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The Intel 8086 microprocessor, a key advancement in personal computing, features a 16-bit architecture and a comprehensive instruction set that supports various operations. Its internal organization includes components like the ALU, control unit, and execution unit, optimizing performance and memory management. The 8086's versatile addressing modes and data representation capabilities have significantly influenced the development of future microprocessors.

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COA - Assignment

The Intel 8086 microprocessor, a key advancement in personal computing, features a 16-bit architecture and a comprehensive instruction set that supports various operations. Its internal organization includes components like the ALU, control unit, and execution unit, optimizing performance and memory management. The 8086's versatile addressing modes and data representation capabilities have significantly influenced the development of future microprocessors.

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THE INTEL 8086 MICROPROCESSOR

INTRODUCTION
The Intel 8086, a foundational chip in the evolution of personal computing, marked a
significant leap forward in microprocessor technology.
Its 16-bit architecture, robust instruction set, and versatile addressing modes laid the
groundwork for the subsequent development of powerful microprocessors. This
expanded overview delves deeper into the 8086's internal organization, instruction set,
addressing modes, and data representation.

INTERNAL ORGANIZATION
The 8086's internal architecture was designed to optimize performance and efficiency.
Its 16-bit data bus allowed for faster data transfers, and its 20-bit address bus enabled it
to address up to 1 megabyte of memory. The processor's core components included:
 Registers: The 8086 employed a rich set of registers, including general-purpose
registers for data manipulation, segment registers for memory management,
pointer and index registers for addressing, and the instruction pointer for
program control

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): This unit performed a wide range of arithmetic
and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
AND, OR, NOT, and XOR.
 Control Unit: The control unit orchestrated the execution of instructions,
fetching them from memory, decoding them into machine code, and directing the
ALU to perform the necessary operations.

 Bus Interface Unit (BIU): This unit handled communication with external
devices, such as memory and I/O ports, and managed the flow of data between
the processor and the system.

 Execution Unit (EU): The EU executed instructions, using the ALU and general-
purpose registers to perform the required calculations or data manipulations.
INSTRUCTION SET
The 8086's instruction set was designed to be versatile and efficient, supporting a wide
range of operations:

 Data Transfer Instructions: These instructions allowed for the movement of


data between registers, memory, and I/O devices.’ MOV: Transfers data from a
source to a destination.

1. XCHG: Swaps contents between registers or between a register and a


memory location.
2. PUSH and POP: Manipulate the stack.
3. LEA: Loads the effective address (memory operand address) into a
register.

 Arithmetic Instructions: The 8086 provided a comprehensive set of


instructions for performing arithmetic operations, including addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.

1. ADD, SUB, ADC, SBB: Perform addition and subtraction with


carry/borrow.
2. INC and DEC: Increment and decrement.
3. MUL, IMUL, DIV, IDIV: Unsigned and signed multiplication and division.

 Logical Instructions: The processor supported various logical operations, such


as AND, OR, NOT, and XOR, for manipulating individual bits within data words.

 Control Transfer Instructions: These instructions enabled the control flow of


programs, including jumps, calls, returns, and interrupts.

1. JMP: Absolute jump to a specified address.


2. Conditional branching: JC, JNC, JZ, JNZ, JS, JNS, JO, JNO.
3. CALL and RET: Call subroutines and return from them.
4. Software interrupt: INT and IRET.

 String Manipulation Instructions: The 8086 included instructions specifically


designed for manipulating strings of characters, making it well-suited for text
processing applications.

1. MOVSB, MOVSW: Transfer bytes or words for string manipulation.


2. CMPSB, CMPSW: Compare byte or word string operands.
3. SCASB, SCASW: Scan byte or word string operands.
4. LODSB, LODSW: Load a byte or word from memory into the
accumulator.
 Processor Control Instructions: These instructions allowed for controlling the
processor's state, such as halting, waiting, and executing no-operation
instructions.

ADDRESSING MODES
The 8086 supported a variety of addressing modes, providing flexibility in accessing
data:
 Immediate Addressing: The operand was a constant value specified within the
instruction itself.

 Register Addressing: The operand was located in a register.

 Direct Addressing: The operand's memory address was specified directly in the
instruction.

 Indirect Addressing: The operand's memory address was stored in a register.

 Indexed Addressing: The operand's memory address was calculated by adding


a base address and an index.

 Based Indexed with Displacement: The operand's memory address was


determined by adding a base address, an index, and a displacement.
DATA REPRESENTATION
The 8086 supported various data representations, including:

 Binary: The fundamental representation of data, using 0s and 1s.

 Hexadecimal: A compact notation for representing binary values.

 Signed and Unsigned Numbers: The 8086 could handle both signed and
unsigned integers, using two's complement representation for signed numbers.

 ASCII: Characters were represented using the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange.

 Packed BCD: Decimal digits were represented in a packed format, with two
digits per byte.

CONCLUSION
The Intel 8086 microprocessor, with its 16-bit architecture, extensive instruction set,
versatile addressing modes, and diverse data representation capabilities, played a
pivotal role in shaping the landscape of personal computing. Its influence can be seen in
the design and architecture of subsequent microprocessors, which have continued to
build upon the foundations laid by the 8086.

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