i. bringing together different factors of production
ii. allocating resources to bring down costs and loses

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iii. taking all decisions related to business
iv. Taking various steps to build an organization such as hiring
people, organizing the factor of production, sourcing finance
etc.
b.Risk Taking includes
i. Taking responsibility and planning for a loss
ii. Return on Investment
iii. Hiring new employees
iv. Working with vendors
c. Innovation refers to
i. introducing new concepts, products, services, designs, ideas etc.
ii. a new business cannot survive and sustain without innovating in
some manner in today's world
2. Promotional functions:
a.Idea Discovery refers to
i. The first step towards entrepreneurship
ii. comes up with a business idea and thinks about ways to
implement
iii. seeking opportunities for a specific type of business and finding
ways to commercialize on it
iv. work around the process of idea discovery by exploiting natural
resources, finding a market need or calculating the profit
potential
b.Detailed Investigation includes
i. While coming up with ideas can seem like an easy process, the
challenge is to understand if the idea has the potential to turn
into a viable business venture
ii. an entrepreneur conducts research, investigates and evaluates
iii. an idea considering various factors, and estimates the total
demand for a new product or service

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c. Assembling the Requirements includes
i. Infrastructure or office space, human resources, key vendors
or partners, working capital etc.
ii. In the manufacturing business - requirements are selecting the
factory site, sourcing plant and machinery, hiring staff, finding
the right suppliers etc.
iii. work towards assembling and organizing all the requirements
once he/she is sure about the practicality and profitability of
the proposition
d. Financing involves
i. Raising capital for a business is one of the core functions to
grow and scale the business.
ii. First, the requirements of finances are estimated.
iii. Next, the sources from which capital will come are determined.
iv. This includes calculating the long-term and short-term
financial requirements and considering the debt-equity ratio.
3.Managerial functions
a.Planning
i. An entrepreneur documents a business idea in the form of a
business plan
ii. It allows for details of each element of the business such as
product or service description, operations, marketing,
finance, accounting, growth plan etc.
iii. A business plan serves as a guide to determine the business
objectives and the course of action.
iv. It helps to detail the “what, when, how and who” of doing
every specific task.

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b.Organizing refers to
i. setting specific and attainable goals and objectives to be
achieved by different departments and by each employee.
ii. arranging, directing, guiding, coordinating and controlling
the key business activities.
c. Directing is about
i. initiating planned action and ensuring that each employee
is performing effectively
ii. This also includes doing continuous performance reviews
and organizing tasks according to plans
d.Staffing refers to
i. different sub-processes around human resource
management, such as manpower planning, recruitment,
selection, placement, training, transfer, salary, promotion,
payroll, appraisal etc.
ii. The objective of staffing is to fill a particular position with
the right employee at the right time.
e.Leadership includes
i. leading, guiding and supervising people who work for the
business.
ii. As a leader, an entrepreneur guides, directs, and influences
the work of others to attain specific goals.
iii. An entrepreneur acts as a mediator between the individual
and the organization to ensure mutual benefit satisfaction.
f. Communication
i. enables the exchange of feelings, ideas, emotions,
information and knowledge between two or more persons.

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ii. An entrepreneur has to communicate every single day, in the
form of writing, responding, drafting emails, verbal
instruction, discussion etc.
iii. On an average, entrepreneurs spend 75%-90% of their work
time communicating with others.
g.Supervision
i. Supervision is a key skill as even overseeing that things are
being executed well is important. An entrepreneur might
delegate tasks and give instructions, but it is important to
ensure that these instructions are carried out well.
ii. For example, some tasks entrepreneurs supervise are tracking
utilization of resources, correcting subordinates where they go
wrong, getting the required work done as directed, ensuring all
functions of the business are running smoothly etc.
h.Motivation
i. Along with guiding employees, an entrepreneur also plays a
role of motivating them and encouraging positive behavior
and culture within the organization.
ii. Motivating employees is about creating an urge in them to
exhibit a desired behavior and positive attitude towards work.
iii. Employees with high motivation automatically do other things
along with it to perform successfully, such as being
productive, flexible, competitive, comprehensive, efficient
etc.
i. Co-ordination
i. Co-ordination between different departments of the
business helps to ensure that work happens in a timely
manner.
ii. Activities of all employees must be channelized towards goal
achievement. An entrepreneur has to set certain targets,

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measures, goals etc. with different departments to ensure all
are coordinating and working effectively internally as well.
j. Controlling
i. Sometimes controlling is necessary for the entrepreneur to set
company rules and policies.
ii. The controlling function helps the entrepreneur to set
performance standards, measure and compare productivity
and performance, identify variations, take corrective action
etc.
k. Negotiation
i. An entrepreneur negotiates terms and conditions for many
parts of the business such as payment terms and
timelines, salaries of employees, vendor quotations etc.
4.Commercial Functions
a.Production and Operations
i. an entrepreneur has to perform the function of managing
production or operations.
ii. For a manufacturing business, production related activities
include sourcing of raw materials, checking functioning of
machinery, utilizing maximum capacity, meeting order
requirements etc.
b.Finance and Accounting
i. While finance is more focused on raising funds and
managing them, accounting helps to record and analyses
the financial position of the business.
ii. Thus, an entrepreneur has to prepare and analyses cash
flow statements, income sheet, balance sheet etc.
c. Marketing is about
i. moving the product or service from producer into the
hands of the end customer or user

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ii. It involves promotion, advertising, distribution, customer
service etc.
iii. An entrepreneur has to perform this function to make
people aware about the offerings of the business and
makes sales.
d.Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to
i. recruitment, employment, selection, training,
development, and compensation of the employees within
an organization.
ii. An entrepreneur performs this function as no business can
function without people.

Importance of Entrepreneur
1. Free market evolution
a. In a free market, entrepreneurs are able to respond to changing
customer preferences, prices, shifts in demand etc.
b. Entrepreneurs bring change in technology, trends and markets.
c. For example, with increase in digital services, entrepreneurs
have created companies that offer many home delivery services
such as groceries, restaurant food, clothes, accessories etc.
2. Efficiency improvements
a. Entrepreneurs tend to adapt to an established business and
increase their own efficiency.
b. They innovate with current systems and introduce new
technologies which can significantly create advancement in an
industry.
c. Hence, during any major changes in the economy, entrepreneurs
adapt and do not have to go out of business.
3. New markets
a. Entrepreneurs can often ‘redefine the rules’ of an established
industry.

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b. They do this by creating new markets for existing products and
slightly innovating in small ways to suit the needs of a new target
market.
4. New values:
a. Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit and offer a more
ethical product to the world and are transparent about it.
b. For example, Jaipur Rugs has multiple artisans who work towards
making rugs that are sold around the world.
c. However, Jaipur rugs is very transparent about their artisan
community and they ensure that artisans are given a fair share of
profit.

Myths about entrepreneurship

Myth refers to a false belief or opinion about something. A myth is a
misconception. Observe some myths about us:
1. Chewing gum stays in your stomach for many years. The truth is Most
chewing gum is not digestible, meaning that it will travel through your
system in a matter of two to four days.
2. Wait an hour after eating before you go swimming to prevent
cramping. A normal-sized meal consumed before swimming will not
cause cramping. It is possible to feel tired and fatigued after
overeating, so maybe avoid swimming.
3. We only use 10% of our brain. This is a motivational speaker’s ploy
(that can be traced back to the early 1900s) to encourage people to
live. Breakfast is actually one of the three most important meals of the
day. Our bodies need good nutrition throughout the day, but breakfast
is usually the one most often skipped, and it shouldn’t be. up to their
full potential. Studies of brain activity have provided no evidence that
only 10% of the brain is used.

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4. Sitting too close to the TV will make you go blind. Televisions and other
devices emit such low radiation levels that they have little effect on the
body. However, staring at the same thing for a long period of time can
cause the eye muscles to fatigue, thereby affecting vision. But there
has been no proof this causes long-term damage.
5. Sugar makes children hyper. A breakfast high in sugar has been shown
to result in severe deterioration of attention span when compared to
no breakfast or whole-grain cereal. One study reported that children
who were given sugar had higher levels of adrenaline — a possible
explanation for this misconception because higher adrenaline levels
lead to symptoms similar to those of hyperactivity.
6. If you go outside with wet hair on a cold day, you’ll catch a cold. Colds
are caused by viruses, which you can’t get just from being outside in
the cold. You may feel sick if you’re outside all day in the cold or rain
— runny nose, chills, fatigue — but it’s not because of a virus. It’s
because you can experience the same symptoms when you are chilled
as when you are sick.
7. You lose most of your heat through your head. If you look at the
surface area, the head is no bigger than the rest of your body. It’s
maybe about 10-15% of the total surface area, and that’s the
percentage of body heat lost through the head.
8. Cracking your knuckles causes arthritis. A 30-year study showed this is
not the case. However, knuckle cracking can lessen one’s grip strength
because of repeated overstretching of the tendons.
9. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Breakfast is actually
one of the three most important meals of the day. Our bodies need
good nutrition throughout the day, but breakfast is usually the one
most often skipped, and it shouldn’t be.

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So now let us discuss some of the myths of entrepreneurs. Here we go!
1. Every business idea needs to be unique or special. Each entrepreneur
observes the demand of the market and customer and then brings a new
idea into the business. A person takes ideas from the existing product or
services from the market and does something unique with it.
2. A person needs a lot of money to start a business. Every business needs a
capital. Capital refers to the funds required to start a business. Every
business does not require huge capital. For starting a business you can
start with the funds which you have then gradually you can invest more
later.
3. Only a person having a big business is an entrepreneur. No business is big
or small. If a person is running a business to fulfill a customer need, they
are an entrepreneur. Most businesses start small. It becomes big with hard
work and creativity.
4. Entrepreneurs are born, not made. It is an assumption that entrepreneurial
qualities are inborn and that only people with certain natural talents can
become entrepreneurs. Research has established that almost anyone can
be an entrepreneur with the right skills, drive, and passion. There is no set
defined way to point towards personality types of entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurship is a learned skill, not a natural-born ability.
5. Entrepreneurs have to take a lot of risks. While entrepreneurs definitely
have to bear some risks, they do not necessarily put themselves in high-
risk situations. Entrepreneurs take calculated risks and weigh risk versus
reward.
6. Businesses either skyrocket or fail. Although a select few start-ups
skyrocket and receive all the media attention, it is easy to adopt an all-or-
nothing outlook on entrepreneurship. While many ventures make it big
and many fail, a lot of businesses are run with patience and strategy with
a focus on self-sustenance and gradual growth.

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7. One must know everything before starting a business. Entrepreneurs
continuously strive to be in a constant state of learning. Being new and
even somewhat naïve can be an asset in today’s rapidly changing world
because succeeding at entrepreneurship requires energy, innovation, and
the ability to push yourself outside your comfort zone. What actually
counts is not what you know, but how fast you can learn.

Entrepreneurship as a career option

Many people are not aware that having their own business or independent work
can be a choice.

A career is one of the most important aspects of life. It is a line of work that a
person takes for life. A person can earn money to live a happy life in two
ways:
1. Self-Employment
2. Wage-Employment
A teacher is working for a school or an institute or a tuition classes, is a wage
employed person. If he/she has his own classes setup, he/she is an
entrepreneur.
Every entrepreneur goes through a simple career process. This process includes
these basic steps:

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That’s all from entrepreneurial skills. Follow this link to understand the
concept through video.

1 Shot Entrepreneurial Skills

Important QnA Videos:

1 Important MCQs

Watch Now – MCQs Entrepreneurial Skills

2 Short Answers Questions

Watch Now – 2 marks questions Entrepreneurial Skills

Long Answers Questions

3 Long Answers Questions – Entrepreneurial Skills

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Unit 5 Green Skills

In this chapter, we are going to discuss Green Skills. It is one of the topics
of Part A Employability Skills of Skill courses. Let us begin.

Introduction to Green Skills

To know about Green Skills we should know our environment. Whatever
living and non-living things around us affect our day-to-day life is
known as environment. Similarly, our day-to-day life activities also affect the
environment.

People who live in cities get their day-to-day needs of life from villages.
Normally village people get these from farming, forests, grasslands,
rivers, and seashores.

The main source of our daily needs are coming from natural resources. It
can be water, fuel, wood, fodder etc. Human beings are dependent on
natural resources for food and survival.

Over the years there has been industrial development increases like
anything which affects the environment and makes the environment
polluted.

For example, we can see the pollution in water, air, and soil. The chemical
garbage from industries dumped into the rivers makes the water polluted,
and the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and hybrid crops leads to soil and
environmental degradation. The industrial smoke and smoke of vehicles
makes the air polluted.

Hence we need to think about these all aspects and plan to use the resources
sustainably for future generations.

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Sustainable Development
Just answer these questions to proceed further ahead.
1. Are we planting more trees or are we only destroying them for our use?
2. Are we saving water or just polluting it?
3. Are we using clean energy or just burning fuels?
4. Are we giving back anything to the environment?
5. Are we living anything (natural resources) for our future generations?

If there is only one of these questions that is Yes, then we are just thinking
about immediate development, not long-term development.

Sustainable development refers to the development that satisfies the

needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future
generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth,
care for the environment, and social well-being.

According to the World Commission on Environment and

Development, 1987 Sustainable development is defined as ‘
development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs'.

For example - Sustainable agriculture includes some environment-friendly

methods of farming that prevent the use of chemicals in production and
avoid adverse effects on the soil, water, and biodiversity.

Let us understand the importance of sustainable development in the next

section of Green Skills.

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Importance of Sustainable Development

As economic development is growing quickly and eating up our natural
resources it leads to serious problems for our future generations. The
condition may be worse than today for them.

The natural resources are limited and required to produce the goods for us.
So we need to think about a development strategy that will not destroy
natural resources. It is only possible through a sustainable lifestyle and
careful utilization of resources.

Problems related to sustainable development

The major problems related to sustainable development are as follows:

The solution for such problems are we can use energy from such sources
which are unlimited and wasted without use. Such as solar energy.

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One of the major examples of large-scale production of solar energy is seen
in Charanka, Gujarat Solar Park. It can produce 600 MW of energy. The
benefits of this park are as follows:

Some sustainable development includes:

1. reducing excessive use of resources and enhancing resource
conservation
2. recycling and reuse of waste materials
3. scientific management of renewable resources, especially bio-resources
4. planting more trees
5.green grassy patches and trees to be interspersed between concrete
buildings using more environment-friendly material
or biodegradable material use of technologies,
which are environment-friendly and based on
efficient use of resources

Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable Development Goals were Launched at the
United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in New
York in September 2015.

Some global Issues

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They have formed the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development which the
countries need to work towards and achieve by 2030.

There were 17 SDGs formed to take care of important issues faced in

business, governments, and society.

Nowadays countries are making policies and regulations that will promote
sustainable development goals.

The core skills required by a person who wants to contribute to the

environment include environmental awareness and willingness to learn
sustainable development. If a person is responsible about his/her life then
will

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do best at home and at school or at the workplace to help the environment
and the people around us.

Sustainable Development Initiatives

Mr. Avasth Hedge found an eco-friendly alternative in which he used a
bio-degradable bag that can dissolve in hot water and decompose in
the natural environment. Now this is being used by many countries.

Narayana Peesapaty made edible cutlery made out of a grain — these

spoons can be eaten and even if they are not eaten they will easily.
Source - Click here

Sustainable Process
The following practices can help to preserve the environment:

Organic farming refers to not using chemical pesticides and fertilizers to

increase their production. Instead of these, cow dung as well as natural
fertilizers are used to grow the crops.

This method helps the soil to maintain its fertility and chemical-free crops. In
this process, earth resources are used and preserved for future use.

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Our role in sustainable development

As the human population grows the consumption of natural resources is also
increasing day by day. As the population increases more food, energy, and
water is required.

When more crops are grown, the soil's nutrients are consumed and slowly
the soil becomes unusable. Similarly, other natural resources are also
consumed such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

Here are some examples of which pollute air, land, and water.
1. Factories give out smoke that pollutes the air.
2. Garbage collected from homes is dumped into landfills. Untreated
garbage can lead to disease and an unhealthy environment.
3. Sewage from the cities is dumped into the seas and lakes making
water polluted and unsafe for marine life.
We use natural resources but not returning anything to nature. We are using
them and not doing anything hence our future generation has to survive
without some of them as they are limited.
We can take some initiatives to handle such situations.
For example - Ministry of Railway in Varanasi and Raibareilly where they
introduced clay pots 'Kulhads' to replace plastic and paper cups and to bring
taste of tradition.

The three major advantages of Kulhads are:

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Our role towards sustainable development

As we are aware United Nations has formed 17 SDGs for sustainable
development for major problems of various countries like removing poverty
and hunger, provide health and quality education, protecting life on land and
in the water etc.

These goals are made for all countries to protect air, water and soil from
pollution and supply clean water and air to the people.

Similarly we have also certain responsibilities towards sustainable

development. Some of them are as follows:
Quality Education
For sustainable development education is one of the most important factors.
Children should be educated and go to school and take care of themselves
as well as do jobs in future.
Education prepare a child as a responsible citizen. Some steps can be taken
for quality education they are as follows:

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Clear Water and Sanitation

1. Clean water for drinking and sanitation is necessary for human beings.
2. Citizens needs to put their efforts to build toilets and create awareness
towards sanitation.
3. Everyone should take some measurable steps to promote cleanliness
and avoid pollution.

Affordable and Clean Energy

1. For clean energy we should use some renewable resources in place of
non-renewable resources.
2. Such as using solar power using sun does not cause pollution and it
does not require non-renewable resource coal.
3. We should make efforts to use more solar power and generate more
energy from it. Another good example us bio gas as an alternative for
natural gas.
Decent work and economic growth
1. Study and find good jobs to take care of ourselves and family
2. Work hard and contribute to society
3. Learn and develop skills so that we get add value in our community
Reduce inequalities
1. Be helpful to others
2. Be friendly with everyone
3. Include everyone while working or playing
4. Help others whether they are of any gender, from any community, or
status or belongs to any cast or class

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Sustainable Cities and Communities

Creating sustainable cities is the demand of today. So it can be created by
following:

Responsible consumers and

producers
1. reusing paper, glass,
plastic, water, etc.
2. taking cloth bags to
market carrying fruits and
vegetables.
3. donate things we do not use such as clothes, books, furniture, food, etc.
4. Buy and eat seasonal fruits and vegetables from local growers.
5. Repair leaking taps and pipes to avoid wasting water.
6. Sort and treat garbage before disposing.

Protect Life below water and on land

1. Avoid to dump garbage into sea which is killing marine life
2. Save oceans and sea from pollution
3. Avoid to cutting trees unnecessarily as cutting tress lead to soil erosion
and making land dry and unusable for cultivation
4. Plant more trees to replace the tress cut
Follow this link to understand the topic with video

shot video – Green Skills

For Important questions watch these video:
1 mark Questions

Watch Now 1 Mark Questions – Green Skills

2 mark questions

Watch Now 2 Marks Questions – Green Skills

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Part B

Subject

Specific

Skills
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Unit 1 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

In this unit you will learn about following:

Create and apply styles in digital document

Create and apply styles in digital document is the first learning outcome of
CBSE IT 402 - Unit 1 Digital Documentation (Advanced).
In this chapter you will get the complete guide for create and apply styles in
digital document.

Styles/Categories in Word Processor

Documentation software provides strong features of formatting a document.
It allows various kinds of formatting.
These are:

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Definition of Style

Styles are set of predefined formatting already

defined in style gallery or can be created by
user.

The set of commands can be font color, size, font names etc.
Documentation software has its own gallery of inbuilt styles.

Its just a drag and drop facility to apply frequently used formatting
in document.

Before creating a style in OO writer understand the style gallery. User can
activate styles gallery through
Format  Styles and Formatting or by
pressing F11 key.

Styles gallery in Open Office Writer

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Applying an Existing Style in OO Writer

Step 1. Activate style gallery as discussed earlier. Styles and Formatting
gallery will appear.
Step 2. Choose desired style from the list.
Step 3. Find the fill format bucket (available on top right corner of styles
gallery window) and click on it.
Step 4. Now drag the bucket on desired content.

Creating styles in OO Writer

Step 1. Click on Format  Styles and Formatting option to activate
styles gallery.
Step 2. Click on Create New Style from the Selection option (Refer fig 1.2),
a new drop-down menu will appear with following options:
1. New Style from Selection: Allows to create new style
2. Update Style: Allows to update existing style
3. Load Style: Load Style from another template

A small window will appear with the title "Create Style".

Step 3. Type desired style name and click on OK button. A newly created
style will take place into style gallery.
Step 4. Select the newly created style and right click on it. Select Modify
option to apply various formatting.
Step 5. Select appropriate formatting from the opened window and click on
when finished.

Load style from template/other document

Step 1. Click on Format  Styles and Formatting option to activate
styles gallery.

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Step 2. Click on Create New Style from Selection option (Refer fig 1.2), a
new drop down menu will appear, select Load Styles option. Load Styles
dialog box will appear.
Step 3. Select styles from available templates or Find button From File and
click on it.
Step 4. Select document template to load styles.
Step 5. Click on OK when finished, Style will take place into styles gallery.

Create a new style from drag and drop

This feature is available in OO Writer not in MS Word. Follow these steps to
create slide using drag and drop.
Step 1. Open OO Writer and type the text or prepare contents.
Step 2. Apply the desired formatting.
Step 3. Open styles and formatting dialog box window, click on Format 
Styles and Formatting option.
Step 4. Select and drag the formatted contents from document to styles and
formatting window.
Step 5. Type new style name for style dragged.
Step 6. Click on OK button.
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Create and Apply styles

If you are looking for create and apply styles questions and answers follow
this link:

Create and Apply Styles IT 402 Questions

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Insert and Use images in document

In this chapter, we will discuss Comprehensive notes Insert and Use images
in document class10 for CBSE Information Technology 402. So let's begin!!

Importance of images in documents

1. Images are an important part of graphics in a document.
2. Images allow to make documents attractive and live.
3. Images adds more functionality and makes documents like
professional pages.

Ways to insert images in digital documents

Images can be created/inserted in the document by the following ways:
1. Inserting Image from Computer: This option is used to insert an
image or picture into a document from saved pictures in the computer.
2. Inserting images from the internet: It allows you to insert pictures
from the internet.
3. Inserting image from Clipart gallery: A clipart gallery is an inbuilt
picture gallery of Office software. Users can pick a picture from the
gallery and insert it into the document.
4. Creating new Drawing by Auto shapes: Users can
make drawings by auto shapes and use them as a picture.

How to insert image from Computer in OO Writer

Step 1. Place a cursor where picture is required and Click on insert menu.

Step 2. Select Picture option.

Step 3. Click on From File option.

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insert picture oo writer

Step 4. An insert picture dialog box appears.

Step 5. Select any picture from desired location.

Step 6. Click on open button to insert. A picture will be placed into
document.

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The internet is one of the large source of insert and use images in document.
Inserting images from internet option is not available in OO Writer.
Users can download pictures manually, then insert them from insert
picture from file option.

The software like open office writer has its own clipart gallery to insert and
use images in document.
Insert image from ClipArt (OO Writer)
Step 1. Click on Gallery icon on standard toolbar.

clipart icon in toolbar

Step 2. The clip art gallery will open with different pictures library like
arrows, backgrounds, Bullets, Computers, Diagrams etc.

Clip art gallery in OO Writer

Step 3. Select the clip art picture and drag it on desired location in the
document. Picture will be inserted.
Note: To deactivate or hide clip art gallery click on gallery icon
once again from standard toolbar.
Watch this video tutorial for more understanding:

Watch Video – Insert images in OO Writer

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Autoshapes are also used to insert and use images in document.
Inserting shapes in OO Writer
Step 1. Click on Show draw functions icon on standard toolbar.

show draw function in standard toolbar

Step 2. Now drawing toolbar will appear the screen with some basic shapes.

drawing toolbar in OO Writer

Step 3. Select desired drawing object and draw at desired location in the
document.
Note: User can use number of shapes to make a complete drawing.
Now in next section of Insert and Use images in document we will cover
options to modify, resize, crop and delete image.
In the next section, you will learn how to modify the image in OO Writer
which is an essential part of Insert and Use images in the document. So here
it is!

Modify Image in OO Writer document

OO Writer provides following two tools to modify image in document.
Picture Toolbar: When user select an image in OO writer document,
picture toolbar appears with below given options:

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picture properties toolbar in oo writer

3. From File: It replaces the existing picture from the computer.
4. Filter: This option allows us to filter pictures with effects such as
invert, smooth, sharpen, remove noise, polarization, etc.
5. Graphics Mode: It changes the graphics mode into Grayscale,
Watermark, Black/White and defaults colors.
6. Color: Recolor the image or picture with specified values from the
toolbar. Users can change color in RGB pattern as well as Brightness,
Contrast, and Gamma options to recolor the image.
7. Transparency: Make the image transparent as per the specified
value in percentage, More percentage more image will transparent.
100% makes the image white.
8. Flip Horizontally: Flip the image left in the right direction.
9. Flip Vertically: Flip the image from upward to the
downward direction.
10. Frame Properties: Allows to work with the picture frame
OO writer also supports properties window to modify the images for insert
and use images in document.
Properties Window: Properties window almost provides similar options as
the picture toolbar under the graphic property. Moreover, it allows for
changing the height and width by Position and Size attribute.
Wrap property adjusts the image along with text in a paragraph such as
None(Default), Before (Text Before Image), After (Text after image), Parallel
(Inline with text), Through (In front of text), Optimal (Adjust image
automatically).

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Note: Users can access all commands from the format menu.
Users can also modify images by using the Format → Picture
option. Few commands are explained below:
1. Applying borders/frames
Step 1. Select inserted picture.
Step 2. Click on Format → Picture option. Picture dialog box will appear.
Step 3. Click on Borders Tab and set different commands for borders as per
requirement.
Step 4. Click on OK button to finish.
OR
OO Writer provides on inbuilt style named Frame to apply frame to a
picture, user can apply that also.
2. Crop Image
Step 1. Select inserted picture.
Step 2. Click on Format → Picture option. Picture dialog box will appear.
Step 3. Click on Crop Tab and set different commands as per the need.
Step 4. Click on OK button when finished.
Sometimes we need to insert artistic text in the document which is also a
part of the insert and use images in document.

Using Fontwork gallery

Font work gallery allows inserting eye-catching captions and attractive text
objects with a set of different styles and designs.
Steps to insert fontwork:
Step 1. Activate drawing toolbar in Writer.
Step 2. Click on fontwork icon in drawing toolbar.
Step 3. Select any fontwork and click on ok, fontwork will be inserted in
document.
Step 4. Double click on fontwork to change the default text.

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Step 5. Click anywhere in document when finished typing work. Then modify
the fontwork text.
The last part of insert and use images in document is delete image which are
no longer needed.

Delete Image
Step 1. Select image.
Step 2. Press delete key.
Watch this video to understand more practically:

Topic Explanation - Insert and Use Images

Practical Demo – 1
Practical Dem - 2
QnA Insert and Use Images
MCQs Questions

Follow the below-given link for Questions on this topic:

QnA Insert and Use Images

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Create and use templates

In this chapter we will discuss the comprehensive notes on create and use
templates . This is one of the learning outcome of Unit 1 Digital
Documentation (Advanced).
This chapter we will start with introduction to templates. So here we begin!
Introduction to templates
Open Document Format (ODF) Software provides inbuilt samples to prepare
files like theme. It has some predefined set of fonts, colours setting,margins,
designs etc. User can use them for preparing their contents. User need not
worry about the format and design. User can just use the template and insert
their contents in these samples. These samples are known as templates.
They have some tables, design and inbuilt formats.

Templates in OO Writer
Open office writer doesn't have any templates in the templates gallery. User
has to download or use online template options. Follow these steps to use
templates in OO Writer:
Step 1. Click on File →
New → Templates and
Documents option.
Step 2. Templates and
documents - a samples
dialog box will appear as
displayed in the screen:
Step 3. Now click on get
more templates online
link as highlighted in above screen. It will open a browser and web site to
pick online template.

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Step 4. Find the option or link in the web page for Writer template and click
on that. It will open the following screen where the user can select a
template and download the template.

Step 5. Click on particular template and and click on download template

option. It will ask for save or open file with .ott extension. Choose save file
option. In the following screen I have downloaded "Facsimile Message 1"
template.

select template image source - www.templates.openoffice.org

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Step 6. Now open the saved file and use it.

Creating template
To create a template decide the template layout and set desired formatting.
Let's have a look on steps how to create templates for create and use
templates .
Creating template in OO Writer
There are two ways to create a template in OO writer.
1. File > Templates Menu
2. Template Wizard
Creating template through File > templates menu
1. Start OO Writer and create a new file.
2. Apply desired styles and formatting for the template.
3. Click on File → Templates → Save option.
4. Type desired filename, choose the category of the template and
click on save button.
Note: The default extension of OO Writer is .ott (ODF Text Document
Template)
Creating A Template Using A Wizard
You can use File > Wizard option to
select a pre-defined template like
letter, Fax, Agenda, Presentation etc.

Set up a custom
default template
In MS Word user cannot set the
custom default template but user can
change the layout and styles in
Normal.dotm file.

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To do so follow these steps:
Set up a custom default template in OO writer
Step 1. Create a template.
Step 2.Click on File → Templates → Organize.
Step 3. Choose the folder of template.
Step 4. Select desired template to set as default template.

set as default template

Step 5. Click on Command → Set as default template option.
Step 6. Now when new file is selected, the formatting will be applied to that
document.
Step 7. Click on Close button.
Now in next section of create and use templates we will talk about updating
a document.

Changing to a different template

User can change a template of a document at any time. OO Writer provides
two ways to change template of current document
To do so follow these steps:
1. From OO Writer
2. Template changer extension Manager

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Changing Template using OO Writer
1. Start OO writer and click File → New → Templates and Documents.
2. Select the desired template from the opened window.
3. Now open the document where template needs to be changed.
4. Select all contents by ctrl + A and copy them.
5. Go to the document in which the desired template was selected.
6. Paste the copied contents.
7. Save the file.
Note: You have to update table contents if available in the document
after pasting them in the template.
Changing template using template changer extension manager
1. Download the template changer extension manager and install it.
2. Open OO writer and click File → New → Templates and Documents
option.
3. Now click on assign template (current document).
4. Select template from the opened window to change.
5. Save the file.
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation - Create and Use Templates

QnA – Create and Use Templates

If you are looking for import questions on Create and Use templates in OO
Writer follow this link:

Important questions Create and Use templates

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Create and Customize Table of Contents

This chapter will talk about Create and Customize Table of Contents with OO
writer. Let's start!
Introduction
Dear readers, you have seen the index and table of contents in many books.
The table of contents is used to organize the contents in a systematic
manner according to topics available in the document like chapters in the
book.

Generally, the table of contents consists of details about chapter number,

chapter names, page number, etc. Table of contents generally found on
initial pages of books.

The table of contents divides large documents into different topics. It

provides extensive support for navigation in the huge document.

To start with Create and Customize Table of Contents you need to

understand the hierarchy of headings.

Hierarchy of headings
To create a table of contents and index your document should be
maintained properly with headings and appropriate character styles. All the
contents must be organized in a good manner with the proper level of
headings. So let us discuss headings.

Headings are built-in styles available in digital

documentation software.

These headings are useful for preparing a table of contents and indexes.
These headings have their different level with numbers starting from 1.
The main heading is always heading 1.

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Then its subheading will come accordingly. Top-level headings are bigger
compared to lower-level headings.

In the next section of Create and Customize Table of Contents I will give you
a brief introduction for default heading levels in MS word.

Now lets have look at default heading levels in OO writer for Create and
Customize Table of Contents.

Default heading Levels in OO Writer

OO Write provides 10 heading styles in styles and formatting gallery.

Headings in Style and Formatting window OO Writer

Creating heading in OO Writer
1. Type the required text in the document.
2. Open styles and formatting dialog box window. Click on Format →
Styles and Formatting or press F11.

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3. Select the appropriate heading from the dialog box window.
4. Click on the Fill format button.
5. Drag over the text written for headings.
Now learn how to create table contents in MS word with built-in format for
Create and Customize Table of Contents.

Creating/Maintaining table of contents

1. Apply proper heading or styles for contents as explained above.
2. Place your cursor on the first page. (The first page should be blank)
3. Click on
Insert→Indexes and
Tables→Indexes and
Tables. An Insert
Index/Table dialog
box will appear.
The Create and Customize
Table of Contents window
has the following tabs
 Index/Table: This
tab contains
options for setting
table's
properties.
Insert Index/Table dialog box
o Preview:
Displays preview of TOC.
o Title: User can give a title for TOC. Type desired title in the box,
the default is Table of contents.
o Type: To create TOC select Table of Contents option. Other
options are Alphabetical Index, Illustration Index, Index of
Tables etc.

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o Protect against manual changes: It applies lock on the
table of contents. Users cannot modify it manually after
inserting it on-page.
o For: Select for which content table or index is generated.
o Evaluate up to level: It shows heading levels. Users can select
the number of headings levels used in the document. By default,
it is 10.
 Entries: This tab allows to set structure of headings and set styles of
headings.
 Styles: This tab allows us to change the heading styles
and formatting.
 Columns: This tab is used to increase or decrease columns in the
table of contents as well as allows to change the width and space
between columns.
 Background: User can set a background colour or change the
background colour of the table of contents. This option also allows you
to select a graphic as background, Select graphic in as combo box.
Select the appropriate image through the browse button and check the
preview. You can set the layout of the image by selecting position, tile,
or area option.
Watch the video lesson here:

Topic Explanation : Table of Contents

MCQs Part 1 – Table of contents
MCQs Part 2 – Table of contents
QnA – Table of contents

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Implement Mail Merge in Documents

Mailing labels are required to implement mail merge. But you can create
your own data source without creating mailing labels. Although we will cover
the mailing label part in another post. So today in this post we will discuss
how to implement mail merge in digital documents using Open Office Writer.
So let us start!
When you start reading this chapter Comprehensive notes on implement
Mail Merge in Documents , you might be thinking that what is mail merge?
So don't' worry in the next section of Comprehensive notes on implement
Mail Merge in Documents we are going to discuss it. Here it is!

What is a mail merge?

Mail merge is a combination of two words. Mail and Merge, where mail
means a letter or content written on paper and merge means to join. So in
simple words,

Writing a letter and joined the letter with multiple

addresses is known as mail merge.

So let understand it practically.

Suppose your birthday is coming and you and your family members want to
invite your friends and relatives for the celebration. Now, what you will de
generally to invite them? Either you will inform by call or SMS or prepare an
invitation card or any other means of communication.
Sometimes call or SMS is not that much effective compared to the invitation
card. So invitation cards required. Now suppose you have 50 individuals, you
need 50 invitation cards and 50 addresses you have to write on them. That
is a little bit difficult and time-consuming.

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To avoid this you can use mail merge. How? you will learn this in this post.
In the next section of Comprehensive notes on implement Mail Merge in
Documents , we will provide you a detailed guide about how to use mail
merge.

How to mail merge in OO Writer 4.1.7?

Step 1: Type your contents of letter or email in a new Writer document.
Step 2: Click on Tool ⟶ Mail Merge Wizard.

How to open mail merge wizard - OO writer

Step 3: Mail wizard open as displayed in the following screenshot. This step
is all about to select in which document you want to initiate the process of
mail merge. Select "Use the current document" as you have already
typed your contents in the document. Click on Next button.

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MAIL MERGE WIZARD STEP 1 - oo writer

Step 4: This step allows to select the document type out of letter or email.
Select a letter and click on next button.

select document type

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Step 5: This
step is more
important
and you
should be
careful also.
As here you
are going to
create your
address list
and address
block. This
process has
4 steps:
a. Select or create an address list
b. Select the address block
c. Match the fields
d. Preview of exact record match
Step 6: Click on the select different address list containing the address data
option. You will get something like this:

Create Address List

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Step 7: Click on Create button. A new address list dialog box appears. As
you will see we are not going to use all of these fields in our address block.

New address list box in MS word

Step 8: Click on the customize button to delete unwanted fields from
address blocks. Select the unwanted fields one by one and delete them. You
can move any field using arrow buttons. Click on OK button when you
finished.

Address List OO writer

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Step 9: Now type address list values for the different fields. Type details for
recipients address. Click on New button to insert a new address. Click on OK
when you finished all entries.

Address List OO writer

Step 10: Now it will ask to save your file. Save it. When you save your
address list do not use space between the address list name. And the screen
will come back to address list. Ensure that your currently saved list should
be selected. Click on OK button.

Address list Return

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Step 11: Now you will return back to your insert address block step. Click on
the checkbox in front of number 2. Check the preview as per your need. If
the next button is not coming then click on more button and edit the
required fields.

Step 12: Now you will get the create salutation screen. This is an optional
part. Click on next button.
Now, a few steps are there to adjust your address block in the document.
Adjust as per your need and click on next. Then if any modification required
then you can edit the document otherwise click on next button. Then you
will get the option to personalize document. This is also an optional step.
Click on next if your document looks good.
Step 15: Then, at last, you will get the final step to save, print or send the
merged document.

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You will get a screen like this:

Similarly, you can print or send the merged document by email also.

Watch this videos for more understanding:

Topic explanation – Implement Mail Merge
Practical Demo – Mail Merge
MCQ Questions – Mail merge
QnA – Mail Merge
One shot Video for digital documentation:

1 Shot for Complete Topic Watch Now

Follow this link to read important QnAs:

QnA – Implement Mail Merge

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Unit 2 Electronic Spreadsheet Advanced

In this unit following learning outcomes will be covered:

Use Consolidating Data

Use consolidating data help users to automate data and save time where
data used frequently in different sheets. If you are working with spreadsheet
software, you may use different worksheets. Sometimes you need to use the
same data for different sheets but with different values.
For example, data of students of one class who appeared in different exams
like periodic test 1, periodic test 2 etc. Data on sales of various salesmen of a
company like quarterly, monthly, or and so on. So to achieve a common
business goal or specific goal you need to analyze and summarize data.

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Consolidating data meaning

Consolidate means that to combine a number of things

into a single unit. Consolidating of data means that the
process of combining the number of data organized
into different sheets into one worksheet or cell.

Let consider one of the above examples that student data are given in a
screenshot.

In the above example, I have marks of two periodic tests. Screenshot 1 is

having PT 1 marks and Screenshot 2 is having PT 2 marks. Now in sheet 3, I
need to use formulas on data to compute results. This process is known as
consolidating data.
So for Consolidating Data IT 402 you need to prepare your data into
different worksheets to perform consolidation and follow these steps:
Steps to Consolidating Data in MS Excel
Steps to Consolidating Data in OO Calc:
Prepare your worksheets for data consolidation and follow these steps:
1. Click on Data ⇢
Consolidate option.
A consolidate dialog
box will appear.
2. The dialog is almost
similar like MS Excel.
Select your desired
function and add
references to the cells by selecting ranges.

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3. Click on more button to add row labels and column labels or to link
source data.
Define a range
This option is useful for consolidate data in OO calc. So follow these steps to
define a range in OO Calc.
1. Select the cells for which you want to create a range.
2. Click on Insert ➝
Names ➝ Define or
press Ctrl + F3. A
Define Names
Dialog box will
appear on the
screen.
3. Type the range in
the Name box. Do
not use space in range names.
4. The Add button will active click on that.
5. Click on OK.
Watch this video for a practical understanding of Consolidating Data IT
402:

Topic Explanation – Data consolidating

Follow this link to see the important questions for Unit 2 electronic
spreadsheet (Advanced) , learning outcome use consolidating data:

Important Questions Use consolidating data

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Creating Subtotals
Creating subtotals is a part of Unit 2 Electronic Spreadsheet (Advanced). In
the previous topic, we discussed consolidating data. So what to do if you
want to view the aggregate results of data you have supplied in your
spreadsheet? How to display formula results according to the column
header? So the answer is you can use subtotal.

Introduction to subtotal
Spreadsheet software provides powerful features to analyze your data.
There are some advanced features that can help to perform some advanced
functions on the formula results. Subtotal is one of them.

Subtotal is used to display your formula results according to columns group

and row labels. There are two methods to achieve the same thing in
spreadsheet software.
1. Subtotal() formula: The subtotal() formula to group the results.
2. Data → Subtotals command: The graphical command to do
subtotals. As per the CBSE study material, We will cover the Data →
Subtotals command.

Using subtotal
Step 1: Click on Data → Subtotals. A subtotals dialog box appears as
displayed in the following
screenshot:
Step 2: There are 3
group tab buttons given,
so you can group your
columns from data up to
3 groups. The options

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tab contains different options
as displayed in the
screenshot:
The first option groups are
similar as explained in the MS
Excel section. The second
option is given for sorting
records. You can sort either
ascending or descending
order. Include formats option
allows to attach the format
applied in the column header.
Step 3: Select the group options and functions and click on OK.
Now observe the following output screen.

Watch the complete video lesson.

Topics Explanation – Creating Subtotal

Follow this link to access important questions:

Important QnA – Subtotals in Spreadsheet

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What if scenarios what if tools

In this chapter, what if scenarios what if tools, we will discuss Using "What
If" scenarios and "What If" tools in Electronic Spreadsheet (advanced). The
electronic spreadsheet has powerful advanced features to analyze data
and summarise data. This data analysis helps us to make the right
decisions.
So let us begin the chapter what if scenarios what if tools.

Using "What If" scenarios

The "What If" scenario feature allows us to create different target-based
"What If" analysis. Suppose we are playing a clicket tournament where we
need to analyze our team performance on the net run rate we can use "What
If" scenarios. Moreover, it can help in every match to achieve the target in
different conditions.
These different conditions means
1. How many runs are required in how many overs to qualify on top of
the point table?
2. How many runs need to be saved to climb up in the point table? etc.
You can create scenarios with different names and targets. These scenarios
you can view any time from the scenarios manager.
In the next section of what if scenarios what if tools you will learn how to
use it in MS Excel.

Using "What If" scenarios in MS Excel

MS Excel provides What-If-Analysis command in the Data tab to use "What
IF" scenarios. Prepare your data in advance and open the worksheet then
follow the given steps. I have used the following data for this purpose.

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In the next section of what if scenarios what if tools you will learn how to
use what if scenario in OO calc.

Using "What If" scenarios in OO calc

Consider similar data as used in MS Excel example. Follow the below-given
steps to use the "What-if" scenario
in OO Calc.
Step 1: Type the required values in
the excel sheets and click on Tools
→ Scenarios option.
Step 2: A create scenario dialog
box appears as displayed in the
following screenshot.
The next

section of

what if

scenarios

what if tools

talks about

the dialog box.

Create scenario dialog box options

1. Name of Scenario: Type the name of the scenario.
2. Comment: Type the remarks or comments related to the scenario.
3. Settings: It allows to change the display border colour, copy the
contents, copy the entire sheet as well as the prevention changes.
4. OK: When set up is complete click the OK button.

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Step 3: Apply the settings you need in your current scenario and click on the
OK button. I have applied a blue border to a scenario and changed the value
runs scored 80 and runs conceded 75 and the result is 0.5. Observe the
following screenshot.

You can use a down arrow to view more scenario results.

In the next section of what if scenarios what if tools will multiple operations.
Multiple Operations in OO Calc
The scenario allows us to perform a task on a single set of values at a time. But
what if you want to see multiple results at the same time? So OO calc
provides a strong feature named Multiple operations to do the same thing.
You can set input row values according to the row or columns.
Type the target values in the desired cells in a single column. I have typed the
assumed target in a column displayed in the screenshot.

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This section talks about the steps to be performed for multiple operations for
what if scenarios what if tools.
Select the data along with the adjacent column and follow the below-given
steps:
Step 1: Click on Data → Multiple Operations. Multiple operations dialog box
appears have look in the following screenshot.

Multiple Operations dialog box in OO Calc

This dialog box consists of three options:
1. Formulas: Select the cell where formula is entered.
2. Row input cell: Select the cell for the input values that are entered in
rows.
3. Column input Cell: Select the cell for the input values that are
entered in columns.
Step 2: As per my data, the values are stored in a column and the formula
is entered in B6. For column input cell I have selected the cell B2. Observe
the following screenshot.

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Step 3: Click on the OK button. You will get the desired result. Observe the
following screenshot.

Multiple Operations result with column input cells

Similarly, you can type the values in a row and check multiple operations
result accordingly.

Watch the complete video tutorial for the same. If you have any queries or
doubts, please comment in the comment section.

Topic Explanation – What is scenarios

If you are looking for questions for this chapter what if scenarios what if
tools, follow this link.

QnA what if scenarios what if tools

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Goal seek and solver

A spreadsheet software supports many features to analyze data and make a
trustworthy decision according to results. Now let's start this chapter using
goal seek and solver with the meaning of goal seek.

What is Goal Seek?

Goal seek is an advanced spreadsheet feature that allows to provides the
values for the target based input. Just decide the target value and you can
select which cell should be changed in goal seek dialog box.
Consider the following data for goal seek option:

Goal Seek in OO Calc

1. Place the cursor in B4 cell and click on Tools → GoalSeek option.

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2. A Goal Seek dialog box appears as displayed in the
following screenshot.

3. Type the desired value for target value and select the variable cell
to display the changed value. Observe this dialog box.

4. Now click on OK button. A result will be displayed in a new dialog box.

Observe the following screenshot.

a. Click on Yes button to accept the value. The result will be

displayed as below given screen shot.

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The next section of using goal seek and solver will tell about solver. Let's
start!

Solver in OO Calc
GoalSeek allows displaying the target
based results on a single value or
condition. Whereas the solver is used
to optimize the result based on
conditions. Follow the given steps to
use solver:
1. Place the cursor in the cell
where the formula is entered.
2. Now Click on Tools → Solver.
3. Now, a solver dialog box will
appear as displayed in the following screenshot.

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4. Select the optimized result to option, select the by changing cells and
provide the value in limiting conditions. Observe the following
screenshot of what I have done!

5. Click on the Keep result button to accept the changes otherwise click
on restore previous.
Watch this video to understand more about goal seek and solver:

Topic Explanation – Goal Seek and Solver

NCERT Practical Question Video with solution
QnA – Video Goalseek & Solver

Follow this link for important QnA:

Read QnA – Goal Seek & Solver

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Link Data and Spreadsheet

Let us begin with setting up multiple sheets. Here we go!

Set up multiple sheets

The file of electronic spreadsheet software is known as

a workbook. A workbook contains different worksheets.

Observe the following screen shots:

Sheet Tab in MS Excel and OO Calc

In the above screenshots, OO Calc and MS Excel sheet tabs. The look and
layout are different. OO Calc displays 3 tabs whereas MS excel displays
Sheet1 by default.
Identify sheets
The file of the spreadsheet software is known as a workbook. A workbook
contains different worksheets. These spreadsheets are identified by their
names.

OO Calc provides 3 worksheets by default in sheet tabs named Sheet1,

Sheet2, and Sheet3. The blank space can be used to insert a new
worksheet.

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Inserting new sheets

Inserting new worksheet in OO Calc is quite easy stuff.
Follow the given steps:
1. Click on Insert --> Sheet option. The Insert Sheet dialog box will
appear.
2. Select the place where you want to insert the worksheet either before
the current sheet or after the current sheet. or Click on empty space
available in the sheet tab after last worksheet.
3. Select the sheet options like New Sheet, No. of Sheets, Name of the
sheet, or Chose from file option as per your need.
4. Click on the OK button. Observe the following screenshot.

The next topic is rename worksheet for the Set up multiple sheets .

Rename worksheet
Rename worksheet option allows changing the name of worksheets as per
user’s need in place of sheet1, sheet2, etc. It adds more customization
flexibility to handle data easily.

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You can rename worksheet by double click and with right click like MS Excel.
and another way is given below:

Click on Format  Sheet  Rename. and Type the new desired name for
the spreadsheet.

Changing the sheet tab color

Right-click on a particular sheet and choose the Tab color option and pick a
desired color from the dialog box.

Click on Format  Sheet  Tab color and pick a desired color from the dialog
box.

Delete the worksheet

Right click on a particular sheet to delete. Select delete option.

Click on Edit  Sheet  Delete option.

If you want to delete multiple sheets, select multiple sheets.

Move or Copy worksheet

Sometimes we need to move the worksheet data from one sheet to another
sheet.

If the same date is required in multiple sheets, you can copy the worksheet.

You can copy or move worksheet in similar workbook or another workbook

as well.

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Click on the OK button finally to place your worksheet at the

selected destination.

Right-click on a sheet in the sheet tab and choose the location for the
selected worksheet. The selected sheet will be shifted or moved to the
particular location.
Move or copy worksheet option is available in Edit menu in OO Calc.
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Setting up multiple sheets

QnA Setting up multiple sheets

Read QnA from this link:

QnA Setting up multiple sheets

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Link data and spreadsheets - Creating references

Link data and spreadsheets - Creating references, Relative and absolute
hyperlinks allow working with multiple worksheets and connects worksheet
together using link building or creating references of specific cells.

For linking data between spreadsheets you need to understand the concept
of references.

What is a cell reference ?

A cell reference refers to the particular address of a

cell of a worksheet in spreadsheet software. This cell
contains data or value in the worksheet. Sometimes it
can be a range of cells: For example, A1, B2 or A1:C5
etc.

This cell reference can be used for the following:

1. In different formulas or function to take the values for computation or
calculation
2. To display the value of particular cells
3. To carry forward data from one worksheet to another

Link data and spreadsheets

Sometimes when you are working with spreadsheet software you need to
repeat or use same data values frequently in worksheet. So you can insert
value in worksheet and then use that value by a reference in other
worksheets. There are two ways to creating references:
1. Using keyboard
2. Using mouse

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Using keyboard
You can do this by following these simple steps:
1. Enter the data into the worksheet for the master sheet.

2. Insert new worksheet by pressing sheet + F11. Move your worksheet

to next to the mastersheet rename the worksheet as Data Entry. In
this worksheet we will carry forward Roll No and Names from the
mastersheet.
3. Now point the cursor in the cell where you need the cell value. Type =
in the cell.

Creating references using keyboard

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4. Now switch to the
master sheet to take
the reference. (Press
Ctrl + Page Up
key) and select the
cell for the Roll No
column. Observe the
following screenshot.
5. Now switch to the
data entry worksheet
by pressing the Ctrl
+ Page Down Key.
Place the cursor where you want to display the referenced value. You
will get something like this:

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6. Press enter when you finished. Repeat the similar steps for the names.
Observe the following screen shot.

That's it!
Using mouse
When you want to create reference using mouse follow these steps:
1. Prepare your mastersheet by entering the data.
2. Click on + symbol in the sheet tab to insert new worksheet.
3. Place the cursor where you want to create a reference.
4. Type = and click on mastersheet to switch the worksheet.
5. Place the cursor which reference you want to take.
6. Switch back to data entry worksheet.
7. Click and drag the data as per the requirement.
Watch this video for practical understanding:

Topic Explanation – Creating references using keyboard

and mouse

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Hyperlinks in Spreadsheet
As you are aware with links generated from google meet or other web
applications to connect different online text based web pages.

Hyperlinks are text based links that allows to redirect or

open another file or website in spreadsheet software.

Create Hyperlink in Spreadsheet

To create a hyperlink follow the given steps:
1. Place the cursor where you wan to display the link text.
2. Click on Insert  Hyperlink option from Links group. Look at this
screenshot.
3. Insert hyperlink dialog box will appear. Select appropriate option from
dialog box and click on OK button.

Options
Existing File or web page: You can select a file from your computer or
web page from internet.
Place in this document: This option allows to select a place like cell
references or defined names or ranges.

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Create New Document: It allows to create a new document which can be
edited now or later.
Edit Hyperlink in Spreadsheet
To edit hyperlink follow the similar steps as insert hyperlink and do the
changes.
Remove the hyperlink from Spreadsheet
Follow these steps to remove link from the excel worksheet.
1. Click on the cell where the link is created.
2. Click on Insert  Hyperlink option from
Links group.
3.The Edit Hyperlink dialog box will appear.
4. Find the Remove Link button in dialog box.
5. Click
on Remove
Link button.

Watch this video for understanding more:

Topic Explanation – Creating hyperlinks

Edit, remove hyperlinks

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Share and Review Spreadsheet

In this chapter you will learn about share and review spreadsheet.

Need for Share and review spreadsheet

When we are working with MS Excel in the workplace, there are some other
people who are working on the same worksheet.

In this scenario, we need to share the worksheet with multiple users on the
network. Therefore these users can work on the same file from different
computers connected to the network.

When they finished their work this spreadsheet needs to be reviewed for the
changes done by multiple users.

For that purpose spreadsheet software like MS Excel, OO Calc provides one
feature called Share and review spreadsheet. So let's begin with this feature.

Sharing worksheet data

As we have some shared folders in our schools to save the work done by
teachers, office people and students on the network.

These shared folders have some common files on which multiple users are
doing their work.

These files get locked by the user for editing when it is shared. and display a
message on the screen. This happens when multiple users are working on
the same file at a time. So another user can open the same file in read-only
mode.

Advantages of Sharing worksheet data

Sharing worksheet data offers following advantages:
1. Used by any one in the network to whom its shared
2. Any user can do the changes

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3. Save the time and efforts
4. Makes work easier and better
5. Collaborate with others
6. Speed up data entry process

Setting up a spreadsheet for sharing

You need to save your spreadsheet before sharing.

How to share the spreadsheet?

To share a spreadsheet follow the given steps: Step 1
Open a saved spreadsheet for sharing.
Step 2 Click on Tools  Share Document option.

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A share document dialog box will appear as displayed in the given scree
shot.

Step 3 Click on the checkbox share this spreadsheet with other users to
allow another user on the network to do the changes.
Step 4 Click on OK button.

Opening a shared spreadsheet

When you open a spreadsheet in share mode some of the features are not
available. Use can choose to disable this in future.
The following features are known to be disabled in a shared spreadsheet:
●Edit > Changes, except for Merge Document

●Edit > Compare Document

●Edit > Sheet > Move/Copy & Delete

●Insert > Cells Shift Cells Down & Shift Cells Right

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●Insert > Sheet from file

●Insert > Names

●Insert > Comment

●Insert > Picture > From File

●Insert > Movie and Sound

●Insert > Object

●Insert > Chart

●Insert > Floating Frame

●Format > Sheet > Rename, Tab Color

●Format > Merge Cells > Merge and Center, Merge Cells, Split Cells

●Format > Print Ranges

●Tools > Protect Document

●Data > Define Range

●Data > Sort

●Data > Subtotals

●Data > Validity

●Data > Multiple Operations

●Data > Consolidate

●Data > Group and Outline (all)

●Data >DataPilot

Saving a shared spreadsheet

When you save a shared spreadsheet, one of several situations may occur:
● If the worksheet was not modified and saved by another user since
you opened it, the worksheet is saved.

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●If the worksheet was modified and saved by another user since you
opened it, one of the following events will occur:
●If the changes do not conflict, the worksheet is saved, the dialog below
appears, and any cells modified by the other user are shown with a red
border.

 If the changes conflict, the Resolve Conflicts dialog is shown.

 You must decide for each conflict which version to keep, yours or the
other person’s.
 When all conflicts are resolved, the worksheet is saved.
 While you are resolving the conflicts, no other user can save the shared
worksheet.

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 If another user is trying to save the shared worksheet and resolve

conflicts, you see a message that the shared spreadsheet file is locked
due to a merge-in in progress. You can choose to cancel the Save
command for now, or retry saving later.
 When you successfully save a shared spreadsheet, the worksheet shows
the latest version of all changes that got saved by all users.

Record changes in the spreadsheet

After sharing the spreadsheet, you need to record desired changes. To do
this OO Calc provides Record Changes feature.

Recording Changes
To record changes in spreadsheet follow these steps:
1. Open the Budget Spreadsheet.
2. Select Edit > Changes > Record from the menu bar.
3. Begin editing the worksheet
A colored border, with a dot in the upper left-hand corner, appears
around a cell where changes were made. Other reviewers then
quickly know which cells were edited. A deleted column or row is
marked by a heavy colored bar.

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Some changes, for example cell formatting, are not recorded and marked.
To change the color that indicates changes, select Tools > Options >
OpenOffice.org Calc > Changes.

Viewing Changes
Calc gives you tremendous control over what changes you see when
reviewing a worksheet. To change the available filters, select Edit > Changes
> Show. The following dialog opens.

Using the different settings, you can control which changes appear on
screen. You can filter based on:
●Date – Only changes made in a certain time range are displayed.

●Author – Only changes made by a specific author are displayed. This is

especially useful if you have multiple reviewers on the worksheet.

●Range – Only changes made in a specific range of cells are displayed. This
is especially useful if you have a large spreadsheet and only want to review
a part of it.

●Comment – Searches the content of the comments and only displays

changes which have comments that match the search criteria.

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 Show accepted changes – Only changes you accepted are displayed.

●Show rejected changes – Only changes you rejected are displayed.

You can also access the filter control in the Accept or Reject Changes dialog
shown below. Click the Filter tab to get a set of options similar to those
shown in the figure above.

Comments in spreadsheet
Comments are the additional information provided by user on the changes
made by him or sometimes it will be added by spreadsheet software itself.

The comments help another user to see the progress of work or update in the
spreadsheet. So in the next section we will discuss about comments, how to
add, edit and format the comments.

Add comment
Calc automatically adds to any recorded change a comment describing what
was changed (for example, Cell A4 changed from ‘8’ to ‘9’). Reviewers and
authors can add their comments to explain their changes.

To add comment follow the given steps:

1. Make the change to the spreadsheet.

2. Select the cell with the change.

3. Choose Edit > Changes > Comments. The dialog shown below appears.

The automatically-added comment provided by Calc appears in the title bar

of this dialog and cannot be edited.

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4. Type
your own
comment
and click
OK.

After you have added a comment to a changed cell, you can see it by
hovering the mouse pointer over the cell.

The comment also appears in the dialog when you are accepting and
rejecting changes.

Edit comment
1. Select the cell with the comment that you want to edit.
2. Select Edit > Changes > Comments.
3. Edit the comment and click OK.

Accept/Reject Changes
If you want to accept or reject the changes done by another user, to do so
follow these steps:
1. Open the edited worksheet.

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2. Select Edit > Changes > Accept or Reject. The dialog shown
below opens.

3. Calc steps through the changes one at a time. You can choose to accept
or reject each change as you go through.

The Comment column by default contains an explanation of the change that

was made.

If the reviewer added a comment to the change, it is displayed, followed by the

description of the change.

If more than one person has reviewed the worksheet, one reviewer may have
modified another reviewer’s change.

If so, the changes are hierarchically arranged with a plus sign for opening up the
hierarchy.

On the Filter tab of this dialog (not shown here), you can choose how to filter
the list of changes: by date, author, cell range, or comments
containing specific terms.

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After selecting the filter criteria, switch back to the List tab to see the
results.

Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation - Share & review spreadsheet

Merge sheets
Sometimes, multiple reviewers return edited versions of a worksheet at the
same time.

In this case, it may be quicker to review all of these changes at once, rather
than one review at a time.

For this purpose, Calc provides the feature of merging worksheets.

To merge worksheets, all of the edited worksheets need to have

recorded changes in them.
1. Open the original worksheet.
2. Select Edit > Changes > Merge Document.
3. A file selection dialog opens. Select a file you want to merge and
click OK.
4. After the worksheets merge, the Accept or Reject Changes dialog
opens as shown below, showing changes by more than one reviewer.
If you want to merge more worksheets, close the dialog and then
repeat steps 2 and 3.

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Compare Document

When sharing worksheets reviewers may forget to record the changes they
make. This is not a problem with Calc because Calc can find the changes by
comparing worksheets.

In order to compare worksheets you need to have the original worksheet and
the one that is edited. To compare them follow these steps:
1. Open the edited worksheet that you want to compare with the original
worksheet.

2. Select Edit > Compare Document.

3. An open worksheet dialog appears. Select the original worksheet and click
Insert.

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Calc finds and marks the changes as follows:
●All data that occurs in the edited worksheet but not in the original is
identified as inserted.
●All data that is in your original worksheet but is not in the edited
worksheet is identified as deleted.
●All data that is changed, is marked as changed.

Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Compare and Merge work sheet

Follow this link for important questions and answers:

QnA – share and review spreadsheet

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Create and use macros in a spreadsheet

In this chapter, We will discuss Unit 2: Electronic spreadsheet (Advanced),
learning outcome 4 - Create and Use macros in spreadsheets for CBSE IT
402 .

What is macro?
The best way to remember and learn something is by listening. So if you
want to learn something you can record the contents in your own voice and
listen as many times as you want and you can learn anything easily.

Similarly, a spreadsheet provides a feature called macro to record the

commands, tasks, or the activities performed by the user on a specific
worksheet or set of worksheets, and then it can be used to avoid repetition
of commands or similar tasks in other worksheets.

A macro is a recorded name of set of tasks or

commands in MS Excel which is used to repeat them
by single click or shortcut key.

Macro is a saved sequence of commands or keystrokes that are stored for

later use.

An example of a simple macro is one that “types” your address.

The OpenOffice.org (OOo) macro language is very flexible, allowing

automation of both simple and complex tasks.

Macros are especially useful to repeat a task the same way over and over
again.

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Advantages of Macro
1. It saves user's time
2. Repeat a number of commands in just one click or using the shortcut key
3. User can record numerous formatting commands or formulas in a single
worksheet
4. User can use their names for each macro
5. It reduces the errors occurring with repetitive tasks
6. It is capable to perform any kind of complex calculations easily

Creating a macro

Follow these steps to record a macro:

1. Create a worksheet as follows:

2. Place the cursor in C8.

3. Start the macro recorder using Tools  Macros  Record Macro.

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4. Now calculate Average, Maximum, Minimum using insert function
command.
5. Click on Insert  Function option.
6. Select the respective function as per the requirement.

7. Repeat step 6 for maximum and minimum as well.

8. Click on stop recording and Save the macro.

Running macro
To run a saved macro, follow these steps:
1. Prepare the data in worksheet as follows:

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2. I have added one more subject science. Place the cursor as displayed in
the screen shot.
3. Now click on Tools  Macros  Run Macros.
4. Select the saved macro.

5. Now click on Run button. The result will be displayed as follows:

6. Save the file.

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Creating library and function

Macros are also identified as calc function. Let understand how to create a
function. Follow the given steps to create a function.
1. Open a worksheet in OO Calc.
2. Click on Tools  Macro  Organize Macros  OpenOffice Basic
3. Now select organizer option.

4. A new window opens, Go to libraries tab and click on New button.

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5. Type desired name for your library and click on ok.

6. The library will be added into the libraries. Click edit to write a function.

7. Now a code editor will open as displayed in the following screen shot.

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8. Type a required function as follows and save.

9. Now you can use the function in Calc to get 100 max marks through
function.

Passing the argument to a macro

The function can have arguments passed by value in macro. The value can
be passed by argument in macro. The value is passed in Calc cell which is
called calling a function.

Passing Arguments
The arguments can be passed in OO Calc in cell directly. The cell reference
will be provided as arguments.
For example – max_2(A1,A2)

Write macros that acts like built-in functions

Although Calc finds and calls macros as normal functions, they do not really
behave as built-in functions. For example, macros do not appear in the
function lists. It is possible to write functions that behave as regular functions
by writing an Add-In.

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Access Cells directly

OOo internal objects directly to manipulate a Calc document.

For example, the macro in Listing 7 adds the values in cell A2 from every
sheet in the current document.

ThisComponent is set by StarBasic when the macro starts to reference the

current document.

A Calc document contains sheets: ThisComponent.getSheets().

Use getCellByPosition(col, row) to return a cell at a specific row and
column.

Sorting
Sorting data can be automated in Open Office by creating a Macro in Calc.
Data can be sorted on a single column or more than one column.

Each time the Macro runs the data gets sorted. Such macros can be written
using code in Open Office.

Consider sorting the data in the figure below. First, sort on column B
descending and then column A ascending.

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Follow these steps to sort the data:
1. Click on Tools  Macros  Record Macro.
2. Click on Sort Ascending option in toolbar.
3. Click on Stop recording.
4. Save the macro.
Run the saved macro whenever sorting is required.
Watch the video to understand more:

Topic Explanation – Record a macro

Run a macro
Macro as a function
Access cells Directly

Follow this link for questions and answers:

QnA Create a macro

Macro as a function

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Unit 3 Database Management System

Concept of DBMS
Whenever we are working with computers, we are working with data and
information. So first understand about data and information.
Data

Data refers to raw facts, figures and text.

Suppose, you have something like this: 1, Maharshi, 2500, 9898123456

This can be considered as data. Some facts are given in form of numbers
and text.

Information

Information refers to the meaningful data.

Suppose, you have something like this table:

No Name Fees ContactNo
1 Maharshi 2500 9898123456

In the above example each and every value has some meaning.

Like 1 is a number seems like serial no, Maharshi is name, 2500 is fees and
9898123456 is contact number.

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Concept of database
After the introduction of data and information, this data and information
should be organized in proper manner to access them as and when required.
To serve this purpose database is needed.

The database refers to collection of data and

information in organized manner.

For example, in school we have data related to students and teachers.

Everyday it is used to maintain the proper work records and transactions. So
here school need to store it in an organized manner.

Organized manner means that data can be divided into

different columns, records and other objects. This
facility is provided by the Database.

School can maintain data and information related to students in a database.

In the next section we will discuss about advantages of database for concept
of DBMS .

Advantages of Database
Database offers following advantages:
1. Reduces Data Redundancy
5. Privacy
2. Sharing Data
6. Backup and Recovery
3. Data Integrity
7. Data Consistency
4. Data Security

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1 Reduces Data Redundancy

When your data is organized into a database, it reduces data redundancy. Data
redundancy means that duplication of data. Into a database, the system
generates multiple copies of it sometimes. So every time the same database
cannot be affected while performing the transactions.

2 Sharing Data
The process of sharing data become very easy with database. In a DBMS
system there are multiple users and schemas. These users can share their
information and data as and when required. So any user can share their
data with any user.

3 Data Integrity
When multiple users are working on same database, they must access
accurate and consistent data. So these multiple users are performing
multiple task simultaneously. In this process every user must ensure the
data and information should be correct and accurate.

4 Data Security
In a database, your data is secured and safe as you have your own user's
schema with username and password. Every user on database has provided
the authorised account to access data. Unauthorised users cannot access
any kind of data from outside.

5 Privacy
It is most important rule in database. It means that only authorised users
access their data in an authentic way. The privacy can be set according to
user's access role. Means proper roles should be assigned to the users for
access.

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6 Backup and Recovery

Most often we need to take backup and recover data. Due to multiple
operations on same database by different users or may any other reason
data backup should be taken and recover accordingly. Although this task is
handled by DBMS automatically.

7 Data Consistency
Data consistency refers to the multiple copies of same database. The same
database appears consistently among all the users at a time. The changes
made by any user, immediately available to another user.

Features of Database
The database offers many features to the users. Some of them are as
follows:
1. It stores the data and information in multiple tables.
2. Each contains data related to each category or items. For example, in
school database tables are students, teachers, exam etc.
3. Each table can have at least column that hold unique values. For
example in students table adm_no (Admission Number) can be used. In
teachers table teacher ID or teacher code can be generated.
4. Some of the keys should be generated like primary key, foreign key etc.
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Database basic Concepts

Read QnA of Database Concepts:

QnA – Database Concepts

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Concepts and examples of a relational database

A relational database refers to a database that stores record with referential
integrity. It means that one of the columns of the database column referred
to another table.

Let's have look on the concepts of primary key, foreign key for concept of
DBMS .

Concept of the primary key, foreign key, and composite key

Referential integrity can be generated by using the primary key. The
database table can have at least one primary key. This primary key ensures
the record's uniqueness. A primary key helps to improve the speed of
database retrieval.

A primary key is a column of a table that identifies the

unique records.

Features of Primary key

This primary key can be used as foreign key in another table that provides a
reference to the table.

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The table which is referenced is known as parent table generally having

primary key whereas the table which is taking reference is known as child
table having a foreign key.

Concept and examples of field, record, table

Field

It is a column of table. It is also known as attribute.

Record

A row of a table is known as a record. It is also known

as a tuple.

Table

A table is collection of row and columns.

Relational Database Management Software

Relational Database Management Software offers the features of related
tables and objects in the database. You can create a primary key and foreign
key and make a relational database using relational database management
software.

There are few examples of RDBMS software such as MSAccess, OO Base,

MySQL, SQLServer etc.

Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Basic Terminologies of

Database

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Create and Edit tables using wizards and SQL commands

After installation of Open Office 4.1.7, you will get applications like OO
Writer, OO calc and OO Base.

To work with database open OO Base. Follow these steps to do so:

Step 1: Click on Start Menu.
Step 2: Find Open Office 4.1.7
and click on it.
Step 3: Now select Open Office
Base.
Step 4: The database wizard will
open to select or create a
database.
If you are opening it first time
select create a new database
option and then follow the wizard instructions.

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If you have already created a database select open an existing database
file option and follow the wizard instructions.

Open an existing database in OO Base in wizard

Now OO Base will open, the interface of OO Base is something like below-
given screenshot:

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Now in the next section of Create and Edit tables , we will discuss about the
parts of OO base window.

As the main parts of OO Base window are highlighted with numbers. They
are as following:
1. Database Objects selection window
2. Tasks Window
3. Description Window
4. Database Object window
5. Properties window of selected Database objects

Database Objects Selection window

This windows allows to select the database objects and you can do work
upon. There are four basic icons available in this window:
1. Tables 3. Forms
2. Queries 4. Reports
All of these we will discuss in upcoming sessions.

Tasks Window
This window allows selecting the specific tasks as per the selected object from
the database object selection window. Here you will observe different tasks
are available for different objects. But the common task is to create and use
wizard.

Description Window
This windows shows the description of the selected task.

Database Object Window

It shows the different database objects created by user.

Properties window
It displays the information of selected object from database object window.

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Create a table
There are 3 ways to create a table in OO Base.
1. Create Table in Design view
2. Use wizard to create table
3. Using SQL command

Prepare a table structure on paper before creating a table in OO Base,

Because it will asks to select a primary key other constraints, so define a
primary key and assign the column otherwise OO base will add one column
named ID when you save the table with your confirmation.

If primary key is not there, OO base won't allow to insert records in the
table.

Create table in Design View

Follow these steps to create a table in design view:
1. Click on Tables --> Create Table in Design View option from the tasks
window.
2. It will open a design to view and allows you to write you table field
names and data types as well as other properties of the field.
3. Type appropriate field names, choose desired field types and type
the description if necessary.
4. Save the table and close the window.

Now once table is created, it will appear in the objects window. Double click
to open it and add records you want by typing them.
Watch this video to understand it properly and comment your views on the
video:

Topic Explanation – OO Base Basics

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Use wizard to create table

The wizard allows to create a table from predefined sample tables with
predefined fields. It is just like drag and drop type work where you have to
choose the fields and other important things for your table.

Follow these steps to create a table through wizard:

1. Click on Table --> Use wizard to create table option from the tasks
window.
2. A wizard appears with the 4 basic steps:
a.Select fields:
i. This option displays two categories business & Personal.
Choose the sample table from the Sample Tables dropdown.
ii. Now select the required fields from the list of Available Fields.
iii. Now click on Add button available with > sign or Add to all
button with >> to select the all the available fields. You can
remove the unwanted fields by clicking on remove < or
remove all << button.
iv. Click on Finish.
b.Set types and formats:
i. Select the field name to set types and formats.
ii. Select appropriate types and formats for your fields and click
on next.
c. Set primary key:
i. Select a field for a primary key to the table.
ii. Select various options for the primary key.
iii. Click on next.
d.Create Table:
i. This allows renaming the table and provides three options to
work with the table. These options are - insert data

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immediately, Modify the table design, and create a form
based on this table.
ii. Click on Finish and start your work accordingly!!

Create table using SQL commands

OO base also support SQL view to create a table. To work with SQL mode you
need to install java jdk for proper command execution.
Watch this video to understand to how to install Java for Open Office:

Install Java JDK for Open Office

Steps:
1. Click on Tool --> SQL command. Execute SQL statement will open.
2. Write following command to create table and click on Execute:
create table "Students"
("RNO" integer primary key,
"Sname" varchar(20),
"DOA" date)

Points to be remembered:
1. Follow these rules for giving names to your fields and table:
a.It must start with an alphabet
b.A special character should not use in names
c. It should not be a default keyword
2. Enclose all the names like table and fields in double-quotes.
3. You can type the command words into capital as most of the books
suggesting to type commands in the capital, but it is not necessary.
Watch this video for more details:

Topic Explanation – Create table using SQL Command

Read important Questions and Answers on the topic from this link:

QnA – Create tables using wizard and SQL commands

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Data types in Base

Let's begin Data types in Base IT 402 with the introduction to data types in
Open Office Base. As we have covered fundamentals of database tables in
an earlier chapter.

Your database tables can have different types of values or data. There are
five basic types of data we can insert into the table.
1. Numbers - It stores numeric values having integers and fractional
numbers.
2. Text - It holds the textual data with the combination of numbers and
digits and special characters.
3. Date-Time - The date-time data type is used to save the dates into a
database field.
4. Binary - Binary types stores large types of data such as images, audio
or video files.
5. Other Variable - Other variable types can have data of other
remaining objects.
In the next section of Data types in Base IT 402 let's talk about details
about above numeric types.

Numbers
OO Base Provides following different types of data types:
1. BOOLEAN: Boolean is a data type which can store Yes/No type values
in the form of 0 or 1 in OO base table. You can also represent values
such as True or False using this data type.
2. TINYINT: It is used to store the numbers ranging from 0 to 255
3. SMALLINT: It is used to store the number ranging from -32768 to
32767
4. INTEGER: It is used to store the number ranging from -2147483648
to 2147483647

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5. BIGINT: It is used to store the number ranging from -
9223372036854780000 to 922337203685479999
6. NUMERIC: It stores a number with maximum precision of e(+/)-231
7. DECIMAL: Its stores a decimal number with maximum precision of

e(+/)-231

8. REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE: It is used to store a number from 2-1074 to

(2-2-52*21023)

Text
OO Base provides following types of text data types:
1. LONGVARCHAR: It is a memo data type that allows long text into a
field. It accepts UTF 8 pattern characters and the maximum length of
the text is 2,14,74,83,647 characters.
2. CHAR: It allows fixed-length character text into a column. It accepts
UTF-8 pattern characters having 17 characters length by default. It
pads with trailing spaces for short strings.
3. VARCHAR: It stores text up to a specified length of characters. It
doesn't allow any type of padding. OO base accepts 20 characters
length by default.
4. VARCHAR_IGNORECASE: It little bit similar to varchar with one
difference that it will ignore a specific case like capital or small as you
type.

Binary Types:
The certain types of binary data types are as following:
1. LONGVARBINARY: This type will store a specific image with array of
bytes i.e. images, sound files etc. without validation.
2. BINARY(fix)/Binary: This is also used to store data into binary form.

Date/Time
Sometimes you need to store dates like date of admission, date of joining, date
of birth, date of event, date of transaction with a specific time or

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without time. The date/time data types is used to store such dates in OO
base tables.

1. DATE: It stores a date in common format like month, day and year
i.e. 1/1/99. The date ranges are 1/1/99 to 1/1/9999
2. TIME: It stores a particular time in hour, minute and seconds format.
The seconds since 1/1/1970.
3. TIMESTAMP: It stores the value with and time together in the table
field.

Other Data Types

In these types of data type, you can store any serialized objects of java like
connector or specific script through objects. It is mostly used for the coding
purpose only.

Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Datatypes in Base

Read important questions on the topic from this link:

Important QnA – Datatypes in base

Database table operations

In this chapter, we will provide you with the Comprehensive notes on
database table operations.

In this chapter, we will talk about insert data, edit records, delete records
and sorting data in the table. The first operation of database table
operations is insert record in the table.

Insert records in the table

Lets start this chapter with insert data into a table. You can insert data into
table for database table operations in two ways:
1. Datasheet View: This option is very simple and easy to insert a record.
2. SQL View: This option provides a command to insert a record.

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Datasheet View
To insert data using datasheet view follow these steps:
Step 1 Open the database and select the table to insert a record. Step
2 Now double click on the table name.

insert records into table in datasheet view in oo base

Step 3 A new screen appears with the title of table and database.

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Step 4 Now insert records in the last row. Observe the above screenshot.
Step 5 Save the table when you finished.

SQL Mode
To insert data using SQL mode follow these steps:
Step 1 > Open database.
Step 2 > Click on Tools > SQL. A new window appears with the title Execute
SQL Statement.
Step 3 > Now type following command to insert record.
insert into "dept" ("dno","dname","loc") values (50,'TPP','Bhuj')
Step 4 >Now click on execute button and click on close button when you get
the message "Command executed successfully. "
Step 5 > Click on close button.
Step 6 > Click View > Refresh Table option to see the updated table.
Observe the following screen shot:

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insert into command in oo base

You can avoid the column names if you are going to insert all records.
Observe this command:
insert into "dept" values (60,'Hospital','Township')
Edit records in table
You can edit any records in similar two ways like datasheet view and SQL
command.

Edit records in Datasheet view

Follow the below given steps:
Step 1 > Open your database to edit table.
Step 2 > Select your table and double click on it to open it.
Step 3 > Now place your cursor on the record which you want to edit.

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Step 4 > Click on Edit > Edit Data or click on edit icon available on the
standard toolbar or double click on data you want to edit.
Step 4 > Type the new data as you per requirement.
Step 5 > Save your records.

Edit records through SQL

Open Execute SQL statement window. and type following command:
update "dept" set "deptno"=100 where "deptno"=10

The update command is used to edit records through SQL command. As you
have seen in the above command -
1. update - is a command to edit records
2. tablename - it is a table in which the record needs to be updated
3. set - This is a keyword used to set a new value
4. columnname = new value - it is a columnname with new value
5. where - it specifies the unique record of the table which is going to be
deleted
6. columnname = value - here the columnname is the column which is
having a unique record and the value is a unique value

Delete records from the table

You can delete records from the table using datasheet view and execute SQL
statement window. Open the database and table in datasheet view and open
the table from you want to delete the record.

Delete record in datasheet view

Place your cursor on the record in the table and do one of the following:
1. Click on Edit > Delete Record option. It will ask your confirmation to
delete selected data with "Yes"/"No" button.
2. Do Right-click and select delete option.
3. Select the entire row, do right-click and choose the option Delete Rows
and click on "Yes" button to confirm deletion.

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Delete record using SQL view

Open Execute SQL statement window and write the following command:
delete from "dept" where "deptno"=100

It is almost similar like update with one difference that is, use delete from tablename
command.

Common field Properties

Field properties are useful to restrict or enable data validation in the table.

Data Validation refers to the set of rules and

regulation for data input. So that incorrect data or
invalid data can be avoided in the table.

To change the properties follow these steps:

1. Open your database and select the table to change the properties.
2. Right-click on a table and select edit option or Click on Edit > Edit
option. That opens the table in design view.
3. Now select the particular field to change the properties.
The common properties are as following:
1. AutoValue - It provides Yes/No type option to accept the value
automatically at the time of insertion.
2. Entry Required - It is also Yes/No type option to make the field value
mandatory at the time of insertion.
3. Length - This option is used to specify the total length of the selected
field.
4. Default Value - This option provides a default value to your field if value
is not inserted.
5. Format Example - It allows to set your own format for the field values
like email format, zip code format etc.

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Sorting Data
As you know that sorting rearranges the data in an ascending or descending
order. To sort data in OO Base, follow these steps:
Step 1 > Select the column which you want to sort.

Sorting options in OO Base

Step 2 > Now click on appropriate button from the toolbar as highlighted in
above screen shot. Your datasheet displays the result accordingly.
Watch this video to understand more:

Topic Explanation – Database Table Operations

Read important questions and answers from this link:

Important QnA – Database Table Operations

Referential integrity
As now you are familiar with the terms primary key and foreign key which is
used for referential integrity. These keys link more than one table with each
other. The referential integrity help to maintain the accuracy and consistency
of data in the relational database. Let's start an chapter referential integrity
IT with advantages.

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Advantages of referential integrity in database

1. Add records into the referenced table even there are no
matching records in the parent table (Primary Key table)
2. Update records automatically when changes made to the parent table
3. Delete records from automatically from the parent table
4. Allows to retrieve linked data as and when required
5. Save the time of database developer
6. No need to enter the same data in separate tables
7. reduce data entry errors
8. Summarize data from related tables

Types of relationship
There are three types of relationships:
1. One to One: Each record of one table is related to one record of
another table.
2. One to Many or Many to one: Each record of the table is related
to one or more than one records in another table.
3. Many to Many: This type of relationship links or more records with
one table to another table's one or more records.

Creating and Editing relationships between table

Now we will see how to create a relationship using OO base for referential
integrity IT . By using relationship we are going to provide a connection or
link or association between two tables. Hence it avoids data redundancy, in
simple words, data duplicity can be avoided.

Steps to Create a relationship in OO Base

Create table to create relationship with primary key and foreign key. You can
create relationship in two ways:
1. Through Menu: Insert > New Relation
2. Drag and Drop > Drag Primary Key column to related column into the
another table

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Follow the below given steps to create relationship in OO base.
1. Click on Tool > Relationships. A new window appears to add tables
in the relationship.
2. If tables are not available, click on Insert > Add Tables option or
click on Add Tables icon on the taskbar.
3. Click on Insert > New Relations. A new window appears to select
the Tables, fields, update options, and delete options. Select
appropriate fields and options then click on the OK button. If you want
to create a relationship using drag and drop click on the field of the
primary key of one table and link them with the foreign key of the
child table.

Similarly, you can set the relationship of other types as well. When you add a
relationship, the relation design window show one line that connects your
tables.

Remove Relationship
Removing relationship is quite simple. You can remove this relationship using
one of the following:
1. Click on connecting line and press delete key.
2. Click on connecting line and do right click, then select Delete option.

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Edit relationship is quite similar to delete relationship, click on connecting lines
and do right click on table and select edit option.
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation - Referential Integrity

Follow this link to read questions and answers:

QnA – Referential Integrity

Retrieve data using Query

As you are aware now how to create database and tables in OO base. The next
and very important object of the database is the query. So let me introduce
what is a query?

Database Query
Query help you to perform searching in the database and returning the
matching record from it. It can be run on multiple tables as well. You can
filter the results using criteria and display specific results. OO base provides
an option to choose criteria for your search.

So now let's start how to use the query in OO Base for Retrieve data using
Query .

Defining Query

A query is a command of DBMS system that retrieves

data from the database table.

OO Base provides three ways to perform a query:

1. Query using wizard
2. Query in deisgn view
3. Query using SQL view

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Query creation using the wizard

As you know wizard is a step by step process to complete a specific task. You
can perform query using wizard in OO Base. The steps are as following:
1. Open your database and select Queries from object pane.
2. Click on Use Wizard to Create Query option from the Tasks window.
3. Now Query Wizard will open. This query wizard has 8 simple steps.
a. Field Selection - This step allows to select the required fields from
the table. Select the table and click on the required fields then click
on the > button. Click on Next to go ahead.
b. Sorting Order - You can sort the records using this step. There
are four options to sort the records with different fields. Select the
column name and choose the order Ascending or Descending order.
Click on next.
c. Search Conditions - In this step you are allowed to select specific
conditions or criteria like Match all fields for all records or match
any of the following then Select the field and conditions such as is
equal to, is not equal to, is smaller than, is greater than, is equal or
less than, is equal or greater than, like, not like, is null, is not null
and enter the value at the last. Click on Next.
d. Detail or summary - It will show the detail or summary for your
query results. Click on Next.
e. Grouping - If you want to group the records according to certain
values this option is used. By default this option is disabled.
f. Grouping Conditions - If you have applied grouping in step 5,
then only this option will appear.
g. Aliases - This option allows you to choose the alias names from
your selected fields. Type the name in the box and click on Next.
h. Overview - This step displays the overview of your query. You can
display the query result or modify the query. If everything is fine,

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click on Display query button. Finally, click on the finish button to
show the result.
The another way to perform query in Retrieve data using Query is Query
using design.

Query in design view

Follow the given steps to perform query in design view:
1. Open your database and select Queries from the object pane window.
A new window appears to add tables for your query.
2. Select the table and click on Add Tables option.
3. Now come to fields row at the bottom given table and choose whatever
field you need to display in the query results.
4. If you want to use any alias for your fields type name exact below the
field name.
5. The next option is table, this is not mandatory when you are working
with a single table.
6. After then move down to the next row to sort your records. Just select
go to the row where you want to sort the records and select it.
7. Next is function, whenever you want to perform calculation or want to
use some functions you can select this option.
8. Next row is Criterion, which is very important to display the records
according to the criteria. Here you can use the comparison operators
like >,<,>=,<=,= or != etc.
9. Then number of criteria you can add as per the requirements.
10.Now finally save your query and view the results.

Create Query in SQL View

This option allows using SQL command to display the results. As you are familiar
with DDL and DML commands in OO base, Select is one type of DML
command that allows displaying records from a table. Follow some OO base
typing etiquettes while using SQL view for Retrieve data using Query.

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So let's see the complete process of how to use select in SQL view:
The syntax of select is something like this:
select */columns_list from table_name where conditions
In the above SQL statement,
1. select is the command used for data retrieval
2. */column list is used to specify all columns or specified columns from
the table
3. from is, keyword specifies the name of the table to the next
4. table_name is a table from where you want to fetch the records
5. where is again keyword that restricts your records from the table
according to conditions
6. condition use column name and specifies the column name and
criteria To understand the SQL view for Retrieve data using Query
consider the following.
There are four ways you can use select query:
1. All records
2. All records with limited columns
3. Limited records with all columns
4. Limited records with limited columns
Now let's see all of these one by one to understand Retrieve data using
Query .

All records
Whenever you want to fetch all records from table you can use this option.
The syntax and example are as following:
select * from "emp"

All records with limited columns

Whenever you want to fetch all records with limited columns from table use
specific column names with select clause. Consider the following example:
select "empcode","ename","job" from "emp"

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Limited records with all columns

Whenever you want to access all columns * is used after select clause and to
limit records, where condition is used. With where condition some relational
operators are used as per the requirement. These operators are:
1. < : Display the records less than the specified column value.

2. > : Display the records more than the specified column value.

3. <=: Display the records less than or equal to the specified column value.

4. >=: Display the records greater than or equal to a specified column

value.

5. = : Display the records equal to a specified column value

6. <>: Display the records no equal to the specified column value.

7. like: This operator is used to pattern matching criteria like the

character is starting with, ends with or have a specific position in the

value. The '%' is used to specified any number of character whereas '_'

is used to specify the position of characters. Suppose you want to

search a record whose fourth letter of name is 'i' and last character it

'T', then the query will be written as - select * from "emp"

where "ENAME" like ' I%T'.

8. not like: Display all the records except the specified pattern matching

9. is null: Display records with null values

10. is not null: Display records except null

select * from "emp" where "empno"<1020

select * from "emp" where "empno">1015

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select * from "emp" where "job"<>'MANAGER'

select * from "emp" where "ename" like 'M%T'

select * from "emp" where "ename" is null

select * from "emp" where "ename" is not null

Limited records with limited columns

Specify the column names after select and use where condition to restrict
them.
selected "empno","ename" from "emp" where "ename"='MOHIT'

Sorting
To sort records using SQL order by clause is added to your query. Observe
following query:
select * from "emp" order by "ename"

Grouping Records
To group records group by clause is used. Observe the following query:
select "job",count("job") from "emp" group by "job"

Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Queries in OO Base

Follow this link to access QnA from the topic:

QnA – Queries in OO Base

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Forms using wizard

Forms and reports are key features of DBMS. Both are used to improve user
experience and customer interactions. So first we will discuss forms and
then reports.

Forms in Base
Basically, forms are used to collect data from the user. It provides an
interface to enter the data from the user side. In the database, forms help to
store data into the database directly from the interface. By using forms user
can view, enter, and change the data directly in the database. So now learn
how to forms using wizard IT 402 in OO base for the learning outcome
forms and reports using wizard 10.

Creating a form using the wizard

To create a form using wizard follow the given steps:
1. Click on Forms option available at the database objects pane/window.
2. Now click on the option "Use wizard to create form..." in the tasks
window. The form wizard will appear.
3. This form wizard has 8 steps:
a. Field selection - Select the field you want to display on the
form
b. Set up subform - This option allows to show the contents from
the table with a separate form. There are two options available
for this step:
i. Subform based on the existing relation
ii. Subform based on manual selection of fields
c. Add subform fields - This option only comes when you click on
Add Subform option to select fields for the subform.
d. Get joined fields - This option also related to subform and
appears only when you select Add Subform option.

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e. Arrange Controls - This option allows to arrange available form
controls. It provides three options like:
i. Label placement - Align Left or Align right,
ii. Arrangement of the main form as: Columnar - Labels at
Left, Columnar - Labels on Top, As Datasheet, In blocks -
Label Above
iii. Arrangement of subform - Columnar - Labels at Left,
Columnar - Labels on Top, As Datasheet, In blocks - Label
Above
f. Set Data Entry - This option provides two options:
i. The form is to be used for entering new data only. Existing
data will not be displayed.
ii. The form is to display all data
1. do not allow modification
2. do not allow deletion
3. do not allow the addition
g. Apply Styles - This step allows to apply formatting to the form.
You can select a colour and border styles for the form.
h. Set Name - This option allows setting the name for the form.
You can give a new name, by default it will show the table name
in the box. After then you can select one option like work wth
the form or modify the form.
Observe the following screenshot I have Created a form:
[1] Step 1

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[2] Step 2 - Step 1 of Form wizard field selection. Here I have selected
fields

Step 1 Form wizard in OO base

I have not used any subform in this lab activity so directly I jumped to Step
5 - Arrange Controls.
[3] Step 5 - Arrange Controls: Left Align, Columnar - Labels left

Step 5 Arrange Controls on form in OO base

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[4] Step 6 - Set Data Entry

Step 6 set data entry Form Wizard in OO Base

[5] Step 7 - Apply Style

Step 7 Apply Styles Form wizard in OO base

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[6] Set Name

Step 8 Set Name form wizard in OO Base

[7] Final output of Form

A form interface in OO base

When you create forms using the wizard you will get some additional
toolbars. These toolbars are our next topic for forms using wizard IT 402.

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The form window appears with few toolbars:
1. Form Control - Available vertically at the left side
2. Form navigation - Available at the bottom
3. Form Design - Available below the form navigation
4. Drawing - Adjacent to form design
Lets we discuss options to enter or remove data from forms for forms using
wizard IT 402.
Options to enter or remove data from forms
When you complete all the steps of form wizard, you will get a form
navigation toolbar at bottom of the form window. In this form navigation,
you will get Add New record icon. Click on it and you are allowed to type a
new record. Save the record. Observe the following screenshots:
Step 1

Add new record in table through form in oo base

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Step 2

Save newly added record

In the next section of forms using wizard IT 402 we will discuss about
modifying forms.
Modifying Form
Modifying form is a simple process. Click on the record box whatever you
want to modify and then save the record. To navigate through different
records use form navigation control and modify it.
Changing Label and background
The form created through the wizard is not allowing to modify the labels
directly, because the displayed label and text box showing the field value are
grouped together by default. Ungroup them first and then you can change it.
Follow these steps:
1. Right-click on the displayed field value in the form.
2. Choose Group > Ungroup.

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3. Now click on the double click on the label.
4. Field label properties will open.
5. Find label text and type your desired text. Now close properties window.
6. Adjust the label accordingly.
7. Save the form.
In a similar manner you can change the background, select the background as
you want from the properties. Watch the video to understand it.

Searching records using the form

To search a record using form, follow these steps:
1. Click on Find Record
button from the navigation
toolbar. A new dialog box
appears with the title
"Record Search".
2. Type text you want to
search in the search for
option and in the box
available at the front of
Text.
3. Select the fields whether
all the fields or single field
from the box. Apply the desired settings and click on search button.
4. Now the record that you have searched, will be displayed on the screen.
Watch this video for more details:

Topic Explanation – Forms in OO Base

Follow this link for QnA:

QnA – Forms in OO Base

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Creating reports
First of all understand what is report? Why we need reports in database? So
answer are here!

What is a report?
A report is the final outcome of any computerized system. Suppose you are
giving online order from any online shopping website after completion of the
payment and delivery you will get an invoice of the order. This invoice is one
of the example of report.
1. You summarize the data from the selected table in a printed form.
2. You can customize the report as and when required.
3. You can add header and footer of your choice.
4. You can apply formatting as per your need.
5. You can add controls as per the requirements.
6. You can select queries and tables to create a report.

Creating a report using the wizard

OO base provides a way to create report using wizard. As you know a wizard
is step by step process of creating objects in OO base.
Follow the below given steps to create report using the wizard.
1. Select the Reports button from the object selection window.
2. Click on Use wizard to create reports from the tasks window.
A new report window will appear with Report Wizard.
3. This Report Wizard has six major steps:
a. Field Selection: In this step, select the table and fields you
want to display on the report.
b. Labelling Fields: This step provides customization for a
selected field label. You can change the field name as per need.
Otherwise, it will display the field names as provided in the
table.

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c. Grouping: If you need any group records, you can group them
according to the grouping field and functions. Select the field to
group records.
d. Sort Options: It will generate the report in sorting order as
selected by the user.
e. Choose Layout: There are certain built-in layouts. These
layouts are pre-formatted layouts for your report. It provides
options like Layout of data, Layout headers and footers and
orientation - Portrait or Landscape.
f. Create Report: This is the last step of the Report Wizard. Type
the name for your report, otherwise, it will save as it with the
selected table name. Then select Static or Dynamic report as per
your need.
Understand the complete process with screenshots:
Step 1 & 2:

report wizard - Creating reports IT 402

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Step 3 report window and report wizard.

report window and report wizard

Report wizard Step 1 - Select the table and Fields

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Select the table from Tables or queries combo box. Now come to available
fields and add them to the fields in report.
Here I have selected emp table and all fields.
Click on Next button.
Step 2 Labelling Fields

Labelling Fields report wizard OO Base

Type the desired names in front of each field under the Label. Click on Next
when you finish desired fields labelling.
Step 3 and 4 are optional if you want to group and sort use them otherwise
you can ignore them.
Step 5 Choose the Layout

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You can choose any of the layout of data, layout of headers and footers, and
orientation as per your choice.
Step 6 Create Report

Create Report - Report wizard in OO base

In this step give a suitable title for your report, by default this box contains
the table name which you have selected, type the name for the report and
choose report options as per your requirements.

Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Creating Reports

Follow this link to read the questions:

QnA Creating reports

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Unit 4 Web Applications and Security

Working with accessibility options

In this chapter Comprehensive Notes working with accessibility
options , we are going to start Unit 4 Web applications and security for
information technology . So let's start!
Whenever we are using any device, we should aware about how to access
them. Every device manufacture provides accessibility options for the same.
So let's we start Comprehensive Notes working with accessibility
options with the introduction to accessibility options.
What do you mean by computer accessibility?
Let's understand two basics terms related to working with accessibility
options. These two terms are:
1. Computer Accessibility
2. Assistive Technology

Computer accessibility refers to the user friendliness

for all the users including persons with disability.

Enabling the person with disability to use a computer with the help
of software and hardware is known as Assistive Technology.
What is working with accessibility options?
Basically, a human can operate a machine easily with some shorts of
training. But what about humans with a disability? So for them, software and
hardware both should be make available in such a manner so they can use
them easily.
The working with accessibility options also talks about that point. Let's
understand what is working with accessibility options?

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The options that help to use computer accessibility and used as assistive
technology is called working with accessibility options. These options are
available in the control panel or ease of access option which are
customized settings for the mouse, keyboard, sounds, display etc. that
helps to operate computers easily for a person with a disability.
To understand it more, let's talk about the type impairments. As you are
aware that there are numerous types of impairment that directly affected to
usage of electronic devices especially computers. These impairments are:
1. Cognitive impairments & learning disabilities - Example,
dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism
2. Visual impairments - Example, low-vision, complete or partial
blindness, and colour blindness
3. Hearing impairments - Example, deafness or problem with hearing
4. Motor or dexterity impairments - Example, paralysis,
cerebral palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome and repetitive strain
injury

How to start accessibility options?

To launch or start the accessibility options in windows 10 follow the below
given steps:
1. Click on Start > Settings > Ease of Access.
2. A new setting window appears with different Ease of Access options.
3. Then select the appropriate option.
The ease of access option provides the following options:
1. Vision
2. Hearing
3. Interaction

Keyboard Settings in windows 10 for accessibility options

To open keyboard settings select the options keyboard from the interaction
section of Settings > Ease of Access.

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Now let's talk about Keyboard Settings first. Under the keyboard settings
you will get the following options:
1. On-Screen keyboard
2. Use sticky keys
3. Use toggle keys
4. Use Filter keys
5. Change how keyboard shortcut work
6. Print shortcut
7. Make it easier to type

Sticky Keys
It is the first option for the topic Comprehensive Notes working with
accessibility options .

It is used to reduce the burden of pressing multiple keys. It allows users to

press and release a modifier key.

The modifier keys are like ctrl, shift, alt or window key.
When sticky keys are turned on, the modifier key remains active until you
press another key.

It is just like an on/off switch from the Settings > Ease of Access >
Interaction > Keyboard option in windows 10. Observe the following
screenshot.

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After this when it gets activated, you will see the icon in the taskbar like
this:

Sticky keys are enable in windows 10

To check the effects of sticky key option for Comprehensive Notes
working with accessibility options do this:
1. Open any text editor like notepad, wordpad or MS word.
2. Type the text you want.
3. Now press the shift key.
4. Type any letter text, the first letter will be typed into capital.
The shortcut key to enable the sticky key is very simple. You can press left
hand shift key 5 times.
Now in the next section of Comprehensive Notes working with
accessibility options we will talk about filter keys.

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Filter Keys
When you activate filter keys your repeated keystrokes will be ignored. This
feature helps the hand tremor people to make typing easier. To activate the
filter keys open Settings > Ease of Access > Interaction > Keyboard
option. Scroll down the screen and find the option Filter keys and select the
On/Off button.

activate filter keys in windows 10

You will get icon in the notification bar in the taskbar as below:

Filter key icon in the taskbar

To feel the effect of filter keys, open notepad and type some repeated
characters. Sometimes you will feel that your keyboard is not working!!!!

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To disable it just use the same button in and choose Off option.
The next section Comprehensive Notes working with
accessibility options talks about toggle keys.

Toggle Keys
This feature is designed for people who is having vision impairments or
cognitive disabilities. When these keys are enabled, a sound of beep is
coming when any lock key such as caps lock, num lock or scroll lock is
pressed by the user.
There are two patterns of sound here, high sound for on and low sound
for off. To activate the toggle keys open Settings > Ease of Access >
Interaction > Keyboard option. Find the option Toggle keys and select
On/Off button.

To see the effect, try to turn on CAPS LOCK, NUM LOCK or SCROLL LOCK,
you will hear a high beep. Similarly, when you turn it off you will hear a low
beep.

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To deactivate just turn it off by sliding that On button.
After toggle keys, gets familiar with sound sentry for Comprehensive
Notes working with accessibility options .

Sound Sentry
This accessibility feature helps people with auditory impairments. It will
produce a visual warning such as blinking title bar or flashing border when
computer produce sound. To enable sound sentry option in windows 10
follows these steps:
1. Click on Start > Settings > Ease of Access > Hearing >
Show audio alerts visually option.
2. A combo box will open with different options.
3. Choose appropriate option.

Sound sentry option in windows 10

In the next section of Comprehensive Notes working with accessibility
options , we will talk about high contrast.

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High Contrast
The high contrast option is given to assist the people who have vision
impairments. The font size, colour and backgrounds can be changed. To
enable High Contrast in Windows 10 follows the below-given steps:
1. Click on Start > Settings > Ease of Access > Vision >
High Contrast > On.
2. It will take some time to change/
3. Select the colors you want to apply.
Observe the following screenshot:

The next topic of Comprehensive Notes working with

accessibility options is cursor options.

Cursor Options
This option assists people with vision impairments by changing the blink rate
and width of the cursor. To change the cursor options in windows 10 click on
Start > Settings > Ease of Access > Vision > High Contrast > Text

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Cursor. Select the appropriate option from the right pane options. These
options are:
1. Turn on text cursor indicator - It will turn on the text cursor indicator
2. Suggested text cursor indicator colours - This option allows to change
the colour
3. Change the text cursor appearance - Allows to change the thickness of
cursor appearance

cursor options in windows 10

The next topic of Comprehensive Notes working with
accessibility options is mouse keys.

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Mouse Keys
Mouse key is an option that assists people having difficulty using a mouse.
You can use keyboard keys for the movement and clicks of a mouse. The
numeric keys available on NUMLOCK pad will help you to access mouse
keys.
To activate mouse keys click on Start > Settings > Ease of Access >
Interaction > Mouse> Turn on. By these settings, you can change the
pointer speed, pointer acceleration when you press the key. You can move
the mouse pointer using alternative arrows given on numeric pads like 8 for
up, 4 for left, 2 for down, 6 for right and 5 for click.

Watch this video for practical demo:

Practical Demo – Working with accessibility options

Follow this link for QnA:

QnA – Accessibility options

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Networking Fundamentals
I have already written the following chapters which cover the basics of
networking that makes you clear about some network concepts. Just have a
look:
Networking Basics
Network Evolution

Network Architecture
There are two types of network architectures:
1. P2P Architecture
2. Client-Server Architecture

P2P Architecture
This network architecture is common and simple network architecture. All
the computers connected to this type of network have the common and
equal status. Every computer or node or terminal equally capable to do the
work and provide services.

Client-Server Architecture
There is one leader of the pack called server in the network. This server is
responsible for providing services and permissions in the network. Rest all
computers are called clients. Clients can just make a request but totally
controlled by a server in the network.
Follow this link to understand about types of network. This link will explain
the question What are different types of networking ?

Network types and topologies

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Getting access to the internet

As we are using the internet either with mobile or any other medium. So
now you are going to learn what other types of internet connectivity and
associated concepts are there in the next section of Comprehensive notes
Networking Fundamentals .

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company which provides an internet
services to the people. For example, Jio, Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, BSNL etc.
These companies provides the internet connection via cable services or
wireless.
Generally small business used DSL, modem, broadband, dial up, WiMax or
4G connectivity, where as medium or large organizations uses high speed
connectivity. So in the next section of Networking Fundamentals , you
will learn about the internet connectivity
Before going to start this, I would like recommend you this chapter for
network devices:

Network devices
In the computer networking notes or CBSE study material they have
given following types of internet connectivity:
1. Dialup 4. 3G
2. DSL 5. WiMAX
3. Cable Internet Access 6. Wi-Fi

Dialup
In this type of connectivity a number is provided to dial up whenever you want
internet connectivity. Generally this type of connectivity uses Public
Switched Telephonic Network (PSTN) to establish an internet connection with
ISP.

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The dialup internet connectivity requires a telephone line using a MODEM.
The dialup connections are very slow in speed.

DSL
The DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line, that provide internet connectivity
and access by transmitting digital data over wires of local telephone
network. It can be given on the same telephone.
DSL filter removes the high frequency interference that make the use of
telephone and internet on same number. For using DSL connectivity a DSL
Modem and Subscription of a valid internet plan is required.

Cable Internet Access

An internet connectivity is provided through the existing cable lines. Cable
internet access is provided through main two cable lines:
1. TV Network
2. Telephone
lines It is similar to

DSL. 3G
Here G stands for the Generation. Generation means the standards used for
mobile devices and mobile telecommunication services networks. 3G
technology uses HSPDA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) protocol
which allows high-speed data transfer and capacity as well. Nowadays 3G is
replaced by 4G on your mobile.

4G
The 4th Generation is all about faster internet compared to earlier
generations. It offers many advancements to the WiFi internet. For example
provides downlink data rates over 100 Mbps, low latency, very efficient
spectrum use and low-cost implications.

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4G technology is also referred to by "MAGIC" stands for Mobile multimedia,
Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, Integrated Wireless and
Customized Services. 4G uses technology like LTE (Lon Term Evolution).
Follow this link to understand the difference between Gprs, Edge, 3g, Hsdpa,
Hspa+ And 4g Lte.

WiMAX
WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It offers
mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries using variety of
devices. It is capable to covering longs kilometers and those areas where
DSL and Cable Internet Access is not feasible or used.

WiFi
As we all are using this type of connectivity for internet. It uses mobiles or
computers with WAP (Wireless Access Point). It is used where cables cannot
be used or where the mobile connectivity is required.

WiFi is mostly used in the offices, homes, shopping malls, public places like
railway stations, bus terminals, coffee shops, resorts etc. It can be
connected using WiFi hotspot from device to device.

Data Transfer on the Internet

Have you ever imagine how the web sites and data is delivered to you? In
this section of Comprehensive notes Networking Fundamentals , you
are going to know about this. Here it is!
1. The data is divided into small units called packets in the network and
make ready to deliver from one device to another device.
2. These packets sent from computer to computer until it finds its
destination. Each computer or device decides the next
destination

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where the packet needs to be sent. All packets may not take the same
route.
3. At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are
missing or damaged, a message is sent asking for them to be re-sent.
This continues until all packets have been received intact.
4. The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All of this is
done in seconds!
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Networking Fundamentals

Follow this link to read important questions on Networking fundamentals:

QnA _ Networking fundamentals

Instant Messaging
Instant Messaging is one of the learning outcome of Unit 4 Web
Applications and Security for CBSE IT 402 Curriculum. In this chapter,
I am going to cover this topic with a detailed explanation by Comprehensive
notes on Instant Messaging so read the complete chapter and learn about
this.

Comprehensive notes on Instant Messaging

Let's start Comprehensive notes on Instant Messaging with the
meaning of instant messaging. It is very simple and we are using it every
day. Whenever we care using a chat application or software, we are doing
instant messaging. In fact these software or apps are instant messaging
tools.

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What is instant messaging?

Instant messaging refers to conversation through the

chat software. Sending a message to anyone and we
are getting immediate response.

Instant messaging also refers to chatting.

What are instant messaging advantages and disadvantages?
In this part of Comprehensive notes on Instant Messaging we are going to
discuss instant messaging advantages and disadvantages.
Instant messaging offers following advantages:
1. Provides rapid transmission of a text message from sender to receiver
2. Provides the facility of file transfers, audio chat or voice chat, video
calling, and conferencing, sharing screens or desktop etc.
3. Widely used for personal and commercial use
4. It offers real-time conversations, the user will get a response from the
recipient immediately, live interaction
5. Some applications provides offline
messaging Instant messaging has some
disadvantages:
1. Requires internet (Offline messengers are an exception)
2. Need to have an account
3. The potential risk of data privacy
4. No time for review or draft any message
5. Free applications display some irritating ads with links and pop-ups
6. Anyone can send you message after getting your user id or number
What are the key features of instant messaging?
The key features of instant messaging software are:
1. Text messages can be sent individually or using broadcast or in the
groups
2. Audio calling, audio conferencing, video conferencing and video calling

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3. Contacts and File transfers such as documents like audio, video, docs,
PDFs, PPTs, vCards etc.
4. Offers to save message history for future reference or use
So the next session of Comprehensive notes on Instant Messaging will talk
about some examples and about instant messaging account.
Examples of instant messaging software
Nowadays we are using so many instant messaging software in out routine life.
Some of the very popular software are:
1. WhatsApp or WhatsApp Web 4. Skype
2. Facebook Messenger 5. Windows live messenger
3. Google Hangout
How to setup instant messaging account?
To set up an instant messaging account, you need to download the software or
app or you need to have an e-mail ID. Because basically instant messaging
offers to types of services: application based and web based. The
application-based software can be downloaded from the official sources and
can be installed in the device. Whereas the web-based software using your
device browser application.
Creating an instant messaging account
Creating an instant messaging account is an easy task. If you have already an
email id then, your username before @ symbol can be your instant
messaging account by default. Some software or applications provides an
option to choose different IM account user name.
Here we discuss how to create account with google and how to use google
hangout for instant messaging.
1. Open google account sign up form by following this link.
2. The form will ask about basic information related to account and your
personal information like date of birth, mobile number, alternative
email account etc.

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3. Fill up the data as per the requirement.
4. Click on I agree for the privacy policy and its done.
Opening google account and chatting with a contact
Whenever you want to google account login with Gmail. Then follow these
steps to use hangout:
1. Find the option hangout in the left side of the main screen of Gmail.
2. Choose any online account available there in the list of online contacts.
3. Now send the message and wait for the reply.
You can also download the hangout application into mobile and computers.
General rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting
In the next section of Comprehensive notes on Instant Messaging , we
will discuss some of the general rules and etiquettes to be followed while
chatting.
1. In chatting your message should be short, simple and concise.
2. Introduce yourself if your account doesn't reveal your name.
3. Ask the other person about the time that he has for chatting or not.
4. Convey the exact message what you want to convey
5. Don't type your entire message in capital letter, as it is considered as
shouting and aggressive in chatting terms
6. Wait for their reply then send another message
7. If you are doing an important chat, avoid to do chatting with others at
the same time
8. Always say thank you or end your chat conversation with proper
messages
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic explanation – Instant Messaging

Follow this link for QnA:

QnA – Instant Messaging

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Create and Publish Blog

Create and publish blog is written for the people who are looking for the
contents related to a blog. In this chapter, I will give you comprehensive
notes to create and publish blog. So let's begin!
You are using the internet for many purposes like study, entertainment,
gaming, shopping etc. All of these you can do through websites on the
internet. At present, the internet is a huge source of collecting and
sharing information to the public.
So you can collect the information from it, but what you can do when you
want to contribute? To answer this question you have some online platforms.
The 3 most common and popular platforms are:
1. Social Media (Facebook, 2. Youtube
Instagram, Twitter etc.) 3. Blog
Social Media and Youtube have their own system of distributing the
information. A blog is different from social media and Youtube. So lets start
with what is a blog?

What is a blog?

A blog is a website that allows to write and publish

different chapters and posts to share the
knowledge and information on the internet.

Through a blog, you can create an online community and discuss some topics,
news, reviews, knowledgeable information with them.
For creating a blog website you need to have some basic idea about website
structure and website design. A non-technical person can also develop the
website using a blog. It is very simple to use and make share your ideas,
thoughts and knowledge to the public through the website.

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For writing chapters and posts you need an internet connection.
Exceptionally you have offline blog editors to write chapters and posts,
but to publish them you must have an internet connection.

How to create a blog?

The information which you want to share through the blog, it should be
text, images and other media files. These are known as content.

So there are many CMS (Content Management System) tools and

websites to share them through various interfaces. Some popular CMS
websites are:
1. Wordpress 4. Tumblr
2. Blogger 5. Weebly
3. Wix

You can use any of this to create your own blog. When it has some regular
reader base and audience.

Let's create a blog website with blogger. The first choice of making blog
website is blogger. It is the one of products of Google. You need to sign up
using google to create your account. Follow the below-given steps to create
a blog on blogger.
[1] Open your browser (Chrome, Firefox or any other) and type
www.blogger.com in the address bar.

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[2] Click on Cerate Your Blog button or Sign in button. Enter username and
Password for your Google account.
[3] Give the appropriate title for your blog. And click on Next.

Give title for your blog

[4] Now choose an appropriate URL for your blog. Click on Next.

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[5] Now type display name for your blog and the setup is complete. Click on
Finish button. The blog is ready to add the contents.

In the next section of Create and Publish Blog you will learn how to write
chapters in your blog.

Writing chapters for your blog

After the completion of the initial set up, your blog is ready to write an
chapter. You can write your chapter in two ways:
1. Pages
2. Posts
Let's see how to create pages and write the contents.
Step 1 Click on Pages option as displayed in the previous screenshot. The
NEW POST button will change to NEW PAGE. Click on it.

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Step 2 Now the new page interface will open. Give appropriate Title for your
Page and insert contents like text, images and all. When you finish content
typing and all, click on Finish button.

Publish post on blogger

Every chapter has an option to comment for the chapter. You can find an
option like leave comment, leave a reply at the end of the chapter in blog.
Just express gratitude with comment for the creator of blog.

Use offline blog editors

Offline blog editors are used to writing your chapter offline and then you can
publish them online. You can download any type of editors and install into
your computer. These editors allows to write posts, format the contents, and
publish the posts.
Some of the offline editors are as following:
1. Qumana
3. Blogdesk
2. Windows Live Writer
If you have good commands over documentation software like MS Word or OO
Writer, these editors are very easy for you.
Watch this video for practical understanding

Practical Demo – How to create a blog?

Follow this link for QnA

QnA – Creating blog

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Online Transactions
We are using internet for many purposes like entertainment, shopping,
education and so on. Whenever we are using such websites through internet
we are doing online transactions quite often. This online transactions
provides a facility of transfer money through the internet and avail the
shopping facility.
There are various methods, protocols, security measures used to perform
these all Online Transaction Process (OLTP). The following are few examples
of online transactions:
1. Withdraw money from ATM
2. Bill payments using debit/credit cards
3. NEFT/RTGS fund transfer
4. Generating Challan
5. Online DD Generation
In the next section of Comprehensive Notes Online Transaction IT 402, I
will explain certain benefits of online transactions.

Benefits of Online Transactions

Online transaction offers certain benefits to us. These are:
1. Fast Transaction Speed: Online transactions are very fast
compared to manual transaction. In manual transaction a person has
to visit the bank and the bank official makes an entry in register then
process it which time taking process.
2. Convenience: Online transactions are more convenient than
physical transaction as a person need to visit any bank or branch to
do the transactions.
3. Save time: Online transactions save our time to visit bank and stand
there in queue and filling up forms and other formalities in the bank.

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4. Anytime-Anywhere: If you visit a bank you have to follow the bank
schedules, but in online transactions you can do that anytime-
anywhere.
5. Low risk of theft: In online transactions process there is low risk of
theft involved.
Online Shopping

Online shopping is a process of buying the required

material from the e-commerce websites or apps
like amazon, flipkart, snapdeal, etc.

Customers can place the order using internet through mobile apps or websites
and pay the money using one of the following methods:
1. Debit/Credit Cards
2. Net Banking
3. Pay on Delivery
4. UPI payments
Some websites offers the facility to pay the money in installments. The
online shopping offers following benefits:
1. A customer doesn't have the time to visit the market
2. Sometimes you will get the item at a cheap rate compared to the
market price
3. Sometimes the product or services is not available in your local
market, you will get it from online shipping easily
4. Review of the product will help to make the decision to buy the
product or not
5. Sometimes lucrative offers give benefits with some discounts and
others
6. Very convenient service at our doorstep

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7. You can give your feedback for the improvement of product
8. You can return the product if you are not satisfied
9. You can cancel you order anytime
As you have used many websites, apps for the online transaction. Few of them
are:
1. Amazon
2. Flipkart
3. Redbus
4. IRCTC
5. Make My Trip
Practical activities:
1. Open amazon.com and place an order
2. Book your bus/rail/flight ticket by yourself whenever you will plan
about travelling next time
Requirements for online transactions
There are some specific requirements are there for doing online transactions.
They are:
1. You need an active internet connection.
2. You need app or website address.
3. You need an account to do the transactions.
4. You need debit/credit card or UPI account for payment
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Online Transactions

Follow this link to read QnA:

QnA – Online Transactions

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Internet security
As we are using internet for many purposes in a day. So security is also one
of the major concern for it. While using internet you have to take care of two
aspects concern to security.
1. The browser security
2. The network security

Security refers to follow some rules and guideline to

protect the data and information shared on the internet.

There is a huge risk of data when you are online if you are not following
some basic protocols.
While performing online transactions, you need to check some security
aspects. So in this chapter, Internet security notes and
Comprehensive guide you will learn about this.
There are many online threats which may lead to steal your information
online. Whatever sensitive data like username, passwords, credit cards and
debit cards information, you are providing while performing the online
transactions can be tracked by some unauthorized users.
Some websites release links and malware without your consent which are
very dangerous and can damage the computer and steal your information.
In the next section of internet security notes, I will talk about online
threats.

Online threats
There are some online threats discussed below:
1. Phishing: Phishing is an activity that demands your sensitive data like
bank details, username or passwords, credit card details, and other
details through email attachments or links. The links redirect you to

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such a fake website that looks too similar to the bank's website and asks
to enter data.
2. Email Spoofing: Email spoofing is an activity of an email from a
source that is fake and used for phishing emails and spam emails to
run a campaign. The main goal of email spoofing is that recipient
opens a message and click on the links provided in that email.
3. Chat Spoofing: It similar to email spoofing on the chat platform.
4. Eavesdropping: Eavesdropping is a process like listening online. In
this technique, a third party is observing the communication
happening between you and your partner. The hackers may attempt to
take out your data from a website directly.
5. Denial of Services: The DoS attack refers to an attack from a large
number of computers to a single target and tries to prevent the device
from properly functioning.
6. Password Attack: Password attacks are a common security threat
that is aimed to guess your password or steal your password using
different tricks such as dictionary attacks (common words and
numbers), brute force attack (uses a program to generate similar
kind of passwords), Man-in-the-middle attack (Impersonates an
app or website to capture passwords), Keylogger attack (Tracks the
keystrokes for a user to collect their password), Social engineering
attack(Uses phishing techniques or personal interaction to get
passwords).
7. Viruses: Viruses are malicious program or harmful program which can
damage the computer system, memory and replicate themselves. To
read more about virus click here.

Best Practices for security

To reduce the risks follow these best practices:

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1. Use updated antivirus or antispyware software: Install and use a
valid antivirus or antispyware software
2. Install and Use a firewall: A firewall is software or hardware that
provides a dialog box to allow the services or deny. It controls the
incoming traffic and services.
3. Use strong passwords: A strong password is a combination of
character, numbers and special characters. The following points can
be taken into consideration while assigning a strong password:
i. Do not use simple passwords like your favourite colour, bike
number, hero, date of birth, mobile number, repetition password,
common dictionary words, letter or number sequence, usernames,
relative or pet names etc.
ii. Change your password frequently
iii. Keep the password length up to 12-24 characters
iv. Use capital and lower-case letters
v. Avoid using similar passwords for different websites
vi. Avoid using something which is publicly known
vii. Use random password generators
4. Use encryption software: Encryption software can be downloaded
from the website. It is used to protect data from unauthorised users.
5. Keep username password private: The username and
password cannot be shared or saved on computers.
6. Clear browser history frequently: Sometimes a computer is used in
a shared environment in the offices. The browsers store the
information related to the user's logins and sessions in cookies. So
whenever one user session is ending, the history must be cleared.
Click here to read more about browser settings.
7. Privacy Policies: Read the privacy policies and agreement about
to use personal data while accepting the agreement.

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8. Don't share personal information: Be careful while filling up the
details of the form such as name, gender, age, and other data. Share
data with open eyes.
9. Secure Transactions: While doing online shopping or transactions,
ensure that the website is secured. As you can see a lock icon on the
address bar in front of the website's address.
10. Don't respond to unknown mails: While using emails, we are
receiving hundreds of unknown emails, do not respond to such emails
or click on any links.
11. Keep up to date software: Download and install regular updates
for the applications and operating systems.
12. Don't install software from unknown sources: While
downloading the software and applications, use trustworthy and
reputed sources.
13. Remove unwanted software: Some applications may be
installed automatically while using the internet, remove such
applications.
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Internet Security

Follow this link for QnA:

QnA Internet Security

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Workplace Safety
Workplace safety rules are very important for each and every organization.
They must follow some safety rules and procedure to maintain workplace
safety.

These rules and procedures should be displayed at the crucial areas of the
organization and a comprehensive guide should be also displayed for some
procedures.

The employees and concerned authority must be trained for these safety
rules and procedures. Regular maintenance and check for repairs of the
equipment should be done by the concerned department in the organization.
Some basic and fundamental safety rules are:
1. Fire Safety
2. Falls and Slips
3. Electricity Safety
4. Use of first Aid
5. Occupational Hazards

Fire safety rules

In organizations, fire safety should be taken care of. Some types of
equipment are used in the organization which can be burnt and may catch
the fire. Some of the reasons are short circtruis, LPG leackage, or any other
cause. So following rules or procedure should be followed to take care or
prevent from fire:
1. Emergency exits for fire escape should be installed at the
proper places in the organizations.
2. There should be a regular drill and training or awareness
should be organized by the safety department.
3. Smoke alarms must be placed at proper distance and intervals.

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4. The workplace must be declared as NO-SMOKING Zone.
5. The equipment which are used for fire safety should
be maintained and supervised properly.

Falls and Slips Safety Rules

Falls and slips are common in the workplace. Many times people facing this
issue while working due one or other reason. Sometimes a person gets
minor injuries, sometimes it can be very dangerous too. To prevent falls and
slips injuries the following rules can be followed:
5. The area where people movement is very high should be cleaned
and clutter-free.
6. The workplace should be properly ventilated and have good
light area.
7. The employees who are working in such slippery areas must wear
non-slippery footwear.
8. The floors must be clean and dry before the movement of people.
9. If any oil or water or dust is there should be cleaned immediately
before any accidents.

Electrical Safety Rules

As you know the Electrical equipment made our life very comfortable. Buu at
the same time if proper safety rules and procedure are not followed while
handling them, it can be very dangerous to us. So some electrical safety
rules should be followed to avoid such loss due to accident and hazards:
1. The electrical equipment should be approved by the
recognized organizations.
2. Safety training or awareness should be provided to the
people who are dealing with them.
3. The old and outdated equipment such as wires, switches, or
other damaged and hazardous electrical equipment should
be immediately replaced.

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4. The equipment which generates heat should be kept away
from electrical equipement.
5. The outlates and circuits should not be overloaded.
6. Always switch off or unplug the electrical appliances
before cleaning or relocating them.

Use of first aid

The use of first aid is a primary need of every human. So an individual
should learn it to save the damage or any type of loss.
First aid refers to the immediate assistance provided to the injured to save
lives and minimize the health loss before the medical treatment.
Every organization must have a basic first aid kit with all necessary items
and should be taken care of replacement at regular intervals before their
expiry date. Follow these first aid safety rules:
1. Assure the injured to remain calm and not to panic
2. Keep them warm if they are under shock
3. Do not move the victim in case of back/neck injury

Occupational Hazards
Occupational hazards refer to an illness one may acquire due to his
occupation. For example, people working in a chemical factory may get ill
due to the presence of chemicals. The common occupational hazards are as
following:
1. Physical Hazards: Physical hazards are common hazards with
some injuries. Some injuries are unavoidable in some industries like
construction, mining etc.
2. Chemical Hazards: Employees who deal with chemicals in
industries have a risk of illness due to the chemical.
3. Biological Hazards: It refers to a biological substance that poses a
threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans.

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4. Behavioural Hazards: Many organizations offer insurance to their
employees and some medical and healthcare services given at the
subsidized rates.
5. Radiological Hazards: Radiological Hazards derive from drinking
water. Radiation exposure from drinking water is known as radiological
hazards.
6. Ergonomic Hazards: The ergonomics hazards are associated with
risk factors like sitting posture, repetition, stationary position, direct
pressure, vibration, extreme temperature, noise, and work stress etc.
Watch this video for more understanding:

Topic Explanation – Workplace Safety

Follow this link to read QnA:

QnA – Workplace Safety

Prevent Accidents and Emergencies

Prevent Accidents and Emergencies is the next learning outcome of Unit 4
Web Applications and Security for Information Technology . Let us start!

Prevent Accidents and Emergencies

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Prevent Accidents and Emergencies
Accidents happen many times in the workplace. So preventing such a
situation is necessary at the workplace. So what can be done to prevent
these? Let's discuss.

Accidents

An accident refers to is an unplanned event that may

happen all of a sudden and may lead to unwanted or
unprecedented results/outcomes.

In other words, any unfortunate situation or incident

that leads to hazardous results or injuries or loss of
lives or any unwanted result.

In the next section of Accidents and Emergencies, you will know about types
of accidents.

Types accidents at the workplace

The following are different types of the accidents at the workplace:
1. Falls and Slips
2. Fire
3. Industrial illness
4. Road Traffic accidents
5. Clinical Accidents
6. Sports related accidents
In the workplace, the most common accidents are slips and falls. Due to falls
and slips or trips employees may get various injuries. These injuries include
minor ache to a major accident. The common injuries are fracture, sprain,
knee or elbow injury, wrist or head injuries.

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Another type of accident is a fire which is not a common type of accident for
every organization but it occurs at the workplace. Fire and explosions are
dangerous and sometimes deadly also. It causes huge damages to
organizations. The main causes of fire are:
1. Faulty electrical equipment
2. Flammable and combustible materials
3. Lack of staff training
4. Lack of resources and equipment in place
5. Arson
The other types of accidents occur but may vary according to the
organization type and culture.

Handling accidents
Handling accidents in the workplace is very crucial. When it happens it
should be handled very carefully without blaming anyone or any situation.
The following guideline should be followed to handle an accident:
1. SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) should be prepared by the
concerned authority.
2. Banners and safety-related slogans should be displayed in different
areas
3. Do the necessary arrangements for the treatment of injuries
4. Always stay alert
5. Pay attention to and follow emergency drills.

Emergency

Emergency refers to an unexpected situation that needs

immediate action.

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Emergency also can be defined as a sudden risk of life, property health and
that needs intervention to prevent deteriorating results/hazards. An
emergency includes threatens to the employee, customers or public, shut
down operations, causes physical or environmental damages.

Handling emergencies
The emergency must be handled immediately to reduce or minimize the
loss. Every organization must have an emergency plan to minimize the loss
and recover from it.
In the next section of Accidents and Emergencies you will get familiar with
some types of emergencies.

Types of emergency
The common types of emergencies are as following:
1. Chemical Peels
6. Fire
2. Extreme Heatwaves
7. Natural Disaster like Flood,
3. Droughts
Thunderstorms
4. Pandemics
8. Leakage of gas or chemical
5. Terrorists Attack
The following are some emergencies that need evacuation:
1. Fire
6. Tornado
2. Explosion
7. Toxic material release
3. Floods
8. Civil disturbance
4. Earthquake
9. Workplace violence
5. Hurricane

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Question Papers

1. CBSE Sample Paper 2023-24

2. CBSE Board Paper Paper 2022-23
3. CBSE Sample Paper 2022-23
4. CBSE Board Paper 2022-23 (Term 2)
5. CBSE Sample Paper 2021-22 (Term 2)
6. 5 sets Term 2 Sample Papers for Practice
7. CBSE Sample Paper 2020-21

Important Questions

1. 300+ Chapter wise MCQs

2. 400+ Chapter Wise Important Questions

Thank you!!
🙏
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