Technical Education and Vocational Training

Authority Punjab

Text Book for

Diploma of Associate Engineer

Comp-162

Computer Applications

BY
SHAUKAT ALI RANA MUHAMMAD ALI BUTT
SENIOR INSTRUCTOR INSTRUCTOR

MADIHA MUMTAZ MUHAMMAD IRFAN

INSTRUCTOR JUNIORR INSTRUCTOR
COMP-162 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

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PREFACE
This book Comp-162 Computer Applications has been written according to
the revised curriculum approved by TEVTA for Diploma of Associate
Engineers first year electrical technology.
This is the age of information technology and computer is essential part of this
technology. Computer has come out from its earlier specific applications i.e.
research and engineering etc. Now it is becoming an integral part of general
society. Today we can see the computer in our daily life, like in colleges,
schools, offices, vehicles and even in pockets.
The main objective to write this book is to provide ready reference facility for
students of electrical technology to explain the enduring concepts of computer
hardware and software, and to show you the concrete ways that these ideas
affect the correctness, performance, and utilities of operating systems
Windows and application programs like MS Word, MS PowerPoint and web
browser. This book also helps you understand the principles and acquire the
practical skills of programming using the C++ programming language
according to technology.

AUTHORS

Shaukat Ali Rana Muhammad Ali Butt

Senior Instructor Instructor

Madiha Mumtaz Muhammad Irfan

Instructor Junior Instructor

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic Page#
CHAPTER # 01
01-62
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (E.D.P)

1.1. Describe Basic Terms of Computer Science. Data & its

Types, Information, Hardware, Software
1.2. Explain Computer & its types
1.3. Generations of Computers
1.4. Explain Block diagram of a computer system
1.5. State the terms such as BIT, Byte, RAM & ROM
1.6. Identify Input & Output devices
1.7. Describe Secondary Storage devices
1.8. Explain Types of Software
1.9. Introduction to Programming Language
1.10. Explain Applications of computer in different fields

CHAPTER # 02
63-99
MS-WINDOWS

2.1 Explain Introduction to Windows

2.2 How to install Drivers & Windows
2.3 Describe Loading & Shut down process
2.4 Explain Introduction to Desktop items
2.5 Explain Desktop properties
2.6 Describe Use' of Control Panel
2.7 Explain the method of searching a document

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CHAPTER # 03
100-142
MS-OFFICE (MS-WORD)

3.1 Explain Introduction to MS-Office

3.2 Describe -Introduction to MS-Word & its Screen
3.3 Describe create a new document
3.4 Explain Editing & formatting the text
3.5 Describe saving & Opening a document
3.6 Explain Page setup, (Set the Margins & Paper)
3.7 Describe Spell Check & Grammar
3.8 Explain Paragraph Alignment
3.9 Explain Inserting Page numbers, Symbols, Text box &
Picture in the document
3.10 Describe Use the different Format menu drop down
commands
3.11 Explain Insert the Table and its Editing and modifying
3.12 Describe printing the document
3.13 Describe the method of file saving as a PDF Format

CHAPTER # 04
143-184
MS-OFFICE (MS-EXCEL)
4.1 Explain Introduction to MS-Excel & its Screen
4.2 Describe Entering data & apply formulas in worksheet
4.3 Describe Editing &Formatting the, Cells, Row & Column
4.4 Explain Insert Graphs in sheet
4.5 Describe Page setup, Print preview & Printing
4.6 Explain in details formulas for sum, subtract, multiply,
divide, average
4.7 Explain in details the types of charts e.g pie chart, bar
chart

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CHAPTER # 05
185-211
MS. OFFICE (MS-POWER POINT)
5.1 Describe Introduction to MS-Power point
5.2 Explain creating a presentation
5.3 Describe Editing & formatting a text box
5.4 Explain Adding pictures & colors to a slide
5.5 Describe Making slide shows
5.6 Explain Slide Transitions
CHAPTER # 06
212-238
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
6.1 Define program, programming, programmer , and
programming languages.
6.2 Classify computer programming languages.
6.3 Describe briefly computer languages.
6.4 Describe C++ programming language and its advantages.
6.5 Explain arithmetic operations
6.6 Explain logical operations
6.7 Explain the basics of loops for repetitive operations.
6.8 Explain the components of Flow-Charts for simple
computer program.

CHAPTER # 07
239-267
INTERNET & EMAIL
7.1 Explain Introduction to Internet and browser window
7.2 Explain Searching, Saving and Print a page from internet
7.3 Describe Creating, Reading & Sending E-Mail
7.4 File attachment.
7.5 Uploading and downloading file(s) and software(s)
7.6 Explain some advance features over the internet and how
to search topics on different search engines
7.7 Difference between Internet, Intranet and Extranet

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CHAPTER 1

ELECTRONICS DATA
PROCESSING
General Objective:
Understand basic concepts of Electronic Data Processing.

Specific objectives:
After studying this chapter students should be able to:

 Basic Terms of Computer Science Data & its, types, Information,

Hardware, Software

 Computer & its types

 Generations of Computers

 Block diagram of a computer system

 BIT, Byte, RAM & ROM

 Input &Output devices

 Secondary storage devices

 Types of Software

 Programming Languages

 Applications of computer in different fields

 Application in Engineering, Education & Business

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ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

(E.D.P)
Electronic Data Processing is the use of computers in recording, classifying,
manipulating, and summarizing of the data.
Some Examples of E.D.P
 Students Admission or Examination System
 Payroll System
 ATM System
 Stock Control System
 Electronic Fund Transfer
 Ticket Buying System

1.1 - BASIC OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER

1.1.1- COMPUTER
The term computer is derived from the word compute. The word
compute means to calculate. A computer is an electronic data processing
machine that accepts data from user as input, processes that data by
performing calculations and operations on it according to the given
instructions, stores data for later retrieval and generates the desired output
results (information) as illustrated in figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 – Data Processing Cycle

1.1.2 - DATA AND ITS TYPES
Data
A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. These facts can be
the numbers, words, images, audio, measurements and observations. The word
raw means that the facts have not yet been processed to get their actual
meanings.

Examples
 Each student's test score is one piece of data.
 A product purchased by a customer is also piece of data.

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Types of data
There are different types of data that may consist of numbers, text,
symbols, images, videos and voice.

1. NUMERIC DATA
Numeric data consists of positive or negative numbers that may also
be integer without any fractional part or real number which includes integers
with fractions. Numeric type data is usually used for calculations.
Examples of Integer numbers Examples of Real numbers
12, 256, -23, -87 3.1415, -5.40, 7.86
2. ALPHABETIC DATA
Alphabetic data contains the letters a, b, c… up to z. These letters may
be small or capitals. Alphabets are basic part of any human language. In real
life everything is called with its name and every name made up with
alphabets.
Examples of Alphabetic Data
Islamabad, Zain, Table, Office, College, TEVTA, computer etc
3. ALPHANUMERIC DATA
Alphanumeric data is combination of alphabets, numbers, special
characters (symbols) and space character.
Examples of Alphanumeric Data
Year2017, Roll No 15EA04, $46, 0330-1234567
4. GRAPHIC DATA
Graphics includes pictures, snaps, drawings, charts and moving
pictures (movies) etc.
5. AUDIO DATA
Audio includes any type of voice that may be Tilawat, Naats, National
Songs, human voice, etc.

1.1.3 - DATA PROCESSING

Microprocessor is the central part in computer system, also known as
processor. Processing is carried out by microprocessor. Processing is the stage
where the input data is manipulated in order to produce meaningful

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information. Processing can include a number of stages such as sorting,

searching, calculations, graphing etc.
1.1.4 - INFORMATION
Information is the data produced by computer after processing. The
use of information is to have decisions.
Information is also defined as processed, organized, useful, purified
and meaningful form of data.

Example
The average score of a class or of the entire school is information that
can be derived from the given data.

1.1.5 - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

Information technology (IT) refers to anything related to computing
technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the
people that work with these technologies.

HARDWARE
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as
the case, central processing unit, monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data
storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard. By contrast,
software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Or
Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. Also referred to as
the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a
computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit
However, most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen; it’s inside the
computer case.

SOFTWARE
Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or
computer instructions that tell the computer how to work. This is in contrast to
physical hardware, from which the system is built and actually performs the
work. Or Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate
computers and execute specific tasks. Examples of applications include office

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suites, database programs, web browsers, word processors, software

development tools, image editors and communication platforms.
1.2 - COMPUTER AND ITS TYPES
There are three types of computers;
1- ANALOG COMPUTERS
Analog computers are used to process analog data. Analog data is of
continuous nature and which is not discrete or separate. Such type of data
includes temperature, pressure, speed weight, voltage, depth etc. These
quantities are continuous and having an infinite variety of values.
Analog computers are used to in making and in chemical industry and
oil refinery etc. where flow and temperature measurements are important.
2- DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Most of the computers available today are digital computers. Digital
computers process the digits to represent numerals, letters or other special
symbols.
Digital computers operate on inputs which are ON-OFF type and its
output is also in the form of ON-OFF signal.
Normally, an ON is represented by a 1 and an OFF is represented by a
0. It is also known as binary 1 or 0.
Examples of digital electronic computers include the IBM PC,
calculators, the Apple Macintosh as well as modern smart-phones.

3- HYBRID COMPUTERS
A hybrid is a combination of digital and analog computers. It
combines the best features of both types of computers, i-e. It has the speed of
analog computer and the memory and accuracy of digital computer.
Hybrid computers for example are used for scientific calculations, in
defense and radar systems, In Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to measure patient’s
blood pressure and temperature etc.

1.3 – COMPUTER GENERATIONS

Computers are such an integral part of our everyday life now most
people take them and what they have added to life totally for granted. There
are following five generations of computers.

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Figure 1.2 First Generation Computers

1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes

These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory. As a result, they were enormous, literally taking up entire
rooms and costing a fortune to run.
These were inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat, sucked
huge electricity and subsequently generated a lot of heat which caused
ongoing breakdowns. These first generation computers relied on ‘machine
language’ (which is the most basic programming language that can be
understood by computers). These computers were limited to solving one
problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape. Output
came out on print-outs. The two notable machines of this era were the
UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the first every commercial
computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business.
1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors
The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the
second generation of computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors
weren’t used significantly in computers until the end of the 1950s. They were
a big improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting computers to
damaging levels of heat.

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However, they were hugely superior to the vacuum tubes, making

computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use. They still
relied on punched card for input/printouts.
The language evolved from cryptic binary language to symbolic
(‘assembly’) languages. These meant programmers could create instructions
in words. About the same time high level programming languages were being
developed (early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN).
Transistor-driven machines were the first computers to store
instructions into their memories – moving from magnetic drum to magnetic
core ‘technology’. The early versions of these machines were developed for
the atomic energy industry.

1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits

By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturized and put on
silicon chips (called semiconductors). This led to a massive increase in speed
and efficiency of these machines.
These were the first computers where users interacted, using
keyboards and monitors who interfaced with an operating system, a
significant leap up from the punch cards and printouts. This enabled these
machines to run several applications at once using a central program which
functioned to monitor memory.
As a result of these advances which again made machines cheaper and
smaller, a new mass market of users emerged during the ‘60s.

1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors

This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel. The chip-maker
developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which positioned all computer
components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) onto a single chip. What
filled a room in the 1940s now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel chip
housed thousands of integrated circuits. The year 1981 saw the first ever
computer (IBM) specifically designed for home use and 1984 saw the
Macintosh introduced by Apple. Microprocessors even moved beyond the
realm of computers and into an increasing number of everyday products.

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The increased power of these small computers meant they could be

linked, creating networks which ultimately led to the development, birth and
rapid evolution of the Internet. Other major advances during this period have
been the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse and more recently the
astounding advances in lap-top capability and hand-held devices.
2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development,
but some of these technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as
voice recognition.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a reality made possible by using parallel
processing and superconductors. Leaning to the future, computers will be
radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and nano
technology.
The essence of fifth generation will be using these technologies to ultimately
create machines which can process and respond to natural language, and have
capability to learn and organize themselves.
1.4 - COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computer system can be divided into following parts
 Computer Hardware
 Computer Software
1.4.1 - COMPUTER HARDWARE
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a
computer i.e. the components that can be seen and touched. These components
include keyboard, mouse, memory, processor, disks, disk drives, display
screens, printers, speakers, mother boards, and chips etc.
1.4.2 - COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software represents the logical or intangible parts of computer.
Software is collection of different programs. A program is set of electronic
instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to do a particular task.
Software is developed in a computer programming language.
Software can be categorized according to what it is designed to
accomplish. Different software's are used to solve different problems. There
are two major software categories, the system software and the application
software or apps.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

Computer hardware further divided into following three units as
described and shown above in diagram 1.3.
 Input Unit: deals with input devices, these devices are used to feed
data into computer. Six widely used input devices are keyboard,
mouse, scanner, microphone, digital camera, web cam.
 Output Unit: consists of output devices which are used to deliver
processed information. Four widely used output devices are monitor,
printer, plotter and speakers.
 System Unit: The system unit is a case consists of electronic
components of the computer that provide data processing and storage
facility. Some important devices houses in this units are CPU, RAM,
mother board, hard disk, CD drive etc.

Figure 1.3 – Block Diagram of Computer

 Memory Unit
Memory unit is divided into two types i.e primary unit and secondary
unit. Primary unit include the RAM (Random Access Memory) it
stores data temporarily as long as the computer system is ON.
Secondary memory unit include the storage devices like Hard Disk,
Flash Drive, SD Cards, CDs, DVDs etc. These devices can store data
permanently.

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 CPU
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor,
main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry within a
computer that executes instructions that make up a computer program.
The computer's central processing unit (CPU) is the portion of a
computer that retrieves and executes instructions. The CPU is
essentially the brain of a CAD system. It consists of an arithmetic and
logic unit (ALU), a control unit, and various registers. The CPU is
often simply referred to as the processor.

Components of CPU CPU

The Control Unit

The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. It tells the
computer's memory, arithmetic and logic unit and input and output devices
how to respond to the instructions that have been sent to the processor. Control
unit or CU is circuitry that directs operations within a computer's processor. It
lets the computer's logic unit, memory, and both input and output devices
know how to respond to instructions received from a program. Examples of
devices that utilize control units include CPUs and GPUs.

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The Arithmetic Logic Unit

An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor (CPU) that
carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in
computer instruction words. In some processors, the ALU is divided into two
units, an arithmetic unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU).
Typically, the ALU has direct input and output access to the processor
controller, main memory (random access memory or RAM in a personal
computer), and input/output devices. Inputs and outputs flow along an
electronic path that is called a bus. In general, the ALU includes storage places
for input operands, operands that are being added, the accumulated result
(stored in an accumulator), and shifted results. The flow of bits and the
operations performed on them in the subunits of the ALU is controlled by
gated circuits. The gates in these circuits are controlled by a sequence logic
unit that uses a particular algorithm or sequence for each operation code. In the
arithmetic unit, multiplication and division are done by a series of adding or
subtracting and shifting operations.
The design of the ALU is obviously a critical part of the processor and new
approaches to speeding up instruction handling are continually being
developed.

ALU Input & Output Flow

 Memory Unit
Memory unit is divided into two types i.e primary unit and secondary
unit. Primary unit include the RAM (Random Access Memory) it
stores data temporarily as long as the computer system is ON.
Secondary memory unit include the storage devices like Hard Disk,

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Flash Drive, SD Cards, CDs, DVDs etc. These devices can store data
permanently.
1.5 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
Input and output devices are used to interact with the computer system.
Input devices let you to transfer data and user command into the computer
system. Most commonly used input devices are keyboard, mouse, touch pad,
scanner, microphone, joystick and digital camera etc.
On the other hand, output devices display the result of input data or
signals after processing it. Examples of these could be your computer’s
monitor, printer, plotter and speakers.
1.5.1 - INPUT DEVICES
KEYBOARD
The keyboard is one of the primary ways we communicate with the
computer and enter data. The most widely used layout in the English language
is called QWERTY.A standard desktop computer keyboard contains 101 to
105 keys as shown in figure 1.4.

Figure 1.4 – Desktop Computer Keyboard

There are many different types of computer keyboards, including

wired, wireless, ergonomic, and multimedia.
TYPES OF KEYS
Alphabetic Keys
All of the letters on the keyboard A-Z either may be small or capitals.
Numeric Keypad
Numeric keypad is located on the right side of the keyboard and
consists of keys having numbers (0 to 9) and mathematical operators (+ − * /)

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defined on them. This keypad is provided to support quick entry for numeric
data.

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Punctuation Keys
All of the keys associated with punctuation such as the comma, period,
semicolon, brackets, and parenthesis etc. Also, all of the mathematical
operators such as the plus sign, minus sign, and equal sign etc.
Special Keys
All of the other keys on the computer keyboard such as the control
keys, arrow keys, caps lock key, delete key etc.
Cursor Movement Keys
These are arrow keys and used to
move the cursor in the direction
indicated by the arrow (up, down, left,
right).
Function Keys
Function keys labeled F1 to F12.
These keys have different meaning
depending on which program is running.
MOUSE
A mouse (figure 1.5) is the most widely used pointing device with a

Figure 1.5 - Mouse

GUI (Graphical User Interface) environment on personal computers. A

mechanical mouse has a rubber ball on its underside to detect movement of
the mouse. An optical mouse uses devices that emit and sense light to detect
the mouse's movement. A cordless mouse (either mechanical or optical)
transmits data using wireless technology.
Some common mouse operations are point, click, right click, double
click, drag and rotate wheel etc.
TRACK BALL
Track Ball (figure 1.6) is an input device
like a mouse. It is used in Lap top
computers to control motion of pointer on
screen. It is a pointing device like upside
down mouse. It has a ball on its upper side.
This ball is moved by fingers or
Figure 1.6 – Track Ball

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thumb and the pointer moves accordingly on screen.

TOUCH PAD
Touch pad (figure 1.7) is a pointing
input device. It is used in Lap top computers
to control motion of pointer on screen.
Touch pad is a stationary input device. It
has a flat surface of 1.5 to 2 square inch.
Finger is moved on this surface to
move pointer on screen.
Figure 1.7 – Touch Pad
JOY STICK
Joystick (figure 1.8) is an input
device used to play games on computer. It is
used to control motion of an object quickly in
game with the help of a hand held stick.
This stick can be moved forward,
backward or sideways. The buttons called the
triggers. Joystick also used occasionally Figure 1.8 - Joystick

for CAD/CAM systems.

LIGHT PEN
Light Pen (figure 1.9) let you move
the pointer and allow the user to point to
displayed objects or draw on the screen in a
similar way to a touch-screen but with
greater positional accuracy.
Figure 1.9 – Light Pen

SCANNER
Scanner (figure 1.10) is important input
device of a computer system. A scanner
converts printed documents in to images.
Some types of scanners scan documents
and produce the results in black and white

Figure 1.10 - Scanner

images. The scanner operates in the same manner as a photocopier.
MICROPHONE

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Microphone (figure 1.11) is an input device used to enter voice data

into the computer. Computer microphones are used for a variety of purposes,
from recording audio, voice chatting, teleconferencing to video conferencing.

TOUCH SCREEN

A touch screen (figure 1.12) is Figure 1.11 - Microphone

display screen that enables the user to
interact with the computer by touching areas
on the screen. It allows the user to interact
with a device without a mouse or keyboard
and is used with smart phones, tablets
and computer screens
Touch screen is used in ATM and in
latest smart phones to receive input from the Figure 1.12 – Touch Screen

user.

DIGITAL CAMERA
Digital Cameras (figure 1.13) are
used to capture images. Those images are
then transferred to a computer when the
Camera is connected to the computer.
Mostly the Digital Camera images
are in JPEG format. Figure 1.13 – Digital Cameras

1.5.2 - OUTPUT DEVICES

MONITOR

Monitor or display screen is most important output device. It is used

to display the video and graphics information generated by the computer
through the video card. Monitors are very similar to televisions but with
higher resolution. Figure 1.14 shows different types of monitors.

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Figure 1.14 – Different Types of Monitor

TYPES OF MONITORS
According to technology, size, weight, price and picture quality
following monitors are widely used in computer.
CRT
CRT (short for Cathode Rays Tube) monitors look much like old-
fashioned televisions and are very deep in size. It works by moving an
electron beam produced by picture tube across the back of the screen.
LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors are much thinner, use less
energy, and provide a greater graphics quality. LCD technology can be
mostly found in portable devices like digital watches, tablets, and smart
phones etc.It is also offered in full size monitor as alternatives to CRT
monitors.
The technology works by passing an electric current through liquid
crystal which is contained between two sheets of polarizing material.
LED
LED (Light-Emitting diode) is a semiconductor light source used as
indicator lamp in many devices. It is simple a LCD that uses LEDs for back
lighting, which creates images/Pictures in display devices like TV.
PLASMA
Plasma Display Panel (PDP) is flat panel display. They contains small
cells containing electrically charged ionized gases, when electrical current
pass through the phosphors it lights up themselves to create the image on the
screen.

PRINTERS
A printer is an output device that prints characters, symbols and
graphics, on paper. The printed output is called hard copy.

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There are two types of printers Impact Printers & Non-Impact Printers.

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(A) - IMPACT PRINTERS

Impact type printers used pins and hammer that strikes against the
paper through ribbon .Printing quality of impact printer is not good, it create
noise while printing. The impact printers are used where low-cost printing is
required.
Three common forms of impact printers (figure 1.15) are as follows
 Dot matrix printers
 Daisy wheel printer
 Line printer

Figure 1.15 – Impact Printers

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

Dot matrix printer creates characters by striking pins against an ink
ribbon. Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters. The
dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. Dot-matrix
printers are inexpensive and typically print at speeds of 100-600 characters
per second.
DAISY WHEEL PRINTER
Similar to a ball-head typewriter, the printer uses a metal or plastic
disk containing each of the letters, numbers, and other characters it supports.
When something is printed, the printer rotates the disk to each character and
then using a hammer strikes each character into an ink ribbon to create the
character on paper.
LINE PRINTER
Line printer contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire
line at one time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print.
They can typically print the range of 1,200 to 6,000 lines per minute. Drum,
chain, and band printers are line printers.
(B) - NON-IMPACT PRINTERS

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A non-impact printer prints characters and graphics on paper without

striking paper. Some printers use sprays ink while others use heat and
pressure.
These printers are costly but faster and having no noise during
printing. Different kinds of non-impact printers (figure 1.16) are as follows
 LASER printer
 Inkjet printer
 Thermal printer

Figure 1.16 – Non Impact Printers

LASER PRINTER
LASER is short for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation. Laser printer uses the same technology as photo copy machines
and produce very high quality text and graphics. The speed of laser printers is
high and they print quietly without producing much noise. Many home-use
laser printers can print eight pages per minute, but faster and print
approximately 21,000 lines per minute, or 437 pages per minute if each page
contains 48 lines.
INKJET PRINTER
Ink-jet printers form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny
nozzles through an electrical field that arranges the charged ink particles into
characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters per second. The ink is
absorbed into the paper and dries instantly. Various colors of ink can also be
used.
PLOTTERS
Plotter (figure 1.17) is hardcopy
output device used to print large linear
drawings. The drawing or design is
conveyed to the paper surface by plotting a

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Figure 1.17 - Plotter
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serial of points and connecting them with lines.

Plotters are most often used for drafting or map making. It can
produce full color renderings as well as geometric line drawings.
SPEAKERS
A speaker is a softcopy output device
that plays sound generated by the computer.
They are usually in a group of two and come in
various sizes and shapes. You can listen to
songs which are stored on the hard disk of the
computer through the speaker.
Figure 1.18 - Speaker

1.6- SYSTEM UNIT AND ITS DEVICES

The system unit is a case consists of electronic components of the
computer that provide data processing and storage facility. Some important
devices houses in this units are CPU, RAM, mother board, hard disk, CD
drive etc.
1.6.1 - CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU or central processing unit is a chip
considered as the brain of the computer. It is
also called processor.
It performs all types of data processing
operations. It stores data, intermediate results
and instructions (program).It controls the
operation of all parts of computer. Figure 1.19
shows the CPU for personal computers. Figure 1.19 – CPU

COMPONENTS OF CPU
CPU itself has following three components
 Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 Control Unit
 Memory or Storage Unit

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1. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

This unit consists of two subsections namely
 Arithmetic section
 Logic Section
Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are
done by making repetitive use of above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as
comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data.
2. MEMORY OR STORAGE UNIT (MU)
These are high speed memory locations built into CPU. The memory
registers temporarily hold the program instructions for the program to be
executed, the input data to be processed and the intermediate results of any
calculations when the processing is being done.
3. CONTROL UNIT (CU)
This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer. It is
responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other
units of a computer. It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or
results from storage.
1.6.2 - PRIMARY MEMORY
Primary memory is accessible directly by the processing unit. RAM,
ROM and Cache are examples of primary memory.
RAM - (Random Access Memory)
RAM (figure 1.20) is main memory of
computer. It is referred to as random access memory
(RAM) because it. It is also called read/write
memory. The storage of data and instructions inside
the primary storage is temporary. All data and
instructions disappear from RAM as soon as the
Figure 1.20 - RAM
power to the computer is switched off because it is
the type of volatile memory.

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TYPES OF RAM
D-RAM
Dynamic Random Access Memory is the more common type. It is
slower because it needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second.
DRAM supports access times of about 60 nanoseconds. It is an inexpensive
memory.
S-RAM
Static Random Access Memory is faster than DRAM in term of speed
because it does not need to be refreshed. SRAM can give access times as low
as 10 nanoseconds. Despite SRAM being faster, it's not as commonly used as
DRAM because it's so much more expensive.
ROM
ROM (read-only memory) refers to special
memory chip (figure 1.21) used to store programs
that boot the computer and perform diagnostics. The
ROM can only be read by the CPU but it cannot be
changed. The basic input/output system (BIOS)
program is stored in the ROM that examines and
initializes different equipment attached with the PC.
Figure 1.21 – ROM Chip
ROM is type of non-volatile memory.
PROM
PROM is programmable read only memory. PROM allows the data to
be loaded by the user but it can be written only once. Once a program has
been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever.
EPROM
EPROM (Erasable programmable read only memory) is a special type
of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is
erased, it can be reprogrammed. An EPROM is similar to a PROM, but
requires only ultraviolet light to be erased.
EEPROM
Pronounced e-e-prom, an EEPROM (Electrically erasable
programmable read only memory) is a special type of PROM that can be
erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. Like other types of PROM,

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EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off. Also like
other types of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM.
1.6.3 - CACHE MEMORY
Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is static type random access
memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than
it can access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly with
the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect
with the CPU.
Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that
provides high-speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used
computer programs, applications and data. It stores and retains data only until
a computer is powered up.
1.6.4 – BIT & BYTE
BIT
A bit (short for Binary digit) is the smallest unit of data/information
that can be stored or manipulated in a computer. A bit can have a binary value
of either 0 or 1.
Binary means that there are only two logical choices or states i.e.
True/false or on/off. A bit can be a tiny magnetic region on a hard disk, a
tiny dent on a CD or DVD, or a tiny transistor on a memory stick.
BYTE
A byte is a set of 8 bits that represent a single character in the
computer's memory. Bytes are used to measure file sizes, hard disk space, and
computer memory. Larger amounts of data are measured in units such as
megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes. For example, one kilobyte is equal to
1,024 bytes. The short form of a byte is an upper-case B.

1.7 - SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

Secondary storage devices are used to store data and instructions
permanently. These devices also called auxiliary storage or external storage.
These are non-volatile storage that is not under the direct control of a

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computer's central processing unit(CPU). Examples of secondary storage

devices are Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, CD and DVD etc.
MAGNETIC TAPE
Magnetic tape is the oldest storage device. It is made of plastic coated
with magnetic material. Tape drive is used to read and write data on tape.
Magnetic tape is sequential access device.
It is slower device than magnetic disk or optical disk. Usually
magnetic tapes are used to take data backups.
FLOPPY DISK
The floppy disk (figure 1.22) was
introduced by IBM in 1971. It was
officially called “diskette”. FD is
removable storage medium that
consists of a thin and flexible magnetic
disk inside a plastic carrier. Figure 1.22 – Floppy Disk
The floppy disk drive or FDD is a piece of computer hardware that
reads data from, and writes data to, a floppy disk. The 3.5inches’floppy disk
can store 1.44 MB data.
HARD DISK DRIVE
The hard disk (figure 1.23) is also called fixed disk. It consists of one
or more metal plates. Metal plates are coated with magnetic material to store
data.
Each platter is broken up into
tracks and sectors. Tracks are
concentric circles on the disk; each
track is broken up into a series of
sectors. A motor rotates disks. There
is also an access arm and read / write
heads to read and write data on disks.

Hard disks are available in different Figure 1.23 – Hard Disk Drive
size like 150 GB, 300 GB and more
up to Tera Bytes.

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CD (Compact Disk)
CD (Compact Disk) is type of optical
storage media that is used to hold
prerecorded text, graphics and sound.
CD-ROM is a read-only disk. Read
only means the disk’s content is
recorded at the time of manufacture
and cannot be written on or erased by
the user. A CD-ROM disk can hold up Figure 1.24 – CD with CD-Drive
to 700 MB of data, equal to 300,000 pages of text.
CD drive/writer (figure 1.24) is used to play/write CDs. CD drive use
a combination of lasers and sensors to read the data stored on the surface of
the compact disks. Types of CDs are CD-ROM, CD-R (recordable) and CD-
RW (re-writeable)
DVD
DVD “digital video disk” or “digital versatile disk” is a type of optical
disk technology similar to the CD-ROM. It can hold up to 17 GB of data,
about 25 times an ordinary CD-ROM. For this reason, a DVD-ROM can store
a large amount of multimedia software and complete movies in different
languages. It can also play music CDs and CD-ROMs.
DVDs are read-only devices. To avoid this limitation, companies also
produce DVD-R/DVD-RW disks and DVD-burners.

BLU RAY DISK

Developed by Blu-ray disc association
(that includes Apple, Hitachi, HP, LG,
Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp,
and Sony). Blu-ray Disc figure 1.25 (BD) is an
also an optical disc storage medium designed to
supersede the DVD format.
Figure 1.25 – Blu Ray Disk
BD-ROM (read only) for reading recorded content, BD-R (recordable) for PC
data storage, BD-RW (rewritable) is used for PC data storage. Single layer BD
Can hold data up to 25/27 GB, Double layer BD can hold data up to 50 GB.

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USB FLASH DRIVE

A flash drive is a small, ultra-portable storage
device which, unlike an optical drive or a
traditional hard drive, has no moving parts.
Flash drives connect to computers and
other devices via a built-in USB port, Flash
drives are often referred to as pen drives;
thumb drives, or jump drives.
It can store several MB’s to GB’s of data.
Figure 1.26 – Flash Drive

1.8 - COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Software represents the logical or intangible parts of computer.
Software is collection of different programs. A program is
series of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do
accomplish a particular task. Software is developed in a computer
programming language. The Two major software categories are system
software and application software.
1.8.1 – SYSTEMSOFTWARE
A program or set of programs that is especially designed to control
different operations of computer system is called system software. It controls
the working of different components of the computer. The system also enables
the other application programs to execute properly.
Operating systems, utility programs, and device drivers are the
examples of system software. Operating system is the main and most popular
type of system software.
1.8.2 – APPLICATION SOFTWARE
A program or set of programs that are especially designed to solve the
specific problems of users, are called application software. It is also known as
software package.
There are Different kinds of application software such as commercial
software, scientific software, financial packages, Games, multimedia software.

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CATEGORIES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE

The application software are divided into two main categories
1. Custom-built software
2. Packaged software
1. Custom Built Software
Software that is developed for a particular customer or organization is
called custom built software. For example, software developed to maintain the
records of students of a particular college is category of custom built software.
2. Packaged Software
The software that is developed for sale to the general public is called
packaged software. Packaged software is used to solve some common
problems of many people or users. Some examples of packaged software are
1. Word processor such as MS-Word and Word Perfect
2. Spreadsheet such as MS-Excel
3. Presentation software such as MS- Power Point and Apple Keynote
4. Database software such as MS-Access, SQL Server and Oracle
5. Graphic software such as Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw and AutoCAD
6. Communication Software such as Internet Explorer and Google
Chrome etc.
7. Entertainment software such as Windows Media Player and VLC
Media Player
8. Web development software such as MS-Expression, Adobe
Dreamweaver and Net-Objects Fusion etc.
1.9 - PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
A language used to write instructions for the computer is called
programming language. Programming language use vocabulary and set of
grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks
1.9.1 - TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
There are three main kinds of programming language:
 Machine language
 Assembly language
 High-level language

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1. MACHINE LANGUAGE
Machine language is a low-level programming language. It is easily
understood by computers but difficult to read by people. This is why people
use higher level programming languages. Programs written in high-level
languages are also either compiled and/or interpreted into machine language
so that computers can execute them.
2. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
An assembly language consists of a set of symbols and letters. A
translator is required to translate the assembly language to machine language.
This translator program is called the 'Assembler.' It is use terms
like MOVE, ADD, SUB and END.
Many of the earliest computer programs were written in assembly
languages. A disadvantage of assembly language is that it is not portable,
because each platform comes with a particular Assembly Language.
3. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
A high level language is a computer programming language that
resembles natural language or mathematical notation and is designed
to reflect the requirements of a problem. Languages such as C, C++, BASIC,
and Java are all high-level languages. Advantages of high-level languages are
that they are very readable and portable. These languages require a compiler
or interpreter to translate into a form that a particular machine understands.
1.9.2 - CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
Different languages have different purposes, so it makes sense to talk
about different class. Computer languages are classified into following
FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGES
In Functional language, a program is divided into function definitions.
Some of the famous Function languages are Scala, F#, Clojure and Lisp.
PROCEDURAL LANGUAGES
In Procedural Languages, a program is written in a sequence of steps
that should be followed to produce a result. COBOL, FORTRAN and C are
some Procedural languages.
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
In OOP languages, a program is divided into Object that contains data
as well as methods that operate on the data. Java, C# and C++ are examples
OOP languages.

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LOGIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Logic Languages are used to create programs that enable the computer
to reason logically e.g. Logic language and Prolog language
1.9.3 - LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
There are 3 types of system software used for translating the code that
a programmer writes into a form that the computer can execute (i.e. machine
code). These are
1. Assemblers
2. Compilers
3. Interpreters
Source Code is the code that is input to a translator. Executable code is the
code that is output from the translator.
ASSEMBLER
An Assembler converts an assembly program into machine code.
Assembly language consists of mnemonics for machine opcodes so
assemblers perform a 1:1 translation from mnemonic to a direct instruction.
For example:
MOV TOTAL, 48 ; Transfer the value 48 in the
; memory variable TOTAL

COMPILER
A Compiler is a program that translates a high level language into
machine code. The compiler translates a program (source program) written in
high level language into machine code that can be run on a PC.
When using a compiler, the entire source code needs to be compiled before
the program can be executed. The resulting machine code is typically a
compiled file, such as a file with an .exe extension.

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INTERPRETER
An Interpreter is also a program that translates high-level source code
into executable code. However, the difference between a compiler and an
interpreter is that an interpreter translates one line at a time and then executes
it: no object code is produced, and so the program has to be interpreted each
time when executed. If the program performs a section code 1000 times, then
the section is translated into machine code 1000 times since each line is
interpreted and then executed.

1.10- APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER IN

VARIOUS FIELDS
Today computer is playing very important role in every field of life.
Many activities in daily life can be performed very easily and quickly. Many
fields where computer are widely used that includes
BUSINESS
Today, in global markets, it is impossible to run the business without
the use of computer technology. Many business activities are performed very
quickly and efficiently by using computers. The administrative paperwork is
also reduced by using computers. Many business use websites to sell their
products and contact their customers.
EDUCATION
Computers are used in teaching and research. The students can solve
different kinds of problems quickly and efficiently by using computers. They
can also collect different information on the Internet.
BANKS
Computers are widely used in banks. They are used in banks for record
keeping and maintaining accounts of customers. By the ATM facility the
customers can draw money through ATM card from any branch of that bank
(or another bank) at any time of a day.

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ENTERTAINMENT
Computers are also playing very important role for the entertainment.
Nowadays, computer can be used to watch TV programs on the Internet.
People can also watch movies, listen music, and play games on the computer.
HOME
At home, computer is used to maintain personal records and to access
much other information on the Internet. People can also use computer at home
for making home budgets etc.
MEDICAL
Nearly every area of the medical field uses computers. For example,
computers are used for maintaining patient history & other records. They are
also used for patient monitoring and diagnosis of diseases etc.
DEFENSE
Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and
other equipment as well as designing and maintenance in the deference
system. Computer builds the links between the soldiers and commanders
through the satellite.
DESIGNING & PUBLISHING
Computers aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints, newspapers,
books and many others. The construction layouts are designed beautifully on
system using different tools and software.
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS/OFFICES
Computer is used in government offices for communication, data processing
and project management. Like businesses and individuals, computers are
almost essential part of federal and provincial government offices for their
daily office operations.
1.11 - APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER IN
ENGINEERING, EDUCATION AND BUSINESS
1.11.1 - COMPUTER IN ENGINEERING
Engineering designers require effective means of collecting, storing,
retrieving, processing, communicating, distributing, displaying, plotting and
printing large quantities of information.

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USE OF CAD SOFTWARE

One of the major uses of computer technology in engineering is with
CAD software. Computer aided design software is the application of computer
technology for logical designing. This industrial art is now widely used in
many traditional industries, such as automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding,
aerospace, prosthetics, architectural projects and even special effects in
movies.
USE OF CFD SOFTWARE
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software are used to virtually
test airplane and automobiles etc. Using a computer, engineers can
immediately calculate such effects without having to physically test them.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Computers can perform complex calculations much quicker than a
human can. They can also be used to simulate situations to make the right
decisions.

AUTOMATION
It is almost impossible for humans to perform the same task over and
over again with no variation. So when a company needs hundreds of products
that look and behave identically, they tend to use computers and robots to
construct them.
1.11.2 – COMPUTER IN EDUCATION
Computer technology has a deep impact in the education sector to
make learning easier and much more interesting.
Here is detail of some areas of education where computer has great impacts.
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
Lecture delivering using PowerPoint slides, Word documents or Web
pages is very useful for better concept and clarity. Computer can help in
improving pronunciation of students by using microphones, headphones,
speakers, specially prepared software and special dedicated websites. Video
conferencing, chat and email may also be used for communication among
instructors and students for e-learning.

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STUDENTS LEARNING
Students can use computers to collect notes, pictures, and videos from
web pages for detailed information to manage their projects or assignments. A
saved soft copy of documents can be used in future.
EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION
Examination and evaluation of students can be easily done using
computer because it may facilitate to keep records of students for their
academic scores as well as their grade, personal history about exams etc.
Question bank for students can be created for online testing and
evaluation.
LIBRARY
Electronic library is more helpful for students/faculty members where
documents, magazines, journals, brochures and research articles are stored as
soft copy. Furthermore, special library software can be used in existing library
to keep record of books as well as issues and returns of the books.
INSTITUTE ADMINISTRATION
The administration of the institute can use computer to store student’s
personal, academic and financial records. Similarly accounts of the institution
and records of employees also can be stored.
1.11.3 – COMPUTER IN BUSINESS
Computers are used for all aspects of running a business. Here is detail
of these aspects as follows
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
In this era companies are using email, live chat systems, online
meeting tools, video conferencing system and smart phones for
communication among employees, suppliers and customers.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Inventory management system is used to track the quantity of each
item a company maintains in its stock.
PAYROLL SYSTEM
Computerized payroll system is used in different organizations to maintain
pay account of employees, easily and quickly.

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DATA MANAGEMENT
Today, most companies store digital versions of documents on servers
(large computers) and storage devices, these documents can be easily
available geographically via internet.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Management Information System (MIS) enables companies to track
sales data, expenses, productivity level, profitability, losses, identify areas of
improvements and strategic decisions.
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Computerized HRM helps for the better human resource planning,
recruitment, wages and salary planning, personnel record keeping, training
and development.

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EXERCISE
SHORT QUESTIONS
1. What does E.D.P stands for?
E.D.P stands for Electronic Data Processing
2. Define the electronic data processing
Electronic Data Processing is the use of computers in recording,
classifying, manipulating, and summarizing of the data.
3. Define computer
The term computer is derived from the word compute. The word
compute means to calculate. A computer is an electronic machine that accepts
data from user as input, processes that data by performing calculations and
operations on it, stores data for later retrieval and generates the desired output
results (information)
4. Draw a figure to illustrate the computer

5. Define data
A collection of raw facts and figures is called data. These facts can be
the numbers, words, images, audio, measurements and observations. The word
raw means that the facts have not yet been processed to get their actual
meanings.
6. What are the types of data?
There are different types of data that includes numeric data, alphabetic
data, alphanumeric data, graphic data and voice data.
7. Define the numeric data
Numeric data consists of positive or negative numbers that may also
be integer without any fractional part or real number which includes integers
with fractions.
8. What is use of numeric data?
Numeric type data is usually used for calculations
9. What are examples of numeric data?
Data may contain integer and real numbers. Examples are illustrated below.

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10. Define the alphabetic data

Alphabetic data contains the letters a, b, c… up to z. These letters may
be small or capitals.
11. What is use of alphabetic data?
Alphabets are basic part of any human language. In real life everything
is called with its name and every name made up with alphabets.
12. Give some examples of alphabetic data
Examples of alphabetic data are Islamabad, Farhan, Table, Office,
College, TEVTA, computer etc
13. Define the alphanumeric data
Alphanumeric data is combination of alphabets, numbers, special
characters (symbols) and space character.
14. What is use of alphanumeric data?
Alphanumeric data is used to identify any person, thing, place, event
and object.
15. What are examples of alphanumeric data?
Alphanumeric data examples are Year 2015, Roll No 15EA04, $46,
0330-1234567
16. What are examples of graphic data?
Graphics includes pictures, snaps, drawings, charts and moving
pictures (movies) etc
17. What are examples of audio data?
Audio includes any type of voice that may be Naats, songs, human
voice, etc
18. Define the data processing.
Data processing can include a number of stages such as sorting,
searching, calculations, graphing etc where the input data is manipulated in
order to produce meaningful information.
19. Define the information
Information is the data produced by computer after processing. The
use of information is to have decisions.
20. Define the information technology
Information technology (IT) refers to anything related to computing
technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the
people that work with these technologies.

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21. Define the analog computers

Analog computers recognize and process the data as a continuous
measurement of a physical property (voltage, pressure, speed and
temperature). Automobile speedometer, analog clock, voltage meter, ampere
meter and electric current meter are examples of analog computer.
22. Define the digital computers
Digital computers process the digits to represent numerals, letters or
other special symbols. Digital computers operate on inputs which are ON-
OFF type and its output is also in the form of ON-OFF signal. Normally, an
ON is represented by a 1 and an OFF is represented by a 0. It is also known as
binary 1 or 0.
23. Define the hybrid computers
A hybrid is a combination of digital and analog computers. It
combines the best features of both types of computers, i-e. It has the speed of
analog computer and the memory and accuracy of digital computer.
24. What are the categories of digital computer regarding classification?
Digital computers can be classified into four categories
 Super Computers
 Mainframe Computers
 Mini Computers
 Micro Computers
25. Define the super computer
A supercomputer is a computer that is among the largest, fastest or
most powerful of the computers available.
26. What is use of super computer?
Traditionally, supercomputers have been used for scientific and
engineering applications that must handle very large databases or do a great
amount of computation (or both).
27. Define the mainframe computer
A large, expensive, and often highly redundant computer designed to
support a large organization, support a large number of users, and make use of
large volumes of secondary storage.
28. Define the mini computer
A small computer that is intermediate between a microcomputer and a
mainframe in size, speed, and capacity

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29. Define the micro computers

Microcomputer is complete machine for personal use in home or at office that
includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities.
30. Write the various field names where computer can be applied
Following are the various fields where computer can be applied
 Business
 Education
 Banks
 Entertainment
 Home
 Medical
 Defense
 Designing & Publishing
 Government Departments/Offices
 Research Laboratories
31. Define the role of computer in engineering
Using computers and specialty computer software, engineers can
design, test and make changes to products in minimal time. Computers help
them complete the task at hand much more quickly.
32. Define the CAD software
Computer aided design software is the application of computer
technology for logical designing.
33. What is use of CFD software?
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software are used to virtually
test the airplane and automobiles etc.
34. Define the Automation
Automation is the use of scientific and technological principles in the
manufacture of machines that take over work normally done by humans.
35. What are the areas of education where computer has great impacts?
 Instruction to students
 Students learning
 Examination and evaluation
 Library
 Institute administration

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36. What is use of computer in business?

Computers are used in business for following aspects.
 Business communication
 Inventory Management System
 Payroll System
 Data Management
 Management Information System
 Human Resource Management
37. Define the computer hardware
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a
computer i.e. the components that can be seen and touched. These components
include keyboard, mouse, memory, processor, disks, disk drives, display
screens, printers, speakers, mother boards, and chips etc.
38. Define the computer software
Software represents the logical or intangible parts of computer.
Software is collection of different programs. A program is set of electronic
instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to do a particular task.
39. What units of hardware are showed by the computer block diagram?
1. The Input Unit
2. The Output Unit
3. The System Unit
40. Define the input unit
The input unit deals with input devices, these devices are used to feed
data into computer. Six widely used input devices are keyboard, mouse,
scanner, microphone, digital camera, web cam.
41. Define the output unit
The output unit is used to deliver information from the computer to
the user. Four widely used output devices are monitor, printer, plotter and
speakers.
42. Define the system unit
The system unit is a case consists of electronic components of the
computer that provide data processing and storage facility. Some important
devices houses in this units are CPU, RAM, mother board, hard disk, CD
drive etc.

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43. Define the keyboard

The keyboard is one of the primary ways we communicate with the
computer and enter data. It is used to enter three most widely used types of
data i.e. numeric data, alphabetic data, and alphanumeric data.
44. What is the most widely used layout for keyboard?
QWERTY is the most widely used keyboard layout in English
language for computer keyboard.
45. Define the pointing input devices
The input devices used to move the pointer (arrow) on screen are
called pointing input devices. The major pointing devices are the mouse for
the desktop computer and the touchpad for the laptop. Track ball and pointing
stick are also pointing input devices used by small number of users.
46. What are types of mouse?
There are two types of mouse; a mechanical mouse has a rubber ball
on its underside to detect movement of the mouse. An optical mouse uses
devices that emit and sense light to detect the mouse's movement.
47. What are some common operations of mouse?
Some common mouse operations are point, click, right click, double
click, drag and rotate wheel etc.
48. Define the trackball
Track Ball is pointing input device like a mouse. It has a ball on its
upper side. This ball is moved by fingers or thumb and the pointer moves
accordingly on screen.
49. Define the touch pad
Touch pad is stationary pointing input device used in laptop
computers. It has a flat surface. Finger is moved on this surface to move the
pointer on screen.
50. Define the joystick
Joystick is an input device used to play games on computer. It is used
to control motion of an object quickly in game. This stick can be moved
forward, backward or sideways. The buttons called the triggers.
51. Define the light pen
A light pen is a light-sensitive computer input device that is used to
select text, draw pictures and interact with user interface elements on a
computer screen or monitor.

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52. Define the scanner

A scanner is input device that captures images from photographic
prints, posters, magazine pages etc for computer editing and display. The
scanner operates in the same manner as a photocopier.
53. Define the microphone
Microphone is a device that converts sound waves into analog
electrical waves. Computer microphones are used for a variety of purposes,
from recording audio, voice chatting, teleconferencing to video conferencing.
54. Define the touch screen
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an input
device. The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the
computer by touching pictures or words on the screen.
55. Define the digital camera
Digital Cameras are used to capture images. Those images are then
transferred to a computer when the Camera is connected to the computer.
56. Define the output devices
An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to
another device or user. Most computer data output that is meant for humans is
in the form of audio or video.
57. Define the monitor
Monitor or display screen is most important output device. It is used to
display the video and graphics information generated by the computer through
the video card. Monitors are very similar to televisions but with higher
resolution.
58. What types of monitors are widely used today?
According to technology following monitors are widely used in
computer
 CRT
 LCD
 LED
 Plasma
59. What is CRT stands for?
CRT stands for Cathode Rays Tube

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60. What is LCD stands for?

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display
61. What is LED stands for?
LED stands for Light Emitting Diode
62. Define the CRT monitor
This monitor used CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) a vacuum tube as a
display screen in a computer. The viewing end of the tube is coated with
phosphors, which emit light when struck by electrons.
63. Define the printer
A printer is an output device that prints characters, symbols and
graphics, on paper.
64. Define the term hard copy
A hard copy is a printed copy of information from a computer.
Sometimes referred to as a printout, a hard copy is so-called because it exists
as a physical object.
65. What are two major types of printers according to their technology?
The two major types of printer according to their technology are
 Impact printers
 Non-Impact printers
66. What are main parts used by Impact printers for printing?
Impact printers use head with pins, hammer, and carbon ribbon for
printing
67. What are main parts used by non-Impact printers for printing?
Non-Impact printers use spray ink, heat, pressure and LASER for
printing
68. Write some names of impact printers
The Dot Matrix printer, the Line printer, and Daisy Wheel printer
69. Write some names of non-impact printers
The LASER printer, Inkjet printer, and Thermal Wax printer
70. How many pins are there in Dot Matrix heads?
There are 9 to 24 pins in Dot Matrix heads.
71. Which unit is used to measure the speed of Dot Matrix printer?
The working speed of Dot Matrix printer is measured in CPS

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72. Why the Line printer is called Line printer?

The Line printer prints an entire line at one time.
73. What is LASER stands for?
LASER is short for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation.
74. What is the speed of LASER printer?
Home-use laser printers can print eight pages per minute, but faster
and print approximately 21,000 lines per minute or 450 pages per minute.
75. Define the plotter
A plotter is hard copy output device used to print large linear
drawings.
76. Define the speakers
A speaker is a softcopy output device that plays sound generated by
the computer.
77. Define the System Unit
The system unit is a case consists of electronic components of the
computer that provide data processing and storage facility.
78. What is CPU stands for?
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit
79. What is the job of CPU in computer system?
It performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data,
intermediate results and instructions (program).It controls the operation of all
the parts of computer. All arithmetic and logical operations are also performed
within CPU using its ALU.
80. What are components of CPU?
CPU itself has following three components
 Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 Control Unit
 Memory or Storage Unit
81. What is ALU stands for?
ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit

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82. What is the job of ALU?

The purpose of the ALU is to perform mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Additionally, the ALU
processes basic logical operations like AND/OR calculations. Also known as
the arithmetic logic unit, it serves as the computational hub of the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) for a computer system.
83. What is MU stands for?
MU stands for memory unit
84. What is the function of Memory Unit?
Functions of the memory unit are −
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores the final results of processing before these results are released
to an output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
85. What is the function of Control Unit (CU)?
This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer. It is
responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other
units of a computer. It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or
results from storage.
86. What is difference between primary and secondary memory?
The memory which is directly accessible by processing unit (CPU) is
called primary memory and the memory which is not directly accessible by
processing unit (CPU) is called secondary memory.
87. What is RAM stands for?
RAM stands for Random Access Memory
88. Why the RAM is referred to as random access memory?
It is referred to as random access memory (RAM) because it is
randomly select and use any location of the memory to store and retrieve data.

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89. What is difference between volatile and nonvolatile memory?

Volatile memory is also called as temporary memory as it will
hold memory temporarily. Non Volatile Memory: A device which can hold
data in it even if it is not connected to any power source is called Non Volatile
Memory.
90. Define the DRAM
Dynamic Random Access Memory is the more common type. It is
slower because it needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. DRAM
supports access times of about 60 nanoseconds. It is an inexpensive
memory.91. Define the SRAM
Static Random Access Memory is faster than DRAM in term of speed
because it does not need to be refreshed. SRAM can give access times as low
as 10 nanoseconds. Despite SRAM being faster, it's not as commonly used as
DRAM because it's so much more expensive.
92. What is ROM stands for?
ROM stands for Read Only Memory
93. What is BIOS stands for?
BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System.
94. What is PROM stands for?
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory
95. What is EPROM stands for?
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
96. What is EEPROM stands for?
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
97. Define the BIT
A bit (short for BInary digiT) is the smallest unit of data/information
that can be stored or manipulated in a computer. A bit can have a binary value
of either 0 or 1.
98. Define the Byte
A byte is a set of 8 bits that represent a single character in the
computer's memory. Bytes are used to measure file sizes, hard disk space, and
computer memory. Larger amounts of data are measured in units such as
megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes.

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99. Define the secondary storage devices

Secondary storage devices are used to store data and instructions
permanently. These devices also called auxiliary storage or external storage.
100. Define the magnetic tape
Magnetic tape is the oldest storage device. It is made of plastic coated
with magnetic material. Tape drive is used to read and write data on tape.
Magnetic disk is sequential access device.
101. Define the Floppy Disk
The Floppy Disk officially called “diskette” is removable storage
medium that consists of a thin and flexible magnetic disk inside a plastic
carrier. The 3.5 inches floppy disk can store 1.44 MB data.
102. Define the hard disk drive
A hard drive is a secondary storage device that consists of one or
more platters to which data is written using a magnetic head, all inside of an
air-sealed casing. The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data
storage hardware device in a computer. The operating system, software titles,
and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive.
103. What is CD stands for?
CD stands for Compact Disk
104. What are types of CDs?
Types of CDs are CD-ROM, CD-R (recordable) and CD-RW (re-writeable)
105. What is DVD stands for?
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disk or Digital Video Disk
106. What is BD stands for?
BD stands for Blu-Ray Disk.
107. Define the USB Flash Drive
Flash drive is the solid state storage module that plugs into the
computer's USB port. Using flash memory chips that hold up to one terabyte
of data. USB drives are extremely popular for backup as well as data transfer
from one machine to another.

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108. Define the software

Software represents the logical or intangible parts of computer.
Software is collection of different programs. A program is series of
instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do accomplish
a particular task. Software is developed in a computer programming language.
109. What are major types of software?
There are two major software categories the system software and
application software.
110. Define the system software
A program or set of programs that is especially designed to control
different operations of computer system is called system software. It controls
the working of different components of the computer. The system also enables
the other application programs to execute properly.
111. Write some popular operating systems names
Windows and DOS by Microsoft, Macintosh by Apple, UNIX and
Linux, Solaris by Sun Microsystems are some popular operating systems.
112. Define the application software
A program or set of programs that are especially designed to solve the
specific problems of users, are called application software.
113. What are categories of application software?
The application software are divided into two main categories
3. Custom-built software
4. Packaged software
114. Define the custom built software
Software that is developed for a particular customer or organization is
called custom built software. For example, software developed to maintain the
records of students of a particular college is category of custom built software.
115. Define the packaged software
The software that is developed for sale to the general public is called
packaged software. Packaged software is used to solve some common
problems of many people or users.
116. Define the programming languages
A language used to write instructions for the computer is called
programming language. Programming language use vocabulary and set of
grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks

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117. What are main types of programming languages?

There are three main kinds of programming language:
 Machine language
 Assembly language
 High-level language
118. Define the machine language
Machine language is a low-level programming language. It is easily
understood by computers but difficult to read by people. It is written in a
binary code of 0s and 1s that represent electric impulses or off and on
electrical states respectively.
119. Define the assembly language
An assembly language consists of a set of symbols and letters. A
translator is required to translate the assembly language to machine language.
This translator program is called the 'Assembler.' It is use terms
like MOVE, ADD, SUB and END.
120. Define the high level language
A HLL is computer programming language that resembles natural
language or mathematical notation and is designed to reflect the requirements
of a problem; examples include Ada, BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN,
and Pascal etc.
121. What are advantages of high level languages?
Advantages of high-level languages are that they are very readable and
portable.
122. What are disadvantages of high level languages?
A disadvantage of high-level languages is that they are less powerful
than Assembly Languages. Because a single statement in a high-level
language is translated into many machine languages. A program prepared in
high level language in slow as compare to a program prepared in low level
language.
123. What are the names of translators used in high level languages?
Compiler and interpreter are used as translator in high level languages

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124. Write the names of classes in high level languages

Computer languages are classified into following
1. Functional languages
2. Procedural languages
3. Object oriented programming languages
4. Logic programming languages
125. Define the functional language
In Functional language, a program is divided into function definitions.
Some of the famous Function languages are Scala, F#, Clojure and Lisp.126.
Define the procedural languages
In Procedural Languages, a program is written in a sequence of steps
that should be followed to produce a result. COBOL, FORTRAN and C are
some Procedural languages.
127. Define object oriented programming languages
In OOP languages, a program is divided into Object that contains data
as well as methods that operate on the data. Java, C# and C++ are examples
OOP languages.
128. Define the logic programming languages
Logic Languages are used to create programs which are based on the
use of logical formulas. Logic language and Prolog language are examples of
logic languages.
129. Define the language translator
A Compiler is a computer program that translates code written in a
high level language to a lower level language, object/machine code. The most
common reason for translating source code is to create an executable program
130. What is difference between source code and executable code?
Programmers write programs in a form called source code. The source
code consists of instructions in a particular language, like C or FORTRAN.
Computers, however, can only execute instructions written in a low-level
language called machine language. Executable code is the code that is
translated by a translator and directly readable by the machine.

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LONG QUESTIONS
Q # 1: Define the computer, draw its block diagram.
Q # 2: Explain the data and its types
Q # 3: What is data processing? Differentiate between data and information.
Q # 4: What is difference between information and information technology?
Q # 5: What are output devices? Name some of the commonly used output
devices.
Q # 6: Explain the types of computer.
Q # 7: Classify the high level languages with their names.
Q # 8: What is software? Illustrate its types.
Q # 9: Illustrate the application of computer in various fields of life?
Q #10: What are the applications of computer in engineering, education and
business?
Q #11: What are the components of computer? Explain the input, output and
system unit of computer.
Q #12: Explain the difference between RAM and ROM
Q #13: Differentiate between input and output devices also describe any two
input and two output devices.
Q # 14: Explain all the pointing input devices with their use.
Q # 15: Write a note on following input devices
1. Keyboard 2. Scanner 3. Microphone 4. Touch Screen
Q # 16: What is monitor? Explain different types of monitors.
Q # 17: Differentiate between impact and non-impact printers.
Q # 18: Write a note on following:
1. LASER Printer 2. Dot Matrix Printer 3. Line Printer
Q # 19: Write a note on following:
1. Inkjet Printer 2. Plotter 3. Speaker
Q # 20: What is CPU? Explain its parts.
Q # 21: Explain the RAM and its types.
Q # 22: What is function of ROM? Explain all types of ROM.
Q # 23: Explain the difference between Bit and Byte.
Q # 24: Write a short note on following
1. Cache Memory 2. Primary Memory 3. Secondary Memory
Q # 25: Write a short note on following
1. Volatile Memory 2. Non-volatile Memory 3. ROM

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. The term computer is derived from the word _________
a. commute b. compute c. calculates d. copter
2. Computer accepts input in form of ___________
a. data b. information c. input d. all of these
3. Collection of raw _______________ is called data.
a. metals b. trees c. facts & figures d. grain
4. Numeric data contains ___________ numbers
a. positive b. negative c. integer d. all of these
5. Alphabetic data contains __________________
a. alphanumeric b. alphabets c. numbers d. none of these
6. Alphanumeric data contains ____________________
a. numbers b. alphabets c. symbols d. all of these
7. Graphic data contains _______________
a. pictures b. drawings c. charts d. all of these
8. The purpose of data processing is to produce ________________
a. data b. information c. input d. none of these
9. Information is the ________________
a. processed data b. meaningful data c. useful data d. all of these
10. The use of information is to have ________________
a. output b. decisions c. input d. processing
11. The speed of computer is measured in ______________
a. kilos b. meters c. bytes d. hertz
12. The storage capacity of computer is measured in _____________
a. bytes b. cycles c. data d. hertz
13. Computers can perform several tasks at a time; this feature is known as
a. multi-national b. multi-tasking c. multi-color
d. multi-media
14. Analog computers are used to process _____________ data.
a. electronic b. digital c. analog d. graphic

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15. Analog computes can process _______________

a. temperature b. pressure c. speed d. all of these
16. Digital computers process the digits, which are called ____________digits
a. binary b. ternary c. unary d. none of these
17. The binary digit 1 represents ON and 0 represents ______________
a. zero b. OFF c. digit d. none of these
18. The most commonly used type of computers is ______________
a. hybrid b. analog c. digital d. none of these
19. Most powerful digital computer is ______________
a. super b. analog c. personal d. digital
20. The computer used in large corporations, banks, government agencies,
research laboratories to manage huge amount of data, is _________ computer.
a. mainframe b. super c. laptop d. notebook
21. The complete computer for personal use in home or at office is known as
a. micro b. super c. mini d. mainframe
22. Examples of personal computers are ________________
a. desktop b. laptop c. palmtop d. all of these
23. A student can use computer for _____________
a. research work b. collecting information c. solving problems
d. all of above
24. Computers are playing very important role for entertainment like ______.
a. playing games b. watching movies c. listening music
d. all of these
25. Engineers and technologists used the computer for ______ of information
a. collecting b. processing c. storing & receiving
d. all of these
26. The major uses of computer technology in engineering is with _________
software.
a. communication b. CAD c. system d. anti-virus
27. Computer aided design software is the application of computer technology

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for ___________.
a. business b. entertainment c. logical designing
d. home
28. Computer is used in engineering for ____________.
a. CAD b. problem solving c. automation d. all of these
29. Major component of computer are ______________.
a. hardware b. software c. hardware & software
d. none of these
30. All physical and tangible components of computer are called _________.

a. hardware b. software c. data d. none of these

31. All logical and intangible parts of computer are called ______________
a. hardware b. software c. hard disk d. none of these
32. Software is collection of different computer _______________
a. devices b. programs c. information d. none of these
33. A computer program is set of electronic _____________ that tell the
computer what to do and how to do a particular task.
a. devices b. machines c. instructions d. none of these
34. Major software categories are the ______________.
a. application & utility software b. system & business software
c. system & application software d. utility software
35. ______ let you to input data and user command into the computer system.
a. output devices b. memory devices c. storage devices
d. input devices
36. __________displays the result of input data or signals after processing it.
a. input devices b. output devices c. processing devices
d. memory devices
37. The primary and most important type of input device is ______________.
a. printer b. monitor c. keyboard d. scanner
38. Mouse is type of _________________ devices.
a. pointing input b. processing c. output d. storage

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39. Click, right click, double click, drag and rotate wheel are some common
operations done by the _______________.
a. mouse b. keyboard c. joy stick d. light pen
40. __________ is an input device used to enter voice data into the computer.
a. keyboard b. light pen c. microphone d. joystick
41. Touch pad is usually used in ________________ computers.
a. desktop b. palmtop c. laptop d. none of these
42. A _______ is a device that scans images from photographic prints,posters
magazine, pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display.
a. mouse b. printer c. camera d. scanner
43. A user can interact with computer, smart phones and tablets without a
mouse or keyboard, using ______________.
a. touch pad b. touch screen c. touch stone d. none of these
44. The device used to display the video and graphics information generated
by the computer through the video card is _______________.
a. printer b. speaker c. monitor d. none of these
45. The device used to display soft copy of data and information is ________.
a. monitor b. keyboard c. printers d. plotter
46. Types of monitors are _____________.
a. CRT b. LCD c. LED d. all of these
47. LCD stands for _____________.
a. liquid crystal display b. labour control department
c. least common denominator d. none of these
48. LED stands for _________________.
a. low energy demand b. light emitting diode
c. light emitting display d. none of these
49. CRT stands for _________________.
a. child right trust b. cathode ray tube
c. computer remote terminal d. all of these
50. Number of pixels on computer screen is known as _________________.
a. bit b. picture size c. screen resolution d. mega pixels

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51. A printer is an output device that prints ________________ on paper.

a. characters b. symbols c. graphics d. all of these
52. The printed output on papers provided by the computer is called________.
a. hardcopy b. hardware c. softcopy d. head copy
53. The printers used pins and hammer that strikes against the paper through
ribbon are known as_________________.
a. non-impact printers b. impact printers c. ink printers
d. none of these
54. The printers used heat, pressure; laser and ink for printing are known as
_______________.
a. impact printers b. non-impact printers c. wax printer
d. none of these
55. _______________ printer is example of impact printers.
a. Dot Matrix b. Line c. daisy wheel d. all of these
56. _______________ printer is example of non-impact printers.
a. LASER b. Inkjet c. Thermal Wax d. all of these
57. Printing speed of large laser printer is ______________ pages per minute.
a. 300 b. 200 c. 100 d. 50
58. In laser printer the refillable ink container is called ________________.
a. cartridge b. toner c. carbon ribbon d. none of these
59. In Inkjet printer the refillable ink container is called ________________.
a. cartridge b. toner c. carbon ribbon d. none of these
60. DPI stands for ________________.
a. data processing installation b. dots per inch
c. digital printing and imaging d. none of these
61. The speed of Dot Matrix printer is measured in _____________
a. PPM b. CPM c. CPS d. none of these
62. In printers CPS stands for _______________.
a. cycles per second b. counts per second
c. cost per second d. characters per second

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63. In printers PPM stands for ______________.

a. pages per minute b. pay per minute
c. pulses per minute d. points per minute
64. The printers, prints characters and graphics on paper without striking on
paper are known as__________________.
a. impact printers b. digital printers
c. non-impact printers d. analog printers
65. The printer works like a photo copier machine is known as ______ printer.
a. Laser b. Inkjet c. Dot Matrix d. Line
66. A big size printer used to print maps, documents, posters, large size
drawings and geometric lines, is known as ___________________.
a. Inkjet printer b. drawing printer c. plotter d. laser printer

67. CPU stands for ________________.

a. cost per unit b. cash processing unit c. central processing unit
d. none of these
68. The brain of computer is called _______________.
a. hard disk b. CPU c. RAM d. mother board
69. Components of CPU are ________________.
a. ALU b. CU c. MU d. all of these
70. ALU stands for ________________.
a. application layer user b. automatic loading unit
c. arithmetic logic unit d. all logic unit
71. MU stands for _________________.
a. mobile unit b. multi-user c. memory unit d. none of these
72. CU stands for _________________.
a. control unit b. computer unit c. central unit d. none of these
73. The ________________ section of ALU is used to perform arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
a. calculative b. logic c. arithmetic d. none of these

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74. The ________________ section of ALU is used to perform logic

operations such as comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data.
a. calculative b. logic c. arithmetic d. none of these
75. The actual execution of instructions happens in __________________.
a. CU b. ALU c. MU d. none of these
76. The memory unit of CPU contains ____________ to hold (temporarily)
the data and instructions to be executed.
a. registers b. units c. houses d. blocks
77. The unit of CPU which controls the operations of all parts of computer is
known as_______________.
a. memory unit b. control unit c. arithmetic unit
d. logic unit
78. The memory which is directly accessible by the CPU is called ________.
a. secondary memory b. temporary memory
c. permanent memory d. primary memory
79. The memory which is not directly accessible by the CPU is called _____.
a. secondary memory b. temporary memory
c. primary memory d. none of these
80. As compare to secondary memory, the primary memory of computer is
____________.
a. slow b. cheap c. fast d. large
81. Example of primary memory is ______________.
a. RAM b. Cache Memory c. ROM d. all of these
82. Example of secondary memory is ______________.
a. Hard disk b. Floppy disk c. CD d. all of these
83. RAM stands for ____________.
a. read access memory b. remote access memory
c. random access memory d. real access memory
84. RAM is ____________ memory of computer.
a. main b. permanent c. secondary d. none of these

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85. The feature of RAM is _____________.

a. temporary b. volatile c. read/write d. all of these
86. The ____________ RAM is faster.
a. dynamic b. static c. automatic d. none of these
87. ROM stand for ______________.
a. record only memory b. run of memory
c. read only memory d. none of these
88. The memory which requires a power source to hold information is called
_______________memory.
a. nonvolatile b. tactile c. volatile d. none of these
89. The memory that does not require a connection to a power source to
retain information is called _______________ memory.
a. nonvolatile b. tactile c. volatile d. none of these
90. Which is example of volatile?
a. ROM b. BIOS c. PROM d. RAM
91. The basic input/output system (BIOS) program is stored in the ____ chip.
a. RAM b. cache c. ROM d. none of these
92. BIOS is abbreviation of ______________.
a. Basic Input Output System b. Best Input Output System
c. Basic Input Output Symbol d. Base Input Output System
93. EEPROM stands for ________________.
a. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
b. Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
c. Easily Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
d. Early Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
94. A ___________ is smallest unit of data/information that can be stored in
a computer.
a. boot b. bite c. bit d. none of these
95. A bit can have a binary value of either ______________.
a. 0 or 2 b. 0 or 1 c. 0 or -1 d. none of these

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96. The base of binary number system is _______________.

a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
97. A byte is set of _______________ bits.
a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 8
98. Bytes are used to measure _______________.
a. file size b. hard disk space c. computer memory
d. all of these
99. 1 kilobytes is equal to _______________.
a. 1000 bytes b. 1024 bytes c. 1024 bits
d. none of these
100. Which statement is valid?
a. 1 KB = 8 bytes b. 1 MB = 8KB c. 1 KB = 1024 bytes
d. 1 MB = 1024 bytes
101. Magnetic tape is ______________ device.
a. direct access b. random access c. sequential access
d. fast access
102. Floppy disk is ______________ storage medium.
a. removable b. fixed c. optical d. none of these
103. The 3.5 inches floppy disk can store _______________ data.
a. 1.24 MB b. 1.34 MB c. 1.44 MB d. 1.54 MB
104. Which of the following device can store large amounts of data?
a. Floppy Disk b. Hard Disk c. CDROM d. Zip Disk
105. In hard disks a _____________ is used to read/write data.
a. lens b. head c. disk reader d. none of these
106. When a hard disk undergoes formatting, it is divided into ____________.
a. tracks b. sectors c. both a & b d. none of these
107. CD stands for _____________.
a. control data b. change directory c. compact disk
d. car driver
108. A CD can hold up to ______________ MB of data.
a. 900 b. 700 c. 1024 d. 1000

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109. A CD _____________ disc is a compact disc that can be written, erased,

and written again.
a. RW b. ROM c. R d. none of these
110. DVD stands for ______________.
a. direct video disk b. digital versatile disk
c. digital video disk d. both b & c
111. A double layer DVD can hold up to ______________ GB of data.
a. 10 b. 13 c. 1024 d. 17
112. CD, DVD and BD are the ______________ type of storage media.
a. magnetic b. optical c. electrical d. none of these
113. BD stands for ______________.
a. bio disk b. blue ray disk c. binary digit d. bank draft
114. USB Flash drive is often referred to as ________________.
a. jump drive b. pen drive c. thumb drive d. all of these
115. USB stands for ______________.
a. united states bank b. universal serial Bus
c. uniform serial bus d. none of these
116. The software especially designed to control different operations of
computer system are called _______________ software.
a. computer b. application c. system d. none of these
117. Example of system software is ______________.
a. operating systems b. utility programs c. device drivers
d. all of these
118. Example of operating systems is _________________.
a. Windows 10 b. MS Word c. web browser d. anti-virus
119. The software especially designed to solve the specific problems of users
are called______________ software.
a. operating systems b. application c. system d. none of these
120. ______________ is the example(s) of application software.
a. commercial software b. games c. multimedia d. all of these

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121. The software that is developed for sale to the general public is called
_______________.
a. custom built software b. packaged software
c. public software d. none of these
122. Software that is specially developed for some specific organization or
other user are called_______________ software.
a. custom built b. packaged c. user d. organization
123. A language used to write instructions for the computer is called
_______________.
a. human language b. instruction language
c. programming language d. none of these
124. Signals can be analog or digital and a computer that processes the both
type of signals is known as _______________ computer.
a. analog b. digital c. hybrid d. mainframe
125. Type(s) of programming languages is/are ________________.
a. machine language b. assembly language
c. high level language d. all of these
126. The programming language which is easily understood by the computer
but difficult to read by people is known as ______________.
a. machine language b. assembly language c. high level language
d. none of above
127. The machine language is also known as _______________.
a. high level language b. binary language c. assembly language
d. none of these
128. The machine code contains ______________.
a. symbols b. decimal digits c. binary digits d. alphabets
129. Example of machine code is _______________.
a. cout<< “hello” b. 01234567 c. 10011011
d. mov x, counter
130. Assembly language consists of _______________.
a. symbols b. symbols & letters c. letters d. binary code

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131. The translation software for assembly language is called ____________.

a. assembler b. translator c. compiler
d. interpreter
132. The computer language that resembles natural human language is known
as ____________.
a. low level language b. high level language c. mid-level language
d. none of these
133. Which of the following is a high level programming language?
a. MS Word b. C++ c. Chrome d. MS Excel
134. A high level programming language in which a program is divided into
function definition is ____________________ language.
a. functional b. procedural c. object oriented
d. logic programming
135. A high level programming language in which a program is written in a
sequence of steps is_______________ language.
a. functional b. procedural c. object oriented
d. logic programming
136. A high level programming language in which a program is divided into
objects is__________________ language.
a. functional b. procedural c. object oriented
d. logic programming
137. A high level programming language in which is used to create programs
that enable the computer to reason logically is _____________ language.
a. functional b. procedural c. object oriented
d. logic programming
138. The translator software for high level language is/are _______________.
a. assembler b. compiler c. interpreter d. both b & c
139. What is compiler?
a. A compiler does a conversion line by line as the program is run
b. A compiler converts the whole of a higher level program code into
machine code in one step
c. A compiler is a general purpose language providing efficient execution
d. None of the above

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140. What is an interpreter?

a. An interpreter does the conversion line by line as the program is run
b. An interpreter is the representation of the system being designed
c. An interpreter is general purpose language providing efficient execution
d. None of the above

Answers Key
1 b 29 c 57 a 85 d 113 b
2 a 30 a 58 b 86 b 114 d
3 c 31 b 59 a 87 c 115 b
4 d 32 b 60 b 88 c 116 c
5 b 33 c 61 b 89 a 117 d
6 d 34 c 62 d 90 d 118 a
7 d 35 d 63 a 91 c 119 b
8 b 36 b 64 c 92 a 120 d
9 d 37 c 65 a 93 a 121 b
10 b 38 a 66 c 94 c 122 a
11 d 39 a 67 c 95 b 123 c
12 a 40 c 68 b 96 c 124 c
13 b 41 c 69 d 97 d 125 d
14 c 42 d 70 c 98 d 126 a
15 d 43 b 71 c 99 b 127 b
16 a 44 c 72 a 100 c 128 c
17 b 45 a 73 c 101 c 129 c
18 c 46 d 74 b 102 a 130 b
19 a 47 a 75 b 103 c 131 a
20 a 48 b 76 a 104 b 132 b
21 a 49 b 77 b 105 b 133 b
22 d 50 c 78 d 106 c 134 a
23 d 51 d 79 a 107 c 135 b
24 d 52 a 80 c 108 b 136 c
25 d 53 b 81 d 109 a 137 d
26 b 54 b 82 d 110 d 138 D
27 c 55 d 83 c 111 d 139 B
28 d 56 d 84 a 112 b 140 A

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CHAPTER 2
Microsoft Windows 10

General Objective:
Understand basic concepts of Microsoft Windows 10.

Specific objectives:
After studying this chapter students should be able to:

 Explain Introduction to Windows

 Install windows and drivers?

 Describe Loading & Shut down process

 Explain Desktop items (Creation of Icons, Shortcut, Folder & modify

Taskbar)

 Explain Desktop properties

 Describe Use' of Control Panel (add/remove program, time & date, mouse

and create user account)

 Explain the method of searching a document

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2.1 - INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS

Windows 10 is a Microsoft operating system for personal computers,
tablets, embedded devices and internet of things devices. Microsoft released
Windows 10 in July 2015 as a follow-up to Windows 8. The company has
said it will update Windows 10 continuously, rather than release a new, full-
fledged operating system as a successor.
Users can access a Windows 10 upgrade through the Windows Update
Assistant to manually begin an upgrade or wait for Windows Update to offer
an upgrade when it is set to run.
Windows 10 features built-in capabilities that allow corporate IT
departments to use mobile device management (MDM) software to secure and
control devices running the operating system. In addition, organizations can
use traditional desktop management software such as Microsoft System
Center Configuration Manager.
Windows 10 Mobile is a version of the operating system Microsoft
designed specifically for smart phones.
Windows 10 features
The familiar Start Menu, which Microsoft replaced with Live Tiles in
Windows 8, returned in Windows 10. Users can still access Live Tiles and the
touch-centric Metro interface from a panel on the right side of the Start Menu,
however.

Figure 2.1: Microsoft Windows 10 Desktop Interface

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Microsoft Windows 10 Continuum allows users to toggle between

touch screen and keyboard interfaces on devices that offer both. Continuum
automatically detects the presence of a keyboard and orients the interface to
match.
Windows 10's integrated search feature allows users to search all local
locations, as well as the web simultaneously.
Windows 10 security
Microsoft Windows 10 integrated support for multifactor
authentication technologies, such as smartcards and tokens. In
addition, Windows Hello brought biometric authentication to Windows 10,
allowing users to log in with a fingerprint scan, iris scan or facial recognition
technology.
Windows 10 system requirements
Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor or system-on-a-chip (SoC)
RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit
Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS 20 GB for 64-bit OS
Graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with Windows Display Driver Model 1.0
Display: 800x600

The minimum Windows 10 Mobile hardware requirements for a smart

phone are 1 GB RAM, 8 GB flash storage, a Trusted Platform
Module, Unified Extensible Firmware Interface, 32 bits of color per pixel, and
720p screen resolution. Smart phones also require a Snapdragon SoC from
Qualcomm Technologies.

2.2 - HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS AND DRIVERS

You can also update drivers for a printer, wireless adapter, monitor, and other
components using Device Manager.
Drivers may be updated by following these steps:
1. Open Start.
2. Search for Device Manager and click the top result to open the tool.
3. Double-click the branch with the hardware you want to update.
4. Right-click the hardware and select the Update driver option.

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2.2 (a): Device Manager Interface

5. Click the Search automatically for updated driver software option.

2.2 (b): Update Driver Software

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After you complete the steps, if a newer update is available, Device

Manager will download and install the package automatically similar to
Windows Update using the Microsoft servers.

In the case that the driver isn't available through Windows Update,
because it's too recent or available only in beta, you'll need to download and
install the package from the manufacturer's support website manually.

When getting an update from a manufacturer support website, you should

always attempt to follow their instructions first. However, if there are no
instructions, double-click the ".exe" self-extracting package, or use this
guide to extract the content of the ".zip" compressed file, and then continue
with these steps:
1. Open Start.
2. Search for Device Manager and click the top result to open the tool.
3. Double-click the branch with the hardware you want to update.
4. Right-click the hardware and select the Update driver option.

2.2 (c): Update Device Derivers

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5. Click the Browse my computer for driver software option.

Figure 2.2 (d) - Browse computer for Driver Software

6. Click the Browse button.
7. Select the main folder with the driver files you have extracted earlier.
8. Click the OK button.
9. Check the Include subfolders option to allow the wizard to find the
correct ".inf" file with the instructions to update the driver.
10. Click the Next button.
Once you complete the steps, the wizard will detect and install the new
driver on your computer to improve the overall experience with fixes,
new functionalities, or new support depending on the update and device.

2.3 - DESCRIBE LOADING & SHUT DOWN

PROCESS
Loading Process

The loading process in windows is also known as the Boot Process. This
process consists of 5 Phases;

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1. Phase 1 – Preboot

In this phase, the PC’s firmware is in charge and initiates a POST and
loads the firmware settings. Once all this works (hopefully), the system
identifies a valid system disk and reads the MBR. The system then starts
the Windows Boot Manager. This is located here:
%SystemDrive%\bootmgr

2. Phase 2 – Windows Boot Manager

It is the job of the Windows Boot Manager to find and start the Windows
loader (Winload.exe). This is located on the Windows boot partition –
%System Root%\system32\winload.exe

3. Phase 3 – Windows Operating System Loader

In this phase, essential drivers required to start the Windows kernel are
loaded and the kernel starts to run. The key file here is %System
Root%\system32\ntoskrnl.exe

4. Phase 4 – Windows NT OS Kernel

The kernel loads the system registry hive into memory and loads the
drivers that are marked as BOOT_START. The kernel then passes control
to the session manager process (Smss.exe).

You can identify the phase you are in visually by what your computer is
displaying and the LEDs that are on the system. I will follow up with
additional posts on this subject so that you can easily tell what phase you
are stuck at – and what you can do to fix things.

5. Phase 5 – Logon Process

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In this phase the logon screen appears in front of the user where user types
the username and password to log on to the system.

Figure 2.3 (a) - Log On Screen of Microsoft Windows 10

Shutdown Process
1. Click Windows Button
2. Click Power Button
3. Click Shut Down

Figure 2.3 (b) - Shut Down Process in Windows 10

2.4 - INTRODUCTION TO DESKTOP ITEMS

(CREATION OF ICONS, SHORTCUT, FOLDER &
MODIFY TASKBAR)

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Figure 2.4 (a) - Log on to Windows 10

Whether you're using a new computer with Windows 10 or an older machine

that was recently upgraded, this lesson will show you the basics of using this
Version of Windows.

Signing in to Windows 10

You'll probably be asked to create a Microsoft account the very time you use
Windows 10 (if you don't have one already). From this point on, whenever
you turn on the computer you'll need to sign in to that account. To do
this, type your password into the box and press Enter.

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Desktop Interface

Figure 2.4 (b) - Desktop Interface

Navigating the Desktop

Once you've signed in, the first thing you'll see is the desktop. You can think
of the desktop as the main workspace for your computer. From here, you can
view and manage your files, open applications, access the Internet, and much
more.

Click the buttons in the interactive below to become more familiar with the
Windows 10 desktop:

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Figure 2.4 (c) - Navigating the Desktop

Opening Applications
You'll use the Start menu to open programs on your computer, just like with
previous

Versions of Windows. To do this, click the Start button in the bottom-left

corner, then choose the desired application. If you don't see the one you want,
select All apps to see a full list of applications. In the example below, we're
opening OneNote.

Figure 2.4 (d) - Opening Applications

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Working with Files

You'll use the File Explorer to manage your files and folders. To open File
Explorer, click the File Explorer icon on the taskbar or double-click any folder
on your desktop.

Figure 2.4 (e) - Working with Files

Adjusting your settings

You'll use the Settings app to change the most important settings on your
computer, like your network and display options. To open the app, click the
Start menu, then select Settings.

Figure 2.4 (f) - Windows 10 Settings

You can also use the Control Panel to adjust your settings, just like in earlier
versions of Windows. However, there are some options that can only be

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accessed from the Settings app, like adding a new user. Because of this, you'll
probably use the Settings app more often.

Shutting Down Your Computer

When you're done using your computer, it's important to shut it down
properly. To do this, click the Start button, then choose Power > Shut
Down.

Figure 2.4 (g) - Shutting Down your Computer

Add New Icons to the Desktop

Your desktop icons may be hidden. To view them, right-click the desktop,
select View, and then select Show desktop icons. To add icons to your
desktop such as This PC, Recycle Bin and more:

1. Select the Start button, and then

select Settings > Personalization > Themes.

2. Under Themes > Related Settings, select Desktop icon settings.

3. Choose the icons you would like to have on your desktop, then
select Apply and OK.

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Figure 2.4 (h) - Desktop Icons Settings

Create a Shortcut to an Application

To do this the easy way, open Windows 10’s Start menu. Look for the
application you want to use by scrolling through the Apps list at the left side
of the menu.

If it’s in the tiles list at the right side of the menu, you can also drag it from
there. Once you’ve found it, drag and drop the application’s shortcut from
your Start menu to your desktop.

You’ll see the word “Link” appear when you’re hovering over the desktop.
Release the mouse button to create a link to the program, also known as a
desktop shortcut.

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Figure 2.4 (i) - Creating Shortcut to an Application

Note that you can’t search for the application by name in the Start menu.
Windows 10 won’t let you drag and drop anything from the search results. It
should, but it doesn’t.

Create a Shortcut to a File or Folder

To create a desktop shortcut to a file, first, locate the file somewhere in File
Explorer. Hold down the Alt key on your keyboard and then drag and drop the
file or folder to your desktop. The words “Create Link in Desktop” will
appear. Release the mouse button to create the link.

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Figure 2.4 (j) - Creating Shortcut to a File

Holding down Alt is necessary. If you don’t hold down Alt, Windows will
show the words “Move to Desktop,” and it will move the folder or file to your
desktop rather than simply creating a link.

Create New Folder

Follow the steps show in the figure.

Figure 2.4 (k) - Creating a New Folder

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Figure 2.4 (l) - Type the name for new Folder

How to Auto-hide Windows 10 Taskbar

If you want to auto-hide Windows 10 taskbar when it’s not in use, you can
easily realize it by following the steps below.

Step 1. You can right-click on the taskbar and choose Taskbar settings.

Step 2. Then you can choose to turn on automatically hide the taskbar in
desktop mode, or automatically hide the taskbar in tablet mode.

The hidden taskbar can be shown when you move the mouse cursor to the
bottom edge of the screen or where the Windows 10 taskbar is located. You
can also press Windows logo key to reveal the taskbar.

How to Add or Remove Icons on Windows 10 Taskbar

To pin programs to the taskbar, you can click Start and right-click the
program, click More -> Pin to taskbar to pin the application to the taskbar.
To remove a program from taskbar, you can right-click the program and
click Unpin this program from taskbar.

If you want to remove default icons from system tray area in the taskbar, you
can follow the steps below.

Step 1. You can right-click the taskbar and choose Taskbar settings to open
Windows 10 taskbar settings window.

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Step 2. Next you can click Select which icons appear in the
taskbar under Notification area.

Step 3. Then you can choose to Always show all icons in the notification
area, or you can turn off this option and choose to turn on/off some of the
program icons.

You can click Turn system icons on or off under Notification area to turn
on or off some system icons.

Figure 2.4 (m) - Taskbar Settings

If you turn off an app here, you don’t really remove it, and it still shows up in
the hidden area. If you turn an app on, it will appear in the main Notification
Area.

2.5 - DESKTOP PROPERTIES

Personalizing Your Desktop

Windows 10 makes it easy to customize the look and feel of your desktop. To
access the Personalization settings, right-click anywhere on the desktop, then
select Personalize from the drop-down menu. The Personalization settings
will appear.

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Figure 2.5 (a) - Personalizing the Desktop

Figure 2.5 (b) - Desktop Background

To change the font size:

If you have difficulty seeing the text on your computer, you can increase
the font size. Increasing the font size will also increase the size of icons and
other items on your desktop.

1. Open the Settings app, then select System.

Figure 2.5 (c) - Change Font Size

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2. The Display options will appear. Use the slider to select the
desired item size. Note that a larger size may interfere with the way
some items appear on the screen.

Figure 2.5 (d) - Display Options

3. Click Apply to save your changes. You may then need to restart your
computer for these changes to take effect.

2.6 - USE OF CONTROL PANEL (ADD/REMOVE

PROGRAM, TIME & DATE, MOUSE AND CREATE
USER ACCOUNT)

Use of Control Panel:

The Control Panel is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides the

ability to view and change system settings. It consists of a set of applets that
include adding or removing hardware and software, controlling user accounts,
changing accessibility options, and accessing networking settings. Additional
applets are provided by third parties, such as audio and video drivers, VPN
tools, input devices, and networking tools.

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Add and Remove Program:

To open Add or Remove Programs in Windows 10
1. Press the Windows key, type Apps & features or Add or Remove
Programs, and press Enter.
2. A window similar to the picture below should appear.

Figure 2.6 (a) - Add and Remove Programs

3. From this window, you'll be able to manage how Windows installs
programs and also uninstall any programs that were installed.
Or
1. Open the Control Panel
2. Click Programs and Features or under the Programs
section click Uninstall a program.
3. From this window, you'll be able to manage how Windows installs
programs and also uninstall any programs that were installed.

Change Time & Date:

Computers connected to the internet should automatically adjust for
daylight savings time.

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1. Right-click on the time in the bottom-right of the screen and

select Adjust Date/Time.

Figure 2.6 (b) - Adjust Date & Time

2. A window will open. On the left side of the window select the Date &
time tab. Then, under "Change date and time" click Change

Figure 2.6 (c) - Change Date & Time

Note: Both Set time automatically and Set time zone automatically
must be Off to make this change.
3. Enter the time and press Change
4. The system time has been updated.

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Change Mouse Settings:

Windows 10 gives you a range of customization options for your mouse, so
you have flexibility in how your cursor behaves. In this guide, we’ll walk you
through the available settings and the impact they have on your pointer.
Before we get going, it’s worth mentioning that Windows 10’s mouse settings
are still split across Control Panel and the Settings app. The Settings app’s
Mouse page is currently extremely basic and contains only one option you
won’t find in the Control Panel.
Primary mouse button and scroll wheel
We’ll head to Settings first, so open the app (Win+I keyboard shortcut), click
the “Devices” category and then navigate to the “Mouse” page from the menu.

Figure 2.6 (d) - Change Mouse Settings

The page lets you customize the scroll wheel’s operation and change
which mouse button acts as the primary one. The mouse wheel can be made to
scroll through lines or entire screens (as if you pressed the Page Up/Page
Down buttons), and you can customize how many lines or screens should be
scrolled at once.
The last toggle button on the page, “Scroll inactive windows when I
hover over them,” is the only mouse setting not available in the Control Panel.
This feature was new for Windows 10.

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Per the description, it lets you scroll the contents of any window on
your desktop by hovering over it and using the mouse wheel. You don’t need
to switch focus to the window first, addressing a long-standing complaint with
previous versions of Windows. You’ll probably want to keep it enabled most
of the time.
The rest of Windows’ mouse settings are tucked away in the Control
Panel. You can access them with the “Additional mouse options” link to the
right of the Mouse settings page. This will bring up the “Mouse Properties”
popup which hasn’t changed much through generations of the Windows
operating system.

Figure 2.6 (e) - Mouse Properties

The first tab of this screen provides three options. The first is duplicated from
the Settings app and lets you customize your primary mouse button. The
second lets you change when double-clicks are registered – if you find
Windows isn’t detecting when you double-click, or is making false positive
matches, you can use the slider and test area to fine-tune how long a double
click has to last.
Click Lock
The final option on the page controls a little-used accessibility feature called
Click Lock. When it’s enabled, you don’t need to hold down your mouse
button when clicking and dragging.

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Instead, you hold the button briefly, which starts the selection. You can then
release the button, move the mouse to complete your selection and press the
button again to confirm the operation. It’s intended primarily for people who
may find it hard to depress the mouse button for an extended period of time.

Figure 2.6 (f) - Mouse Properties

The second tab of the Mouse Properties dialog enables you to change
the presentation of your cursor. You can pick and choose from the themes
installed on your device, or specify your own images to use for different
cursor states.
Pointer speed and sensitivity
The Pointer Options tab is more directly applicable to your mouse’s
operation. The first set of options are related to the movement of your cursor.
You can control how fast the cursor moves, enabling you to reduce or increase
the effective sensitivity of your mouse.
There’s also an “Enhance pointer precision” checkbox, which
dynamically adjusts the effective sensitivity relative to how fast you move the
mouse. When you’re moving slowly to select a small button, Windows will
adjust the sensitivity on-the-fly to keep the cursor motion precise. If you have
a gaming or professional mouse, you should note that both the pointer speed
and precision options may conflict with the DPI and sensitivity settings
offered by your mouse.

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Figure 2.6 (g) - Mouse Pointer Options

The second section of the Pointer Options tab controls “Snap To,” an
accessibility feature which automatically moves your cursor as new popups
open on your screen. Your cursor will automatically “snap to” the default
button in each popup, so you don’t need to move your mouse to press “OK.”
Finding the cursor

Finally, the “Visibility” section lets you control when the cursor
should be hidden. You can disable automatic cursor hiding while typing with
the “Hide pointer while typing” checkbox.

Using the “Display pointer trails” option, it’s possible to display

pointer trails that track your mouse across the screen if you have difficulty
following your cursor. A final usability tweak is “Show location of pointer
when I press the CTRL key” – a self-explanatory checkbox which can come
in handy for those “lost my mouse” situations.

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Create User Account:

How to create a new user on Windows 10 (Easy Way)
Compared to older Windows builds (XP, Windows 7 or Vista), it’s
quite easy to create a new user on Win 10. Now, why would someone do that?
Well, creating one or several users on the same machine isn’t some whim, but
a very ‘hygienic’ cyber security practice. Even if you’re the one and only
owner of the PC, it’s still a good idea to use a non-administrative account in
case you wind up on the wrong side of the Internet.
Doesn’t matter what kind of malware your computer picks up –
running your PC on a typical, non-admin account, ensures that the
‘nastinesses’ can’t gain a foothold in the system and start messing around
with functions and processes (i.e. boot. ini,
msdos.sys, autoexec.bat, io.sys, svchost.exe).

ADDING A NEW USER THROUGH ACCOUNTS’ GUI

Now, the fastest way to create a new user account on Windows 10 is
through Settings. Here’s what you’ll need to do:
Step 1. Hit or tap the Start button.
Step 2. Click or tap on the Settings button (that would be the “gear” icon).
You can also access Settings by hitting the Windows key on your keyboard
and writing “Settings” in the search bar.
Step 3. In Settings, click or tap on Accounts (the icon should be right
under Network & Internet).
Step 4. Under Accounts, click or tap on Family & other users.
Step 5. Look under Other users and click on the “+” (plus sign) next to Add
someone else to this PC to create a new account on your machine.
Step 6. Choose how the new user will log in his
account: Xbox, Office Online, OneDrive, Office, or Skype. Type the address
in the bar and hit the Next button.
Step 7. Review the details and press the Finish button to complete the
registration process.
That’s it – the new user can log in by typing in his Microsoft username
and password. Now, you should keep in mind that this method can only be
used in conjunction with one of the above-mentioned accounts. If you want to

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create a local account (no online account verification required), follow the
steps below.

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How to create a local account with Windows 10

Step 1. Click or tap on the Start button.
Step 2. Head to Settings.
Step 3. Click or tap on Accounts.
Step 4. Go to Family & other users.
Step 5. Under Other users, click or tap on Add someone else to this PC.
Step 6. In the bottom part of the page, click or tap the hyperlink reading I
don’t have this person’s sign-in information.
Step 7. Click or tap on the hyperlink reading Add a user without a Microsoft
account.
Step 8. In the account registration window, enter the name of the person
who’s going to use the computer and choose a password (hint: don’t use
“1234” or “qwerty”, wink-wink).
Reconfirm your password and set a hint. When you’re done, press
the Next button to complete the registration process.
Okay, I have to admit that all of these steps seem basic enough, but the good
news is that Windows 10’s account-managing platform allows the user (that’s
you) to ‘mess’ around with privileges.
Let’s assume that the account you’re about to create is for a family member.

2.7 - EXPLAIN THE METHOD OF SEARCHING A

DOCUMENT

How to Search for Files in Windows 10?

1. Search for files using the taskbar
2. Search for files using File Explorer
3. Search for files using Everything

There are three methods that can be used to search for files in
Windows 10. You can select one according to your actual situation.
Additionally, you can use these three methods to search for files from
computer hard drives, One Drive, SD cards, memory cards, and more.

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Method 1: Search for Files Using Taskbar (by Name)

This method is very simple. You can follow these steps to search for
files by the name or a keyword.

1. Press Win + X and select Search from the WinX Menu to open the
Windows 10 search box. Or, you can directly click Cortana to open it.

2. Type the name or a keyword of the file you want to find into the
search box and you will see the search results across your computer
and OneDrive under Best match.

You can select the file to open it and check whether it is the file you
want to find. If you think this method can’t help you find the needed files or
you need to search for file contents in Windows 10, you can use File Explorer
instead.

Method 2: Search for Files Using File Explorer (by Name/File

Contents/Type)

A Windows 10 file search with File Explorer is a commonly-used

method to find your needed files.

Here is a step-by-step guide:

Note: If your File Explorer is set to start from Quick Access, when you open
File Explorer, you will enter Quick Access directly. You should not perform a
Windows 10 file search in Quick Access. You need to switch to This PC
before searching. Or, you can refer to this post to make File Explorer start
from This PC.

How to Use Windows 10 Quick Access: A Full Introduction.

1. Go to File Explorer and access the drive that should contain the files
you want to find. If you are not sure the file location, you can just
select This PC from the left list to make File Explorer show all drives
in This PC.

2. The search box is on the upper right corner of File Explorer. You need
to input the file name or a keyword. Then the Windows 10 file search
process will automatically start.

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Figure 2.7 (a) - Search Files and Folders

When the search process ends, you can see the search results. It is quite
possible that you see more than one choice. Then, you need to find the target
one from the results.

Perform an Advanced Search in File Explorer:

If there are so many files, you can then perform an advanced search in File
Explorer. You can click the arrow next to the question mark on the upper right
corner and then make a further selection like file size, kind, date modified, etc.
You can use these features according to your actual situations.

Figure 2.7 (b) - Search Results

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Perhaps, you want to find a Word, Excel, or a text file. But, you forget the
name of the file. Take it easy. You can try to remember some text contents
that are especially exist in that file and then search files content via File
Explorer.
To do this work, you need to do some preparation beforehand: enabling the
File contents feature of Windows 10 file search in File Explorer. You can
follow these steps to enable the File contents feature:
1. Open File Explorer.
2. Click the Search mark (the magnifying glass mark) on the upper right
corner.
3. Click Search on the top toolbar.
4. Click the Arrow Down button of the Advanced options.
5. Select File contents from the drop-down menu.

Figure 2.7 (c) - Advance Searching

Now, the File contents feature is enabled. You can type the content
text into the search box to search for your needed files.

Method 3: Search for Files Using Everything (by Name/Type)

Besides using the Windows snap-in tool to search for files in Windows
10, you can also use a third-party utility to do the work. Everything is just
such a tool.

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Everything is a desktop search utility for Windows. You can use it to

search for your needed files and folders by name. In addition, this utility can
also show you all the computer files by type (limited to some certain types). If
you only remember the type of file you want to find, you can set this tool to
only show the target file type.

Search for Files in Windows 10 by Name:

1. Open Everything.

2. Input the file name to make the tool show the related items.

3. Go to find your needed files from the list of the search results.

Figure 2.7 (d) - Search Files by everything

If there are so many search results, you can click Search from the toolbar and
select the target file type to narrow down the search range.

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Figure 2.7 (e) - Search Files by everything

After finding the needed file, you can click on it to open it immediately. Or
you can go to File > Open path to access the storage location.
Search for Files in Windows 10 by Type:
If you really forget the name of the file, you can use the Search feature of
everything to select the data type of your needed file. This can shorten the
search time relatively.

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EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Microsoft launched windows 10 on;
(a) July 2013 (b) July 2015 (c) July 2016 (d) March 2017
2. Windows 10 operating system has been designed for;
(a) Desktop computers (b) Laptops
(c) Mobile phones (d) All these
3. Windows 10 operating system can run on ;
(a) IBM systems (b) IBM compatible system
(c) App Mac systems (d) Both a & b
4. Windows 10 operating is a ;
(a) GUI (b) Multitasking
(c) Multi user (d) Both a & b
5. In windows 10, start button can be used for ;
(a) Search the used files (b) Open the required Apps
(c) Shut down or restart the system (d) All these
6. Cortona feature of windows 10 works as;
(a) Personal digital assistant (b) Operating system
(c) Application software (d) None of these
7. Which one of the windows users are given free upgrade to windows 10.
(a) Windows XP (b) Windows 8 only
(c) Both Windows 7 and 8 (d) All Window users
8. The windows 10, biometric login feature has been named.
(a) Windows Bio (b) Windows Hello
(c) Windows Pad Lock (d) Windows Instant
9. This feature re-included in windows 10, it was removed in windows 8;
(a) Recycle bin (b) Start menu
(c) Gagets (d) None of these
10. Which feature of windows 10 allows to adopt to different device types.
(a) Hub (b) Flex (c) Continuum (d) Unity

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11. New built in browser of windows 10 is ;

(a) Cortona (b) Edge (c) Internet Explorer (d) Opera
12. The cortana is named after a character of this video game.
(a) Destiny (b) Halo (c) Final Fantasy (d) Fable
13. Windows 10 belongs to this window family.
(a) Windows 7X (b) Windows Ap
(c) Windows NET (d) Windows NT
14. These buttons are used to take screen short of display screen;
(a) Alt + PrtScn (b) Shift + PrnScn
(c) Ctrl + PrtScn (d) Windows key + PrtScn
15. Which shortcut keys can be used in windows 10 to open programs pinned
in taskbar.
(a) Shift + [1],[2],[3]... (b) Windows + [1],[2],[3]...
(c) Alt + [1],[2],[3]... (d) None of these
16. These keys can be used to lock the windows 10 desktop.
(a) Shift + L (b) Ctrl + L
(c) Windows + L (d) Any of these
17. Shortcut keys to open Action Center.
(a) Windows + A (b) Windows + C
(c) Windows + P (d) Windows + Spacebar
18. Shortcut keys to open windows setting.
(a) Windows + I (b) Windows + A
(c) Windows + S (d) Windows + H
19. Shortcut keys to show windows 10 desktop.
(a) Windows + D (b) Windows + B
(c) Windows + T (d) Windows + K
20. This is a Windows 10 feature.
(a) Action Center (b) Multiple desktop
(c) Cortana (d) All these
21. The name of online data storage facility of windows 10 is ;
(a) Sky drive (b) One drive
(c) Ten drive (d) Soft drive

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22. Due to this feature of windows 10, icons looks transparent like a glass
(a) Aero feature (b) Dyno feature
(c) Trans feature (d) None of these
23. Windows 10 support this ;
(a) DVD (b) Blu Ray Disk
(c) Internet Digital TV (d) All these
24. You can use cortana of windows for ;
(a) Here any song (b) Ask any question, about your files
(c) Ask the weather condition (d) All these
25. This is a virtual assistant in widows 10.
(a) Action center (b) Cortana
(c) MS Edge (d) Windows store
26. Data that can be store free of cost in One drive of Windows 10 is;
(a) Upto 2GB (b) Upto 10 GB
(c) Upto 25GB (d) Upto 500GB
27. Horizontal strip on bottom side of windows 10 is called ;
(a) Task bar (b) Status bar (c) Title bar (d) All these
28. Time, date, internet connection and battery meter show on this part of
taskbar;
(a) Time area (b) Date area
(c) Notification area (d) Both a and b
29. Taskbar of windows 10 holds ;
(a) Search box (b) Pinned programs
(c) Notification area (d) All these
30. In windows 10, this modification can be made on task bar.
(a) Change the location of task bar
(b) Task bar can be hide
(c) Icon size on task bar can be changed (d) All these
31. System tray contains icon of this item.
(a) Wi-fi (b) Blue tooth
(c) Volume & clock (d) All these

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32. A folder may contain ;

(a) Files (b) Sub folders
(c) Data (d) Both a & b
33. Screen savers are basically used for this monitor;
(a) LCD (b) LED backlight (c) Plasma (d) CRT
34. This task can be performed through control panel.
(a) Adding hardware (b) Add/Remove programs
(c) Clock Setting (d) All these
35. Delete files and folders in windows 10 goes in ;
(a) Hard disk (b) Recycle bin
(c) Dust bin (d) None of these
36. Number of horizontal and vertical pixels on monitor screen is called;
(a) Screen saver (b) Screen resolution
(c) Screen pixels (d) Wallpaper
37. Small pictures on desktop, representing some programs are called;
(a) Folder (b) Icon
(c) Program (d) Desktop picture
38. This icon appear automatically on desktop screen.
(a) This PC (b) Recycle bin
(c) My documents (d) Both a & b
39. This is used to control and manage computer hardware & software.
(a) Web browser (b) Control panel
(c) Control master (d) Start button
40. Windows 10 O/S is a ;
(a) Multi user (b) Multi-tasking
(c) Multidimensional (d) All these
41. By deleting a shortcut of a file ;
(a) Data of the file remain save (b) Data of the file will be lost
(c) Data of the file will be changed (d) All these
42. Microsoft corporation produce;
(a) Computer software (b) Hardware
(c) Both hardware and software (d) None of these

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43. The tray which is display on left side of task bar is called;
(a) Icon's tray (b) Windows tray
(c) System tray (d) Non system tray
44. First screen that appears after log in is called ;
(a) Primary screen (b) Desktop screen
(c) Interface (d) Program screen
45. To shut down the computer, this button is clicked first.
(a) Shut down button (b) Start button
(c) Power button (d) Any of these
46. This is an option of control panel of windows 10.
(a) Hardware & sound (b) User accounts
(c) Network and internet (d) All these
ANSWERS KEY

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Define Windows operating system.
2. What is GUI.
3. Write short introduction of Windows 10.
4. Write names of some new features of windows 10.
5. What is folder?
6. What is an icon?
7. For which purpose, recycle bin is used.
8. For which purpose, file explorer is used in windows 10.
9. For which purpose, control panel is used.
10. How file can be searched in windows 10.
11. What is meant by shortcut.
12. What is cortana.
13. Write short introduction of "Edge" browser.
14. Which facility is available in windows 10 store.

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15. What is available in windows 10 task bar.

16. What is aero graphical user interface in windows 10.
17. What is "Windows hellow".
18. What is minimum capacity of system for windows 10 installation.
19. What is desktop screen.
20. Introduce windows 10 taskbar & its items.
21. What is notification area, what is displays.
22. What is meant by system loading.
23. What is meant by "Login".
24. Write method of creating new folder in Windows 10.
25. Write method of adding/deleting items in system tray of windows 10.
26. Write method of creating new user's account in windows 10.
27. How anything saved in computer can be searched in windows 10.
28. Define screen resolution.
29. How a file of a specific program is identified.
30. Why screen saver is used.

LONG QUESTIONS

1. Write 8 features of windows 10.

2. Write the names of parts of windows 10 interface and their location.
3. Write method of installation of windows 10.
4. Write in detail components of taskbar in windows 10.
5. Write important features of MS Windows 10. Write method of setting
background, screen saver and resolution in windows 10.
6. Write method of creating new user account in windows 10.
7. Write method to create desktop shortcut and folder in windows 10.
8. Write method of changing taskbar settings in windows 10.
9. Write all methods of searching file in windows 10.
10. Write names of components of control panel of windows 10.
11. Write method to uninstall a program in windows 10.
12. What is user account, write its types.

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CHAPTER 3

Microsoft word

General Objective:
Understand basic concepts of Microsoft Word.

Specific objectives:
After studying this chapter students should be able to:

 Define working of MS-Office

 Describe MS-Word & different parts of its screen.
 Create a new document.
 Apply Editing & formatting on text.
 Save a document & Open an existing document.
 Work on Page setup (Set the Margins & Paper)
 Use the Spelling& Grammar Check
 Set Paragraph Alignment
 Insert Page numbers, Symbols, Text box & Picture in the document
 Use the different Format menu drop down commands (Drop Cap,
Change Case, Bullet & Numbering and Border & Shading)
 Insert the 'Table and it's Editing
 Print the document
 Save a document file as PDF format

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3.1 - INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT OFFICE

MS. Office is one of the most popular application software. It is a
complete office suite with various software programs like MS Word, MS
Excel, MS. Power Point etc. It is developed by Microsoft Corporation. In
latest MS. Office versions, new user interface is introduced which has
replaced the old menus and toolbars of office 2003 and old versions. In new
versions Ribbons and Office button is introduced. Word processing is the
process of creating text documents. It is used to create, edit, format text and
also used to add graphics in the document. In order to perform word
processing, a software is required which is known as word processor. A word
processor is software which is used to create, edit and print documents. Word
processor provides facility to write text, store it, modify it by using various
commands and print the document as well. There is a number of word
processing software available in market. Some of them are MS Word, Open
Office writer, Word Perfect and Google Drive document. But most commonly
used word processing software is Microsoft Word.
3.2 - INTRODUCTION TO MS WORD & ITS
SCREEN
MS WORD
Microsoft Word is one of the most popular software programs in the
world, used by millions of the people around the world. There are various
features to create, read and edit documents. Most of the features are not used
by users because all of them are not necessary for every user. We will use
some basic features of MS Word. It has many features, some of them are
discussed under:
 Easy Typing and easy to use
 Adding, removing and Copying text
 Text formatting
 Bullets and numbering
 Header and footer
 Spelling and grammar check
 Inserting pictures
 Preview facility.
 Creating tables and many more features.

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SCREEN INTRODUCTION OF MS WORD

Microsoft introduces a new look screen environment in MS Word that
offers a more efficient and straight forward approach. What’s new in Word is
shown in figure 3.2 and outlined below.

Figure 3.2- MS Word Screen Layout

1. File Menu: Provides access to menu commands in Word. All commonly
used features such as New, Open, Save, Print and Recent Documents are
available under this button.
2. Ribbon: The Ribbon replaces the menus and toolbars in previous
versions. The Ribbon exposes most of the features that were hidden in
File menus. The Ribbon makes it easier to see and find commands to
format your document.
3. Quick Access Toolbar: A customizable toolbar at the top of an active
document. By default, the Quick Access Toolbar displays the Save,
Undo, and Repeat buttons and is used for easy access to frequently used
commands. To customize this toolbar, click on the dropdown arrow and
select the commands you want to add.

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4. Title Bar: A horizontal bar at the top of an active document. This bar
displays the name of the document and application.
5. Command Tabs: An area on the Ribbon that contains buttons that are
organized in groups. The default tabs are Home, Insert, Page Layout,
Reference, Mailings, Review and View.
6. Window controls: are used to change the size of a window, or to close it.
7. Groups: A Group of buttons on a tab that is exposed and easily
accessible. These buttons were formally embedded in menus on the Menu
Bar.
8. Dialog Box Launcher: A button that launches a dialog box containing
options for refining a command.
9. Status Bar: A horizontal bar at the bottom of an active window that
gives details about the active document.
10. View Toolbar: A toolbar that enables, adjusts, and displays different
views of a document’s content.
11. Zoom Slider: A button that magnifies or reduces the contents in the
document window.
12. Document Area: The white space framed between rulers and the
scroll bars looking like a blank sheet of paper. This is the area where you
type the text of the document.
13. The Cursor: The blinking vertical line in the document area is called
cursor or insertion point. The typed characters appear at its location.
14. Ruler: The ruler is a measurement tool used with MS Word that
allows the program's user to align graphics, text, tables, or other elements
on a page. When enabled the horizontal ruler appears at the top of the
document, and the vertical ruler is on the left-side of the document.
15. Help Button: Click the help button to open the help window for the
MS Word program.
16. Scroll Bar: Scrollbar is used to display different portions of a
document in the document windows. There are two types of scrollbar,
horizontal scrollbar appears on bottom of the document window and
vertical scrollbar appears in the left side of the document window.

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3.3 – CREATION OF NEW DOCUMENT

You can create new documents by using the menu option with
keyboard or mouse and by using shortcut key.
CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT USING KEYBOARD
Just follows these steps to create new document using keyboard
 Press Alt + F to open File Menu. From the menu select New command
and press Enter. The New Document dialog box will appear (Figure
3.3).
 Select Blank document under the Blank and recent section. It will be
highlighted by default.
 Press Enter to create new document.
OR
Another method is as under:
 Press Ctrl + N keys from keyboard to create new blank document
rapidly.

Figure 3.3 – New Document Creation Options

CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT USING MOUSE
 Click the File Menu to open the menu. Click New command the New
Document dialog box will appear.
 Click to select the Blank document under the Blank and recent section
then click on Create button to create new document.
OR

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 Click the New tool on Quick Access Toolbar. The new blank document
will create instantly.
3.4 - EDITING & FORMATTING OF TEXT
3.4.1 - EDITING OF TEXT
The great feature of word processors is that you can go back and edit your
document as much as you like, before printing it out.
To edit your document, you need to be able to do two things.
 First, you need to identify and select the text you want to change.
 Second, you need to make your change. Broadly, there are four kinds of
change you can make to a document
1. Add text
2. Remove text
3. Copy text
4. Move text
3.4.2 TEXT SELECTION METHODS FOR EDITING
Text selection makes sure to change the specific part of text. There are
two ways to select your text either by using keyboard and mouse.
TEXT SELECTION USING KEYBOARD
1. Press [Shift] + [Arrow keys] to select text toward left, right, up or
down.
2. Press [Shift] + [Home/End] to select the beginning/end of the current
line.
3. Press [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [Home/End] to select the beginning/end of the
document.
4. Press [Ctrl] + [A] to select whole document.
TEXT SELECTION USING MOUSE
1. Click where you want to start selecting text, press the left mouse
button, and Drag across the text, then release the mouse button where
you want to end.
2. Once to put the cursor next to a letter; Twice (double-click) to select
the word; Three times (triple-click) to select the paragraph.
3. To select a single line, move your mouse over to the left margin of
your text and click

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4. To Select Whole Document Go to Home ribbons, click the down

arrow next to the word Select, and then click Select All (figure 3.4.2)

Figure 3.4.2 – Select All Text

3.4.3 PROCEDURE TO ADD & REMOVE TEXT
Adding Text:
One of the best things about word processing is that it’s so easy to add
something to your text.
1. Click the point to bring cursor where you’d like to add to your text.
2. Type the new text.
3. The line breaks will automatically adjust themselves to accommodate
the addition to your text.
Removing Text:
In Word there are two ways that you can delete your text, character by
character or delete selected text.
1. Use [BACKSPACE] key to delete characters to the left of the cursor.
2. Use [DEL] key to delete characters ahead of the cursor.
3. OR select the text that you want to delete and press [DEL] key
3.4.4 PROCEDURE TO USE THE CLIPBOARD
Cutting, copying, and pasting are some of the most practical features
of a word processor, here are examples to use clipboard. Figure 3.4.4 shows
the clipboard ribbon.
CUTTING AND PASTING PROCEDURE
1. Select the relevant text.
2. Use [Ctrl] + [X] shortcut key or click the
Cut button in the Home ribbon (clipboard
group) – its icon is a pair of scissors.

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3. Where did the selected text go? It’s been moved to the Clipboard, an
(invisible) storage area.
4. Place the cursor at the point where you’d like Figure 3.4.4 - Clipboard

to add the text.

5. Now use [Ctrl] + [V] or click the Paste button in Clipboard group.
COPYING AND PASTING PROCEDURE:
1. Select the relevant text.
2. Use [Ctrl] + [C] shortcut key or click the Copy button in the Home
ribbon
3. The text been copied to clipboard.
4. Place the cursor at the point where you’d like to copy the text.
5. Now use [Ctrl] + [V] or click the Paste button in Clipboard group.
3.4.5 PROCEDURE FOR UNDO, REDO & REPEAT
(A) THE UNDO COMMAND
This command undoes previous actions allowing you to recover from
mistakes as though they never happened. Follow these actions:
Procedure:
1. Click the Undo button on the Quick Access Toolbar
OR
2. Press [Ctrl] + [Z] keyboard shortcut
(B) TO REDO COMMAND:
The Redo command will redo a previously undone action.
Procedure:
1. Click the Redo button on the Quick Access Toolbar
OR
2. Press [Ctrl] + [Y] keyboard shortcut
(C) REPEAT AN ACTION
The Repeat command will repeat the last action you carried out. This
can greatly speed up the completion of certain tasks.
Procedure:
1. Click the Repeat button on the Quick Access Toolbar
OR
2. Press [F4] keyboard shortcut

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3.4.6 - FORMATTING OF TEXT

In Microsoft Word formatting can be applied to make the document

more presentable and interesting. Format means the way a document looks or
appears. When we format the text its means we actually change the default
formatting into our desired formatting.

We can change the font, font style, font color and font size of the text.
We can also define the format of paragraphs in a document. We can make lists
by using bullets and numbering. Microsoft Word has various formatting
options. Before we apply any format to the text, we need to select first the
section or part of text that we wish to change.

FORMATTING USING FONT

1. Select the text by keyboard or mouse

2. Select the Home tab

3. From the Font panel, select the font, font style, and font size and font
color according to your requirement. The screenshot below displays
the different font formatting options.

Figure 3.4.6 – Formatting Using Font Panel

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Different font tools are described below in table

Formatting Description
Options
Font Changes the font of the selected text to the font
name specified as Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri
etc
Font Size Changes the font size of the selected text to the size
specified.
Bold Makes the selected text Bold.
Italics Applies Italic formatting to the selected text.
Underline Underlines the selected text.
Font Color Formats the selected text with the color chosen.
Table 3.4.6 – Formatting Using Font Panel
USING KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
1. Ctrl + B for bold Example
2. Ctrl + I for Italic Example
3. Ctrl + [ to decrease the font size Example

4. Ctrl + ] to increase the font size Example

5. Ctrl + U for underline Example
3.5 - SAVING AND OPENING A DOCUMENT
3.5.1 SAVING FILE
WHY SAVING FILES?
Files are necessary to save permanently on secondary storage device
for future use. You can save files to the hard disk located inside your
computer, a floppy disk, an external hard drive, a net-work storage drive, or a
portable storage disk, such as a USB flash drive.
FILE SAVING METHODS:
SAVING A DOCUMENT USING KEYBOARD
 Press [Ctrl] + [S] keyboard shortcut
OR
 Press Alt + F to open File menu then select Save or Save As
command and press ENTER
Note:
 Use Save to save a document for the first time or to save changes.

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 Use Save As to also save a document for the first time or to save a
previously saved document with different name and in a different
location.
Saving a Document: Mouse Option
 Click the File Menu Save or Save As OR
 Click the File icon on the Quick Access Toolbar
If you are saving the file for the first time, the Save As pane will
appear in backstage view.
Now choose where to save the file and give it a file name.
Click Browse to select a location on your computer. Alternatively, you
can click One Drive to save the file to your One Drive.

Figure 3.5.1 (a)– File Saving

By doing above actions the Save As dialog box will appear as shown in figure
3.5.1 (b)

Figure 3.5.1 (b) – File Saving Dialog Box

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Save As Dialog Box Entries

 From the Save in pull-down list, select the appropriate location (drive
and folder name) where you want to save your file for future use. My
Documents is the default folder to manage user’s documents.
 In the File name text box, type a meaningful file-name like “Computer
application”
 From the Save as type pull-down menu, select the type of file but this
is optional
 Press Enter or Click on SAVE button. Your document will be saved.
3.5.2 OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENT
Once you have created and saved a document, you may need to
retrieve it from your storage medium. For example, you might want to revise
the document or reprint it. To grab your word file from secondary storage
media, do following.
OPENING A DOCUMENT BY KEYBOARD
 Press [Ctrl] + [O] keyboard shortcut to get OPEN dialog box
OR
 Press Alt + F to open File menu then select Open command and press
ENTER
OPENING A DOCUMENT BY MOUSE
 Click the File Menu and then click Open Command (OR)
 Click the Open icon on the Quick Access Toolbar
 Navigate to Backstage view, then click Open.
By doing above actions the Open dialog box appears as shown in
figure 3.5.2.

Figure 3.5.2 – File Opening Dialog Box

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As the dialog box appears, provide location (destination drive and folder) of
your file, file name which you want to open and press ENTER or click the
Open button to open your desired file.

3.6 - PAGE SETUP (SET THE MARGINS & PAPER

SIZE)
You can use the Page Setup group of commands on the Page Layout
tab, shown in Figure 3.6 , to change how you setup a document’s pages. Open
the Page Setup dialog box for access to more options by clicking on small
arrow.

Figure 3.6 – Page Setup Options

3.6.1 – SETTING MARGINS

Margins are the white space that borders the text on the edges of a
page. MS Word sets default margins for new documents, but you can change
them to fit your document requirements.
To set the page margins do following
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.
2. Click the margin type that you want. For the most common margin width,
click Normal.
3. When you click the margin type that you want, your entire document
automatically changes to the margin type that you have selected.

4. You can also specify your own margin settings. Click Margins,
click Custom Margins, and then in the Top, Bottom, Left,
and Right boxes, enter new values for the margins.

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3.6.2 – PAPER SETTING

Paper size is important aspect to consider when you work on your
documents, designs and brochures etc. The defualt paper size is Letter 8.5 ×
11 inches. If you will be printing on a different size paper, the Paper size
button in the Page Setup group makes it convenient to change the settings.
To set or select the paper size do following
1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Size.
2. For the most common paper size, click Letter.
Click on More Paper Sizes to set custom paper size.

3.7 – SPELLING AND GRAMMAR CHECK

MS Word automatically checks spellings and grammar as you type. It
is done by comparing each word to Word’s built in dictionary and grammar
rules. Word flags words that might be misspelled with a wavy red underline
and wavy green underline for grammatical error.
CORRECTION PROCEDURE
You can also right-click a word that has red or green wavy line and see
a shortcut menu with suggestions for correction as shown in figure 3.7 (a)
below:

Figure 3.7 (a) – Spelling and Grammar Check Facility

You can check all spellings and grammar in a document with a single
action using the Spellings & Grammar button in the Proofing group on the
Review tab or by pressing keyboard shortcut F7.

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When a possible error is detected, Word displays the Spelling and

Grammar on Task Pan to show you error and suggest a correction. Use the
Change button in the Spellings and Grammar dialog box to correct an error,
or use the Change All button to correct all instances of the same error. You
can ignore the action on any errored word by using Ignore or Ignore All
options. By clicking the Add button, you can add your word to dictionary.

Figure 3.7 (b) – Spelling and Grammar Check

3.8 - PARAGRAPH ALIGNMENT

Text alignment is a word processing software feature that allows users
to horizontally align text on a document. Paragraphs are aligned relative to the
left and right margins in a document.
It enables the composition of a text document using different text
positioning on the whole or selected part of a page. By default, text is left-
aligned. Different alignments can be used by alignment buttons in the
Paragraph group. You can right-align, center-align and justify a paragraph
as well.
The paragraph alignment commands can be accessed by selecting the
Paragraph Group in Home Tab as shown below in figure 3.8.

Figure 3.8 – Paragraph Alignment

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Different paragraph alignment tools with their shortcut keys are

described below in table.
Alignment Option Shortcut Key Description
The default margin placement for
Align Left Ctrl + L
normal text that is aligned on the left.
Text is aligned at the right margin
Align Right Ctrl + R and text lines show a ragged left
edge.
The text is centered between the left
Center Ctrl + E and right margins of the page (with
both margins having irregular edges).
The text is paced irregularly across
each line so both the left and the
Justify Ctrl + J
right margins are straight edged and
uniform
3.9 - INSERTING PAGE NUMBERS, SYMBOLS,
TEXT BOX & PICTURE IN THE DOCUMENT
3.9.1 - ADDING PAGE NUMBERS
 On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Page
Number(figure 3.9.1)

Figure 3.9.1 – Inserting Page Numbers

 Click Top of Page, Bottom of Page, or Page Margins, depending on
where you want page numbers to appear in your document
 Choose a page number design from the gallery of designs.
3.9.2 – ADDING SYMBOLS
1. Click where you want to insert the symbol.

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2. On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click Symbol.

3. Do one of the following:
o Click the symbol that you want in the drop-down list.
o If the symbol that you want to insert is not in the list, click More
Symbols. In the Font box, click the font that you want, click the
symbol that you want to insert, and then click Insert.
3.9.3 – ADDING TEXT BOX Figure 3.9.2 – Inserting
Symbols
Text boxes are block of text in your
document that can place anywhere in the document. To insert text box, follow
these steps:
1. Click on the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box then
click Draw Text Box.
2. Click in the document, and then drag to draw the text box the size that
you want.
3. To add text to a text box, click inside the text box and then type or paste
text.
NOTE:
 To position the text box, click it, and then when the pointer becomes
a , drag the text box to a new location.

Figure 3.9.3 – Inserting Textbox

3.9.4 – ADDING PICTURE

You can make Word documents more colorful and readable by adding
pictures within text. It’s great fun to add life to your pages when you add

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different graphics by using pictures, clip art, drawings, and more. To insert
pictures, do following

1. Click the Insert tab, and then click the Picture tool in the Illustrations
group.

Figure 3.9.4 (a) – Inserting Picture

2. The Insert Picture Window (below) appears. Now locate a saved picture
on a device or in your file space. Select the picture you require by
clicking on it and then click on Insert.

Figure 3.9.4 (b) – Insert Picture Dialog Box

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3.10 - USE THE DIFFERENT FORMATTING

COMMANDS
3.10.1 - DROP CAP
A drop cap refers to an initial letter in a paragraph that has been
formatted with large font size. Word also places the letter inside its own
frame, which enables the letter to display either in the top left corner of the
paragraph or in the margin.

To apply the drop cap, follow these steps:

1. Click inside the paragraph where you want the drop cap to display

2. Select the Insert Tab then select Drop Cap command from Text
Group as shown in Figure 3.10.1.

3. Click the small arrow to open Drop Cap options (None, Dropped and
In Margin)

4. Click to apply either Dropped or In Margin

Figure 3.10.1 – Drop Cap

3.10.2 – CHANGE CASE

Change Case are used to change text case from upper to lower, lower
to upper, and everything in between. For example, you want a sentence you
just typed in your Word document to be a title with every word capitalized.

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Follow these steps:

1. Select the sentence.
2. Under the Home tab, click the Change
Case command in the Font group.
3. Select Capitalize Each Word.
4. Click the small arrow of Change Case Tool
to select from different categories
OR
1. Select the sentence or text Figure 3.10.2 - Change Case
2. Press SHIFT + F3 shortcut key (Every time you will use this shortcut
key, replaces your text in different case)
3.10.3 – BULLETS & NUMBERING
Bullets and Numbering are used to make lists. Numbered lists are
used to show a sequence of information. A bulleted list might be better if
there is no priority or sequence among the list items. Lists can be single-level
or multilevel.
Create a Bulleted List
1. Click where you want to create a bulleted list.
2. Click the Home tab.
3. Click the Bullets button arrow, and then select a bullet style.
4. Type the first item in your list, and then press Enter.
5. Type the next item in your list, and then press Enter.
6. Click the Bullets button, or press Enter again to end the list.
Create a Numbered List
1. Click where you want to create a numbered list.
2. Click the Home tab.
3. Click the Numbering button arrow, and then select a numbering style.
4. Type the first item in your list, and then press Enter.
5. Type the next item in your list, and then press Enter.
6. Click the Numbering button, or press Enter again to end the list.
3.10.4 – BORDER & SHADING
Borders are lines that you can add to the top, bottom, left, or right of
paragraph. Borders make paragraphs stand out and are great for emphasizing
headings. Using Shading, selected text’s background can be filled with
different color and patterns.

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Follow these steps to apply borders and shading

1. From the Ribbon, select the Home tab, within the Paragraph section,
the Shading and Border options are available as shown in Figure.
2. Select the paragraph(s) to which you want to add shading and/or border.

3. To add border, click BORDERS then select the desired border

option from list.

4. To add shading, click SHADING then select the desired shading

option from list.

Figure 3.10.4 – Border & Shading

3.11 - TABLE INSERTING AND ITSEDITING

3.11.1 – PROCEDURE TO CREATE TABLE
A table is a means of arranging data
in rows and columns. The intersection of
rows and columns forms cells. A cell is the
unit of table to enter data. It’s often easier
to read or present information in table
format than in paragraph format. Using MS
Word’s table, you can insert text and
pictures etc. into the table’s cells.
There are two procedures to insert
table, by selecting rows and columns and
using Insert Table dialog box.

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1. Rows and Columns Selection Method

1. On the Insert ribbon, Click the Table button.
2. Drag your mouse across the white boxes.
3. They will highlight across and down.
4. The top bar will tell you how many rows and columns you are
creating.
5. Click the mouse when you have reached your desired size.
2. Using Dialog Box Method
1. On the Insert ribbon, Click the Table button
2. Select Insert Table option, Insert Table dialog will open
3. Provide Number of Columns and Number of Rows in dialog box.
4. You can set AutoFit behavior of table by selecting one choice
(optional)
5. Click on OK button to create your desired table
3.11.2 – PROCEDURE TO MODIFY A TABLE
To Insert a Row:
1. Position the cursor in the table where you want to insert a row
2. Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
3. Click either the Insert Row Above or the Insert Row Below button in
the Rows & Columns group

To Insert a Column
1. Position the cursor in the table where you want to insert a column
2. Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
3. Click either the Insert Columns to Left button or the Insert Columns
to Right button in the Rows & Columns group
To Delete a Row
1. Position your cursor in the row that you would like to delete
2. Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
3. Click the Delete button in the Rows & Column group
4. Select Delete Rows
To Delete a Column
1. Position your cursor in the column that you would like to delete
2. Select the Layout tab on the Ribbon
3. Click the Delete button in the Rows & Column group

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4. Select Delete Columns

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3.12 - PRINTING THE DOCUMENT

After completion, a document can be printed as well. For printing a

document following method is used.

1. Click the File Menu and select

the Print command from menu
OR Press Ctrl + P keyboard
shortcut. The Print dialog box
will appear as shown in figure.
2. Click the Name field to select
your preferred printer (if more
than 1 printer).
3. In Page Range area, select
one of following options
 All: to print all pages in
document
 Current Page: to print
only what you see on
current screen.
 Pages: to print part of
document. For example, Figure 3.12 – Print Dialog Box
type 3-6 to print only pages 3 through 6 OR to print non-sequential
pages like 2, 5, 9, 14 etc.

 Selection: to print only highlighted text or graphics.

4. Enter the required number of copies in the Number of Copies field.

5. If you want to print more than one page per sheet, then select the
required number in the Pages per Sheet field.

6. Click OK to get printouts or hardcopies.

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3.13 - SAVING A DOCUMENT FILE AS PDF

FORMAT
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present
documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and
operating systems.
NOTE: The PDF add-in does not come as standard. You have to download
and install it from Microsoft website.
To save your file as PDF format, follow these steps:
1. Click the File Menu then click on Save As, and then click PDF or
XPS. The dialog box Publish as PDF and XPS will open as shown in
Figure 3.13.

Figure 3.13 – Publish as PDF or XPS Dialog Box

2. Follow all the normal processes to select a save location, file name and
file type.
3. Select whether you are publishing to print or web.
4. You can select page range, document content, non-printing
information and PDF options by clicking Options. Click Ok to accept
changes.

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5. Click Save to complete. This will take some moments.

EXERCISE
Short Questions
1. Define the Microsoft Office.
MS. Office is one of the most popular application software. It is a
complete office suite with various software programs like MS Word, MS
Excel, MS Power Point etc. It provides different functions which are normally
used in Office working.
2. Enlist some MS office applications
1. Microsoft Word
2. Microsoft Access
3. Microsoft Excel
4. Microsoft PowerPoint
5. Microsoft OneNote
6. Microsoft Outlook
3. Define the Word processor.
A word processor is application software that performs various tasks
like formatting text, printing text, page setup, composing document etc.
4. Enlist some well-liked word processors.
1. Microsoft Word
2. Word Pro
3. Word Perfect
4. Word Star
5. Define the Microsoft Word.
Microsoft Word is one of the most popular software programs in the
world, used by millions of the people around the world. There are various
features to create, read and edit documents.
6. What is the File Menu?
The File Menu contained commonly known commands related to file
such as New, Open, Save, Close, Print and Recent Documents.
7. Define the Ribbon of MS Word?
The Ribbon replaces the menus and toolbars in previous versions. The
Ribbon shows most of the features that were hidden in File menus. The
Ribbon makes it easier to see and find commands to format your document.

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8. Define the Quick Access Toolbar of MS Word?

A customizable toolbar at the top of an active document. By default,
the Quick Access Toolbar displays the Save, Undo, and Repeat commands.
9. Define the Title bar?
The title bar is horizontal bar at the top of an active document. This
bar displays the name of the document and application.
10. Define the document area.
The white space framed between rulers and the scroll bars looking like
a blank sheet of paper. This is the area where you type the text of the
document.
11. Define the cursor.
The blinking vertical line in the document area is called cursor or
insertion point. The typed characters appear at its location.
12. Define the ruler.
The ruler is a measurement tool used with MS Word that allows the
program's user to align graphics, text, tables, or other elements on a page.
13. Define the scroll bar.
Scrollbar is used to display different portions of a document in the
document windows. There are two types of scrollbar, horizontal and vertical.
14. Define the window control buttons.
These three control buttons provide quick and basic functions for
manipulating each Window currently visible. The first "dash" button will
minimize the window. The middle button will cause the window maximize or
will return the window to its original size. The last "X" button will close the
window.
15. Define the zoom slider.
The buttons that magnifies or reduces the contents in the document
window
16. What is shortcut key to access File Menu?
Alt + F is the keyboard shortcut to access the File Menu.
17. What command is used to create new file in MS Word?
Click on File Menu >> NEW, used to create new file in MS word.
18. What is keyboard shortcut to create new file?
Ctrl + N is keyboard shortcut to create new file.

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19. Which file template is mostly used when new word file is created?
The Blank Document template is mostly used when new word file is
created.
20. Why documents are necessary to save?
If you want to use documents in future, it is necessary to save them.
21. Which command is used to save a word file?
The SAVE command is used to save a file in MS word.
22. What is difference between SAVE and SAVE As command?
The Save command is normally used to save a document for the first
time or to save changes. On the other hand, Save As command is used to save
a previously saved document with different name.
23. What is procedure to save file in MS Word?
To save a document follow one of these methods:
Press Ctrl + S from keyboard.
OR
Press Alt + F to open File menu then select Save or Save As
command.
OR
Click the Save icon on the Quick Access Toolbar.

A dialog box appears, in which select location where you want to save,
then type name of document and Click on SAVE button.
24. Which command is used to open an existing word file?
The OPEN command is used to open an existing word file.
25. Why already saved files opened?
Already saved files can be opened to read, edit or reprint them.
26. What is the procedure to open your word files?
To open already existing document, follow one of these methods:
Press Ctrl + O from keyboard.
OR
Press Alt + F to open File menu then select OPEN command.
OR
Click the OPEN icon on the Quick Access Toolbar.
A dialog box appears, in which select location where your document
exists, then select name of document and Click on OPEN button.

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27. What is text editing?

Text editing is the ability to change text by adding, deleting and
rearranging letters, words, sentences and paragraphs.
28. When text selection is needed?
Text selection is normally used for text formatting.
29. What is shortcut to select whole document?
Ctrl + A is the shortcut to select whole document.
30. What is the method to select text?
By pressing SHIFT and ARROW keys from keyboard you can select
text. By dragging the mouse text can be selected by mouse.
31. Which keys are used to erase text character by character?
The BACKSPACE and DELETE keys are used to erase text character
by character.
32. Define the clipboard.
A clipboard is a temporary storage for data that the user wants to copy
from one place to another. For example, you might want to cut text from one
part of a document and paste it in another part or somewhere else. When you
will select the text and then cut or copy that text, it stores in clipboard for
further use.
33. What is the shortcut key for Cut, copy and paste command?
CTRL + X is the keyboard shortcut for cut command.
CTRL + C is the keyboard shortcut for copy command.
CTRL + V is the keyboard shortcut for paste command.
34. What is the shortcut key for Undo and Redo command?
CTRL + Z is the keyboard shortcut for copy command.
CTRL + Y is the keyboard shortcut for redo command.
35. What is difference between CUT and COPY command?
When we use Cut command, selected data removes from original
location. On the other hand, in Copy command data remains present in its
actual location.

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36. Define the Undo command.

This command undoes previous actions allowing you to recover from
mistakes as though they never happened.
37. Define the Redo command.
Redo command is used to revert the effects of the undo command.
38. Define the Repeat command.
The Repeat command is highly versatile, labor-saving feature which
repeats the most recent action taken, not including selecting text, scrolling, or
repositioning the insertion point. We usually use it to repeat typing or
formatting.
39. What is keyboard shortcut for Repeat command?
F4 is keyboard shortcut for Repeat command.
40. Define the text formatting in MS Word?
In Microsoft Word formatting can be applied to make the document
more presentable and interesting. Format means the way a document looks or
appears. When we format the text its means we actually change the default
formatting into our desired formatting.
41. What are keyboard shortcuts for bold, italic and underline?
Bold  CTRL + B
Italic  CTRL + I
Underline  CTRL + U
42. What are keyboard shortcuts for font size to increase and decrease?
CTRL + [ to decrease the font size
CTRL + ] to increase the font size
43. What kind of working can be done during text formatting?
During the text formatting, you can change font, font style, font color,
font size of the text, text highlighting using bold, italic and underline etc.
44. What kind of paragraph alignment can be applied?
There are four types of paragraph alignment
1. Left Align 3. Center Align
2. Right Align 4. Justify

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45. What are keyboard shortcuts for paragraph alignments?

1. Align Left  CTRL + L
2. Align Right  CTRL + R
3. Centered  CTRL + E
4. Justify  CTRL + J
46. Define the Drop Cap.
A drop cap is a large capital letter used as a decorative element at the
beginning of a paragraph or section. The size of drop cap is usually two or
more lines of regular text. It is used to add an artistic touch in word
documents, such as stories and articles.
47. How the drop cap can be inserted?
To apply the drop cap follow these steps
1. Click inside the paragraph where you want the drop cap to display.
2. Select the Insert Tab then select Drop Cap command from Text Group.
3. Click the small arrow to open Drop Cap options (None, Dropped and
In Margin)
4. Click to apply either Dropped or In Margin
48. What is the purpose of Change Case?
Change Case are used to change text case from upper to lower, lower
to upper, and everything in between.
49. What are change case choices in MS Word?
There are five change case choices as following
1. Sentence Case
2. Lower Case
3. Upper Case
4. Capitalize Each Word
5. Toggle Case
50. Why bullets & numbering are used?
Bullets and Numbering are used to make lists, the numbered lists and
the bulleted lists.

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51. What is difference between numbered and bulleted lists?

Numbered lists are used to show a sequence of information. A bulleted
list might be better if there is no priority or sequence among the list items.
52. Define the Borders & Shading toolbar.
The Borders and Shading toolbar allows you to customize the border.
This includes the type, style, color, weight, shading, and background color.
Using Shading, background of selected text can be filled with different color
and patterns.
53. Define the Spelling and Grammar check feature of MS Word.
Spelling and Grammar check is a decent feature which is used to find
spelling and grammar mistakes, and also provide facility to correct them.
54. How the Spellings and Grammar check feature works?
MS Word automatically identifies misspelled words. It also finds
grammar errors and underlines them as follows.
 A red underline below spelling errors.
 A green underline below grammar errors.
 A blue line under correctly spelled but misused words.
55. What is shortcut key to access Spelling and Grammar feature?
F7 is the keyboard shortcut to access the Spelling and Grammar
feature.
56. Differentiate between Header & Footer.
The header is a section (blank space) that appears in the top margin,
while the footer is a section (blank space) that appears in the bottom margin.
57. What is the purpose of using Header & Footer?
Header & Footer generally contains important information such as
page numbers, date, time, author name, publisher name, chapter name, book
name, and document name etc.
58. How to insert a table?
Following steps are used to insert a table:
 Click on Insert Tab, then click the Table button
 Drag your mouse across the white boxes.
 They will highlight across and down.
 The top bar will tell you how many rows and columns you are creating.
 Click the mouse when you have reached your desired size.

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59. How to insert page numbers in a document?

Procedure:
 On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click Page Number.
 Click Top of Page, Bottom of Page, or Page Margins, depending on
where you want page numbers to appear in your document.
 Choose a page number design from the gallery of designs.
60. How to add symbols in a document?
To add symbols do following:
 Click in document area where you want to insert the symbol.
 On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click Symbol.
 Click the symbol that you want in the drop-down list.
61. Define the text box.
Text boxes are block of text in your document that can place anywhere
in the document.
62. How to insert text box?
Procedure:
 On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box then click Draw
Text Box.
 Click in the document, and then drag to draw the text box.
 To add text to a text box, click inside the text box and then type the text.
63. Define the page setup.
Page setup is used to set the size and layout of the page. It includes
everything from the size, margins, page orientation, and quality of print.
64. What are the margins in page setup?
Margins are the white space that borders the text on the edges of a
page. MS Word sets default margins for new documents, but you can change
them to fit your document requirements.
65. What is page orientation?
Page orientation is the direction in which a document is displayed or
printed. There are two types of orientation. These are portrait and landscape.
66. Define the Print Preview.
Print preview is a function provided for displaying a page, document
or any other material before it is sent to a printer. Print preview is a useful
function to users as it helps them to see how the final printed material will
appear.

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67. What is keyboard shortcut for print command?

CTRL + P is the keyboard shortcut for print command.
68. Shortly describe the Page Range options of Print dialog box.
Here is Page Range options with short description
 All: To print all pages in document
 Current Page: To print only what you see on current screen.
 Pages: To print part of document. For example, type 3-6 to print only
pages 3 through 6.
 Selection: To print only highlighted text or graphics.
69. Why we choose the printer name in Print dialog box?
If more than one printers are attached with the computer or network
then Name of preferred printer must be selected.
70. Define the PDF.
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present
documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, & OS.
71. Write the procedure to make PDF file in MS Word
Click the File Menu  Save As  PDF or XPS  the dialog box
appears
In the dialog box provide following information:
 File name
 Location to save
 File Type (as PDF)
 Click Publish

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EXERCISE
Multiple Choices
Questions

1. Microsoft Office is an office _______________ of business applications.

a. suite b. building c. component d. none of these
2. Microsoft Word is a _______________ Program.
a. Spreadsheet b. Word Processing c. Presentation d.
database
3. What is included in Microsoft Office?
a. Word b. Excel c. PowerPoint d. all of these
4. Example of Word Processor program ________________.
a. MS Word b. Word Pro c. Word Perfect d. all of above
5. Microsoft Word software is type of _______________ software.
a. system b. application c. firmware d. none of these
6. Microsoft Word is used to ______________ the text in a document.
a. write/type b. edit c. format d. all of these
7. The Ribbon in MS Word contains _______________.
a. scattered commands b. groups of commands
c. toolbars d. none of these
8. The bar at the top of MS Word screen which shows software name and file
name is _______________.
a. Title bar b. Status bar c. Ruler d. Scroll bar
9. The toolbar at the top that contains frequently used commands such as
Save, Undo, Redo etc is _________________.
a. Title bar b. Quick Access Toolbar
c. Status bar d. Scroll bar
10. The horizontal bar at the bottom that provides page numbers, total written
words etc about the active document is ________________.
a. Quick Access Toolbar b. Menu bar
c. Status bar d. toolbar
11. A button that magnifies or reduces the contents in the document window is
____________.
a. zoom slider b. magnifier

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c. view bar d. none of above

12. The document can be zoomed maximum up to ________________.
a. 100 % b. 200 % c. 400 % d. 500 %
13. The white space framed between rulers and scroll bars looks like a blank
sheet is ______________.
a. White space b. document area
c. application area d. page area
14. The blinking vertical line in the document area, where the typed character
appears is called _______________.
a. line b. I beam
c. cursor d. pointer
15. The _____________ is a measurement tool for the page in MS Word and
allows the user to align graphics, text, tables.
a. Insertion point b. Ruler bar c. Scroll bar
d. none of above
16. The _____________ is used to display different portions of a document.
a. Scroll bar b. Ruler bar c. Status bar
d. none of above
17. The keyboard shortcut to open the help window for MS Word program
________________.
a. F1 b. F2 c. F7 d. F5
18. A toolbar that displays, and enables different views of a document’s
content.
a. Quick Access Toolbar b. View Toolbar
c. Window control bar d. none of these
19. The _______________ key is used to open File menu.
a. Ctrl + F b. window c. Alt + F
d. Shift + F
20. Which option in Office menu is used to close a file in MS Word?
a. New b. Quit c. Close d. Exit
21. The ______________ shortcut key is used to create new file in MS Word.
a. Ctrl + O b. Ctrl + N c. Ctrl + S d. Ctrl + M
22. The ______________ shortcut key is used to save a file in MS Word.
a. Ctrl + O b. Ctrl + N c. Ctrl + S d. Ctrl + M

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23. To save previously saved document with different name, different location
and different type the ______________ command is used.
a. Save As b. Save c. Save To d. Save With
24. The default extension for saving of MS Word file is _____________.
a. docx b. txt c. word d. none of these
25. We specify the save details of our file in the ____________ dialog box.
a. Save b. Save As c. Save To d. Save In
26. The __________________ shortcut key is used to open an existing file in
MS Word.
a. Ctrl + O b. Ctrl + P
c. Ctrl + S d. Ctrl + M
27. Editing of text in a document means ________________.
a. adding text b. removing text
c. copying & moving text d. all of these
28. Selecting text means, selecting?
a. A word b. A sentence c. Whole document
d. all of these
29. To select a portion of text in a document by keyboard the______________
keys used.
a. Shift + S b. Shift + Arrow c. Ctrl + Arrow
d. Ctrl + A
30. To select the whole Word document the ______________ shortcut is used.
a. Ctrl + A b. Shift + A c. Ctrl + End
d. Ctrl + Home
31. The most widely used way to select the text using mouse is ___________.
a. Click b. Double Click c. Dragging
d. none of above
32. The __________ key is used to remove characters to the left of the cursor.
a. Delete b. Backspace c. Ctrl + Delete
d. none of above

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33. The _________ key is used to remove characters to the right of the cursor.
a. Delete b. Backspace c. Ctrl + Delete
d. none of these
34. A ______________ is a temporary storage area for data that the user
wants to cut or copy from one place to another.
a. clipboard b. master board c. mother board
d. circuit board
35. The keyboard shortcut for Cut command is _________________.
a. Ctrl + C b. Ctrl + V c. Ctrl + X
d. Ctrl + P
36. The keyboard shortcut for Copy command is _________________.
a. Ctrl + C b. Ctrl + V c. Ctrl + X
d. Ctrl + O
37. The keyboard shortcut for Paste command is _________________.
a. Ctrl + C b. Ctrl + V c. Ctrl + X d. Ctrl + P
38. Which operation you will perform if you need to move a block of text?
a. Copy & Paste b. Cut & Paste c. Move & Paste
d. None of above
39. The keyboard shortcut for Undo command is _________________.
a. Ctrl + C b. Ctrl + V c. Ctrl + X d. Ctrl + Z
40. The keyboard shortcut for Redo command is _________________.
a. Ctrl + C b. Ctrl + Y c. Ctrl + X d. Ctrl + Z
41. The keyboard shortcut for Repeat command is _________________.
a. F4 b. Ctrl + Y c. F8 d. F5
42. ____________ means the appearance of text in MS Word.
a. editing b. formatting
c. selecting d. none of these
43. What is the default font used in MS Word document?
a. Times New Roman b. Arial c. Calibri d. txt
44. The keyboard shortcut for Bold command is _________________.
a. Ctrl + B b. Ctrl + Y c. Ctrl + O d. Ctrl + I

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45. The keyboard shortcut to make text Italic is _________________.

a. Ctrl + B b. Ctrl + Y c. Ctrl + O d. Ctrl + I
46. The keyboard shortcut to make text Underline is _________________.
a. Ctrl + B b. Ctrl + U c. Ctrl + O d. Ctrl + I
47. The keyboard shortcut for increasing the font size is _________________.
a. Ctrl + ] b. Ctrl + ) c. Ctrl + { d. Ctrl + [
48. The keyboard shortcut for decreasing the font size is _________________.
a. Ctrl + ] b. Ctrl + ) c. Ctrl + { d. Ctrl + [
49. What is the smallest and largest font size available in Font Size tool?
a. 8 and 72 b. 10 and 72
c. 8 and 48 d. 12 and 92
50. Ctrl + B shortcut is used to _______________ the text.
a. bold b. select c. Italic d. border
51. In MS-Word header & footer will display by default.
a. on first page b. every page c. even page
d. none of above
52. Ctrl + L shortcut is used for _________________.
a. Right Align b. Left Align c. Center Align
d. Justify
53. Ctrl + R shortcut is used for _________________.
a. Right Align b. Left Align c. Center Align
d. Justify
54. Ctrl + E shortcut is used for _________________.
a. Right Align b. Left Align c. Center Align
d. Justify
55. Ctrl + J shortcut is used for _________________.
a. Right Align b. Left Align c. Center Align
d. Justify
56. By default text is _____________ aligned.
a. right b. left c. justify d. centered

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57. Which items are places at the end of a document?

a. Footer b. End Note
c. Foot Note d. Header
58. The page number can be inserted at _______________.
a. Header b. Footer c. Both a and b
d. None of above
59. To make the lists the ______________ are used.
a. Bullets b. Numbers c. Both a and b
d. None of these
60. Bullets contain the ______________.
a. digits b. symbols c. text d. None
61. An initial letter in a paragraph that has been formatted with large font size
is ____________.
a. Upper Cap b. Drop Cap c. Fall Cap d. Smart Cap
62. What is the default number of lines to drop for drop cap?
a. 3 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20
63. What is the maximum number of lines you can set for a drop cap?
a. 3 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20
64. The shortcut key for single line space is _______________.
a. Ctrl + 1 b. Ctrl + 2 c. Ctrl + 3
d. Ctrl + 5
65. The shortcut key for double line space is _______________.
a. Ctrl + 1 b. Ctrl + 2 c. Ctrl + 3
d. Ctrl + 5
66. The shortcut key for 1.5 line space is _________________.
a. Ctrl + 1 b. Ctrl + 2 c. Ctrl + 3
d. Ctrl + 5
67. _______________ are used to make lists.
a. Borders & Shading b. Bullets & Numbering c. Copy & Paste
d. Find & Replace

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68. _______________ lists are used to show a sequence of information.

a. Numbered b. Sequential c. Bulleted
d. Random
69. ______________ lists are used to show information when there is no
priority among the list items.
a. Numbered b. Sequential c. Bulleted
d. Random
70. Borders can be applied to _______________.
a. words b. sentences c. paragraphs
d. all of above
71. MS Word underline the words that might be misspelled with a ________
underline.
a. yellow b. orange c. red d. green
72. MS Word underline the words with a wavy _____________ underline for
grammatical error.
a. yellow b. orange c. red d. green
73. Which shortcut key is used to spell check in MS Word?
a. F1 b. F5 c. F7 d. F9
74. In a table data is arranged in ________________.
a. rows b. columns c. both a & b d. none of above
75. A ______________ is unit of table to enter data.
a. cell b. row c. column d. none of these
76. The minimum number of rows and columns a word table can have is ____
a. zero b. 2 rows and 1 column
c. 2 rows and 2 column d. 1 row and 1 column
77. ______________ is an on-screen rectangular frame into which you type
text and place it anywhere in the word document.
a. picture box b. text box c. table d. none of these
78. ______________ are the white space that borders the text on the edges of
a page.
a. margins b. orientaion c. page size d. none of these

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79. Which of the following is not a type of page margin?

a. right b. center c. left d. top
80. Portrait and Landscape are ____________________.
a. Paper size b. Page Orientation
c. Page Layout d. page margins
81. Default page orientation of MS Word is _________________.
a. portrait b. landscape
c. wide d. all of these
82. Print preview feature is used ______________ printing.
a. after b. behind c. before
d. none of these
83. The shortcut key for print command is ________________.
a. Ctrl + T b. Ctrl + P c. Ctrl + Z d. Ctrl + Q
84. PDF stands for _________________.
a. Program Data File b. Portable document Format
c. Personal Data File d. None of above
85. The ____________is a file format used to present documents in a manner
independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
a. PDF b. DWG c. JPG d. DOCX
86. Which of the following shortcut key is used to display the help about MS
Word?
a. F1 b. F2 c. F5 d. F7

ANSWERSKEY
1 a 23 a 45 d 67 b
2 b 24 a 46 b 68 a
3 d 25 b 47 a 69 c
4 d 26 a 48 d 70 d
5 b 27 d 49 a 71 c
6 d 28 d 50 a 72 d
7 b 29 b 51 b 73 c

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8 a 30 a 52 b 74 c
9 b 31 c 53 a 75 a
10 c 32 b 54 c 76 d
11 a 33 a 55 d 77 b
12 d 34 a 56 b 78 a
13 b 35 c 57 b 79 b
14 c 36 a 58 c 80 b
15 b 37 b 59 c 81 a
16 a 38 b 60 b 82 c
17 A 39 d 61 b 83 b
18 b 40 b 62 a 84 b
19 c 41 a 63 b 85 a
20 c 42 b 64 a 86 a
21 b 43 c 65 b
22 c 44 a 66 d

Long Questions
1: Write a brief note on user interface of MS Word.
2: Write the method to create, save, open and close a document in MS Word.
3: How to select text in MS Word by using keyboard and mouse?
4: Explain the editing of text in MS Word.
5: What is the method to add and remove text from MS Word?
6: Differentiate between:
1. Save & Save As
2. Cut & Paste
3. Copy & Paste
4. Undo & Redo
7: Illustrate the formatting of text in MS Word.
8: Write method to format text using Font group for following
1. Font
2. Font Size
3. Font Style (Bold, Italic, Underline)
4. Font Color
9: Explain all Change Case options used in MS Word.
10: Explain paragraph formatting including alignment and spacing?

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11: Write a short note on following:

1. Drop Cap

2. Border & Shading

3. Change Case

12: How to make different lists in MS Word using Bullets & Numbering?

13: How you can review your word document using spellings & grammar
check?

14: How you can insert and modify table in MS Word?

15: Write a short note on following:

i. Adding Page Numbers

ii. Adding Symbols

iii. Adding Text Box

iv. Adding Pictures

16: Write the procedure to setup your document page for printing

(Settings of margins and page size)

17: Explain the method to print a word document.

18: Illustrate the Print dialog box.

19: What is difference between text editing and formatting?

20: What is the procedure to save a document in PDF format?

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CHAPTER 4

Microsoft Excel

General Objective:

Understand basic concepts of Microsoft Excel.

Specific objectives:

After studying this chapter students should be able to:

 Learn about MS-Excel & its Screen

 Enter data & apply formulas in worksheet

 Edit & Format the Cells, Row & Colum

 Insert Graphs in sheet

 Work on Page setup, Print Preview & Printing

 Work on different types & Categories of Charts

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4.1 - INTRODUCTION TO MS-EXCEL & ITS

SCREEN
4.1.1 - INTRODUCTION TO MS EXCEL
Spreadsheet is application software that contains rows and columns.
Usually it is used to record and compare numerical and financial data.
Spreadsheet can be used in any field that works with numbers.
MS Excel is one of the most popular spreadsheet software used to
organize, calculate, and analyze data. Collections of worksheets are available
in workbooks which are used to enter and manipulate data by using formulas and
functions. Each worksheet is named Sheet1, Sheet2, and Sheet3 respectively,
but custom names can also be given to the work sheets. An Excel worksheet
consists of a grid of columns and rows forming cells.
There are some very important features which are discussed here.
Rows and Columns:
Spreadsheet is collection of rows and columns. Rows are identified by
numbers like 1 , 2 , 3 and columns are identified by letters such as A, B, C
and so on. The cell name is combination of a letter and a number. Such as A4
is fourth cell in first column. Cell name is also called cell address.
Formula and functions:
Formulas are used to calculate data. In order to create a formula, start a
calculation with = sign. Simply type the calculation into the cell or formula
bar and when you press Enter the answer will be displayed on that Cell.
Functions are used to evaluate values and to perform different kinds of
operations.
Text manipulation:
Excel also provides commands for text manipulations.
Printing Options:
To get hard copy of prepared sheet, we can use printing features.
Formatting:
Traditional text & numeric formatting can be done easily in Excel.

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Auto fills:
Cells can be automatically filled with text or numeric series.
Sorting:
Data can be arranged in particular order through sorting.
Filter:
Required data based on some criteria can be displayed.
Charts:
Data can be shown graphically using charts.

PROCEDURE FOR STARTING / EXITING MS EXCEL

Starting Excel
If you have an icon on the desktop for Excel, then double-click it to
open Excel.
OR
Click Start  (All) Programs  Microsoft Office Excel (Figure 4.1)

Figure 4.1.1 – Starting MS Excel

Exiting Excel
1. Close Excel by clicking the X on the far right of the title bar. OR
2. Click File Menu  Click Exit Excel in command list. OR
3. Press [Alt] + [F4] from keyboard to directly exit from Microsoft
Excel.

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4.1.2 – UNDERSTANDING THE MS EXCEL SCREEN

When a Excel starts, the window that is displayed on the compuer
screen is called interface of the program. Figure 4.1.2 shows interface of
Excel with different parts.

Figure 4.1.2(a) – Screen Elements of Excel

File Menu
By clicking File Menu, you will see many commonly used options like
New, Open, Save, Print, etc. You can open this menu by clicking it or by
pressing (ALT + F).
Quick Access Toolbar (QAT)
The Quick Access Toolbar is a toolbar that provides quick access to
the commands represented by the buttons you put on it. If you use an Excel
command frequently, you can add it to the Quick Access Toolbar.
You can even add commands to the Quick Access Toolbar that are not
in the ribbon. By default, the Quick Access Toolbar contains the Save, Undo
and Redo buttons.

Figure 4.1.2(b) – Quick Access Toolbar

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The Ribbon
The Ribbon consists of tabs, groups, and command. Each tab contains
a collection of groups, and each group contains related commnads. Each tab of
the Ribbon contains a different set of controls that are linked together.

Figure 4.1.2 (c) – Ribbon

Title Bar
Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar as shown below. On
the Title bar, Microsoft Excel displays the name of the workbook you are
currently using. At the top of the Excel window, you should see "Microsoft
Excel - Book1" or a similar name.

Figure 4.1.2 (d) – Title Bar

Name Box
The Name Box as shown in figure below is the box to the left of the
formula bar that displays the cell name that is currently selected in the
spreadsheet. Usually a cell name is combination of column name and row
number.

Figure 4.1.2 (e) – Name Box

The Formula Bar

The formula bar is a section in Microsoft Excel that shows the contents
of the current cell and allows you to create and view formulas. The Figure
below is example of what the formula bar looks like in Microsoft Excel. To
start creating a formula, click the mouse cursor in the formula bar and enter an
equal sign (=). In the below example, we're using the =SUM, which is telling
Excel to add cells from A2 to A5.

Figure 4.1.2 (f) – Formula Bar

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Row Headings and Column Headings

The row headings are the numbers at the left side of the screen that
identify each row by number. The column heading are the letters across the
top of the worksheet grid that identify each column by one or more letters.

Figure 4.1.2 (g) – Row and Column Heading

The Cells

The main working area of Microsoft Excel consists of cells. A cell is

the intersection of a column and a row. A cell is identified by its name and
every cell has a unique name in a worksheet.

Active Cell

The active cell is the cell in which text and numbers appear when you
type. It has heavy or colored border.

Worksheet Tabs

Each worksheet has a tab at the bottom that you can click to display
the worksheet. The tabs in each new worksheet have standard names (Sheet1,
Sheet2, and so on), but you can give the tabs descriptive names to help you
easily identify your worksheets.

Figure 4.1.2 (h) – Worksheet Tabs

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New Worksheet Insertion Button

To quickly insert a new worksheet at the end of the existing
worksheets, click the Insert Worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen.

Scroll Bars
On the right side of the cells area, there is a vertical scroll bar that
allows you to scroll up and down in case your document cannot display
everything at a time.
In the lower right section of the main window, there is a horizontal
scroll bar that allows you to scroll left and right if your worksheet has more
items than can be displayed all at once.

Sheet View
Click a button to change sheet view. You can change the sheet view
into Normal view, Page layout view, and Page breakpreview view.

Zoom Slider
The readout at the left end of the zoom controls shows the current
zoom percentage. You can zoom by dragging the slider or by clicking the -
(minus) and + (plus) buttons.

Status Bar
The Status bar is at the bottom of the Excel spreadsheet and provides
useful information from the Excel software.

4.2 - ENTERING DATA & APPLYING FORMULAS

IN WORKSHEET
4.2.1 - DATA ENTERING IN WORKSHEET
In MS Excel data can be entered in different manners.You can enter
data in one cell, in several cells at the same time, or on more than one
worksheet at once.
The data that you enter can be numbers, text, dates, or times.
You can format the data in a variety of ways. And, there are several
settings to make data entry easier for the user.

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ENTERING TEXT

Entering text in worksheet can make your financial, statistical or

scientific spreadsheet more meaningful, useful and easier to follow. Excel
automatically left-aligns the alphabetic data. You can enter either values
(numbers and dates) or labels (text) into any cell within the worksheet.

To enter the text into cells, follow these steps.

1. Move the cell pointer to the required cell and then type the data. While
you type the data you will notice that it appears both in the worksheet
(in the example below, the text appears in cell A2) and in the Formula
Bar.

2. Type text into the cell and press Enter to move to next cell.

Figure 4.2.1 (a) – Entering Text into a Cell

3. To enter data on a new line within a cell, enter a line break by pressing
Alt + Enter.

4. You can enter text by selecting many cells to merge them into single
cell. This can be done by using “merge cells” option.

ENTERING NUMBERS

Numbers are mostly used for calculations and functions. A numeric cell may
contain numbers, a decimal point (.), plus (+) or minus (-) signs, and currency
symbol like ($). Excel automatically right-aligns the number values.

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To enter number value, do following

1. Click to select the cell where you want to enter numbers.

2. Enter Units and Rate in the Cells A2 and B2 respectively.

Figure 4.2.1 (b) – Entering Numeric values

3. To accept the information, press Enter or an Arrow Key or Tab or

you can also click the check mark on the formula bar.

ENTERING DATES AND TIME IN A CELL

When you enter a date or a time in a cell, it appears either in the default date
or time format for your computer or in the format that was applied to the cell
before you entered the date or time. The default date or time format is based
on the date and time settings in the Regional and Language Options dialog
box (Control Panel).

To enter date or time, follow these steps.

1. Click a cell in the worksheet where you want to enter date.

2. Use a slash mark or a hyphen sign to separate the parts of a date; for
example, type 05/09/2020 or 05-Sep-2020.

TIP: To enter the current date and time, press CTRL+SHIFT+;

(semicolon).

3. If you want to get current date whenever you open the worksheet,
there are two functions that can be used for this purpose. These
are TODAY and NOW functions as follow in below example.

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Figure 4.2.1 (c) – Entering Current date

4.2.2 – APPLYING FORMULAS IN WORKSHEET

An Excel Formula is an expression which calculates the value of a
cell. A formula starts with an equal sign (=).
For example, the following formula multiplies 2 by 3 and then adds 5
to the result.
=5+2*3
Formula can range from basic mathematical operations, such as
addition, subtraction etc. to complex engineering and statistical calculations.
A formula can also contain any or all of the following: functions,
references, operators, and constants.
Different mathematical operators can be used in a formula:
+ (plus sign) for addition
- (minus sign or hyphen) for subtraction
* (asterisk) for multiplication
/ (slash) for division
^ (caret) for raising a number to an exponential power

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ARITHMETIC OPREATIONS USING CONSTANTS

Example formula What it does
=7 +3 Adds 7 and 3
=8 - 2 Subtracts 2 from 8
=6 / 4 Divides 6 by 4
=3* 2 Multiplies 3 times 2
=9^ 2 Raises 9 to the 2nd power

Figure 4.2.2 – Use of operators (a)

ARITHMETIC OPREATIONS USING CELL REFERENCE
Example formula What it does
=A2+B2 Adds the values in cells A2 and B2

=A3-B3 Subtracts the value in cell A3 from the value in B3

=A4/B4 Divides the value in cell A4 by the value in B4
=A5*B5 Multiplies the value in cell A5 times the value in B5
=A6^B6 Raises the value in cell A6 to the exponential value
specified in B6
Table 4.2.2 – Inserting formulas

APPLYING FUNCTIONS
Function is a predefined formula. It carries out specific calculations in
the cell. Functions can be a more efficient way of performing mathematical
operations than formulas. Specifically, in many cases, a function will simplify
formulas that you can type in manually, such as average or sum.
EXAMPLE: If you wanted to add the values of cells A1 through A5, you
could type the formula ’=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5’, or a shorter way would be to
use the SUM function and simply type ’=SUM (A1:A5)’.
You can also insert formulas by using Formula tab

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Figure 4. 2.2 (b)– Inserting functions

The following table contains the definitions and examples of several

most frequently used functions:

Function Example Description

SUM =SUM(A1:A15) Finds the sum of cells A1 through A15.
=AVERAGE(A1:G1) Finds the average of the cells A1 through
AVERAGE
G1
PI =PI( ) Returns the value of pi (3.1415…)
=SIN(60) or Returns the sine of given angle
SIN
=SIN(B2)
=COS(30) or Returns the cosine of the given angle
COS
=COS(C2)
=TAN(number) or Returns the tangent of the given angle
TAN
=TAN(D2)
=MAX(A1:A20) Returns the highest number from cells A1
MAX
through A20
=MIN(B1:B20) Returns the lowest number from cells B1
MIN
through B20.

SQRT =SQRT(A5) Finds the square root of the value in A5.

=POWER(B3, 2) Returns the result of a number (B3) raised
POWER
to power 2
=COUNT(A1:C10) Counts the number of cells A1 through C10
COUNT
that contain numbers
=FACT(number) or Returns the factorial of a number. The
FACT =FACT(A3) factorial of a number is equal to 1*2*3*...*
number.
Table 4.2.2: Some important functions

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4.3 - EDITING & FORMATTING OF CELLS, ROWS

& COLUMNS
4.3.1- CELL EDITING
When Excel is in Edit mode, the word Edit appears
in the lower-left corner of the Excel program
window, as shown in the figure.
To start working in Edit mode, do one of the
following: Figure 4.3.1 – Cell Editing
1. Double-click the cell that contains the data
that you want to edit.
2. Click the cell that contains the data that you want to edit, and then
press F2.
This starts Edit mode and positions the cursor at the end of the cell contents.
Now you can apply different editing oprations as shown in table below.
Editing Description
Operation
Insert characters Click in the cell where you want to insert them, and
then type the new characters.
Delete characters Click in the cell, and then press BACKSPACE, or
select the characters and then press DELETE.
Cancel edits Press ESC to cancel any edits that you made to the
cell contents.
Toggle between Press ENTER to toggle between insert and overtype
insert and overtype modes.
modes
Undoing the last After you press ENTER or TAB, you can undo your
cell entry edits clicking the UNDO tool on Quick Access
Toolbar or press Ctrl + Z.

Redoing the To redo the previous action click REDO tool on

previous action Quick Access Toolbar or press Ctrl + Y

Table: 4.3.1 – Cell Editing

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4.3.2 - CELL FORMATTING

The Format Cells dialog box provides access to all the formatting
options avialable in the Ribbon, as well as some additional formatting options.
To open the Format Cells dialog box, you can click the Dialog Box Launcher
in the Font, Alignment, or Number group on the Home tab of the Ribbon as
shown in figures below.

Figure 4.3.2 (a) – Formatting Cells Dialog Box

Figure 4.3.2 (b) – Formatting Cells Dialog Box

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Figure 4.3.2 (c) – Formatting Cells Dialog Box

Figure 4.3.2 (d) – Formatting Options for Cells

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You can use above tabs of format cells dialog box to change the
number format, position of data, font options, borders, and cell background
color as you have done so far.
The Number Tab: By using this tab, we can change the number in decimals,
provide the desired format in terms of numbers, numbers with currency
symbol & dates, convert into a percentage, fractions, etc.
The Alignment Tab: You can position text and numbers, change the
orientation, and specify text control in cells by using the settings on
the Alignment tab. Under Textalignment, you control the horizontal
alignment, the vertical alignment, and the indention of the text in a cell.
The Font Tab: By using this tab, you can change the font, font color, font
style, and font size. You can underline the text, can change the font effects.
The Border Tab: By using this tab, you can create a colorful borderline in
different types of styles. If you don’t need the border outline or inside, you
can leave it blank.
The Fill Tab: Use the settings on the Fill tab to set the background color of
the selected cells. You can also use the Pattern Color and the Pattern
Style lists to apply two-color patterns or shading for the background of the
cell. Fill Effects lets you apply a gradient fill to the background of the cell.
4.3.3 - EDITING OF ROWS AND COLUMNS
Editing of rows and columns includes the insertion and deletion
operations as follows.
INSERT ROWS
Method 1
1. Select a cell in the row above which you want to insert a new row.
2. On the Home Tab, find the Cells group and click Insert followed by
Insert Sheet Rows.
3. A new row will be inserted above the current row
Method 2
1. Select a row above which you want to insert a new row.
2. Right Click on the selected row, a menu appears from which select
Insert.
3. A new row will be inserted above the current row.
NOTE: When you insert a row, the new row will be positioned above the row
containing the active cell.

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TO DELETE A ROW
Method 1
1. Select a cell in the row that you want to delete.
2. On the Home Tab, find the Cells group
3. Click Delete followed by Delete Sheet Rows.
4. The row containing the active cell will be deleted.
5. All the rows below it will move up.
Method 2
1. Select the row that you want to delete.
2. Right Click on the selected row, a menu appears from which select
Delete.
3. The selected row will be deleted. All the rows below it will move up.
TO INSERT COLUMNS
Method 1
1. Select a cell in the column to the left of which you want to insert a new
column.
2. On the Home Tab, find the Cells group and click Insert followed by
Insert Sheet Columns.
3. A new column will be inserted to the left of the current column.
NOTE: When you insert a column, the new column will be positioned on the
left of the column containing the active cell.
Method 2
1. Select a column to which you want to insert a new column.
2. Right Click on the selected column, a menu appears from which select
Insert.
3. A new column will be inserted.
TO DELETE A COLUMN
Method 1
1. Select a cell in the column that you want to delete.
2. On the Home Tab, find the Cells group and click Delete followed by
Delete Sheet Columns.
3. The column containing the active cell will be deleted. All the columns
on its right will move left by one.

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Method 2

1. Select the column that you want to delete.

2. Right Click on the selected column, a menu appears from which select
Delete.

3. The selected column will be deleted.

4.3.4 - FORMATTING OF ROWS AND COLUMNS

In most worksheets there may be
requirement to change some columns from their
standard widths. Similarly, you may need to
change row height.
To set an exact column width, and row
height, choose Home TabFormatColumn
width or Row height as shown in figure 4.3.4.
You can enter width in characters in the
Column Width dialog box. You can use any
value from 0 to 255 characters. Similarly, you can set row height to any value
between 0 and 409 points. Figure 4.3.4– Rows & Columns
Formatting options
The fastest and most effective way to
change the width of a columns or the hieght of a row is by using AutoFit
feautre. AutoFit resizes a column to just wider than its widest entry and
resizes a row to just high enough for its tallest character or object.

Note: To apply the AutoFit Row Height or AutoFit Column Width, double
click the right border bar of a column header or the bottom border bar of a row
header or goto HOME  Format  AutoFit Column Width or AutoFit Row
Height.

4.4 - INSERT GRAPHS IN WORK SHEET

To give worksheets more visual impact, or simply to make them more
comprehensible, you’ll often need to add pictures, shapes, diagram, charts, or
other graphical objects.

Here is description and methods to add different graphs.

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4.4.1 AUTO SHAPES

There are a lot of shapes available in MS Excel. These shapes range
from basic shapes to complex shapes. To add auto shapes to a worksheet:
Choose Insert tab  Illustrations  Shapes to display the Shapes panel.
(Figure 4.4.1)
Click the shape you want. Excel changes the mouse pointer to a
crosshair. Click in the worksheet to position one corner of the shape and drag
to the size you want the shape to be.

Figure 4.4.1 – Inserting Auto Shapes

4.4.2 PICTURES
During working on worksheet sometimes we need to insert a picture,
such as photograph, or screen capture etc. To add pictures to a worksheet,
follow these steps.
1. Select the cell.
2. Click Insert Tab  Illustrations  Picture, Insert Picture dialog box
appears.
3. Navigate to the picture you want to add, and then select it.
4. Click the Insert button.
5. Set the corners of your picture

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Figure 4.4.2 – Inserting Picture

4.4.3 TEXT BOX

Text box is a very important formatting tool which is very useful in
putting text where ever we want on the document. By using text box, text can
be inserted anywhere in the document.
To create a text box, follow these steps:
1. Choose Insert tab  Text  Text Box. Excel change the mouse pointer
to a downward pointing arrow.
2. Click in the worksheet where you want to place one corner of the text
box, and then drag diagonally to create a text box of the size you want.
3. Type the text for the text box.
4. Format the text as you want it.

Figure 4.4.3 – Inserting Text Box

4.5 - PAGE SETUP, PRINT PREVIEW & PRINTING

4.5.1 - PAGE SETUP
Before printing the worksheet or chart we can set page in different
ways. There are number of page settings available that help to make
worksheet much better. These options include; Paper Size, Page Orientation,
and Margin Settings. Here is detailed description to apply these settings.

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PAGE MARGINS

Page margins are the blank space around the edges of the page. In
general, you insert data and graphics in the printable area between the
margins. However, you can position some items in the margins for example,
headers, footers, and page numbers.

To set margin click on Page Layout tab  Page Setup group 

Margins as shown in figure 4.5.1. You will find three types of margins i.e.
Normal, Wide and Narrow. But you can also set margins yourself by clicking
on Custom Margins option.

Figure 4.5.1(a) – Setting Margins of Page

PAGE ORIENTATION

You can choose either portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal)

orientation for all or part of your Excel sheet. To apply page orientation

 Click the Page Layout tab

 Click Orientation in the Page Setup group

 Select Portrait or Landscape.

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PAGE SIZE
Paper or sheet size is the size of the paper used for printing. Standard
home printers print on A4 size paper, although you may have other options
with your college or workplace computer to print on larger paper. To apply
the page size
 Click the Page Layout tab
 Click on the Size in the Page setup group
 Select one of the preset paper sizes or use it to set a custom size as
shown in figure 4.5.1 (b).

Figure 4.5.1 (b) – Page Size

4.5.2 - PRINT PREVIEW
Print Preview displays a worksheet exactly as it will be printed. To use
Print Preview, follow these steps:
1. Choose File Menu>> select Print command, it displays print menu.
OR
Click Print Preview and Print icon on Quick Access Toolbar.
2. The Print Preview displays.
Excel displays the first page of your printed output. You can view
subsequent pages by clicking Previous Page and Next Page

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You can also use zoom option to toggle between full page and close up
view of your sheet. Click Back button to close print preview window.

4.5.3 - PRINTING A WORKSHEET

When you need to get hardcopy of your worksheet follow these steps:
1. Click the File Menu and select the Print command OR press [Ctrl] + [P]
from your keyboard.
This will open Printing options as shown below in figure 4.5.3

Figure 4.5.3 (a)– Print Options

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2. If you have more than one printer to choose from, they will be available
in the Printer area. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Name field to
select your preferred printer.

3. To print selected pages only, find the Print Range Area, and type the
page numbers that you want to print in the Pages field.

4. To print the entire workbook, you can specify this by clicking the
dropdown as shown in the figure.

Figure 4.5.3 (b)– Printing Entire Workbook

5. There is also option to get more than one copies of the worksheet. To do
this, simply enter the required number of copies in the Copies field.

After completing the setting Click Print. The specified worksheet pages will
be sent to the printer.

4.6 – CHARTS, ITS TYPES & CATEGORIES

4.6.1 - CHART

A chart is a powerful tool that allows you to visually display data in a

variety of different chart formats such as Bar, Column, Pie, Line etc. Excel
provides an easy way to create chart.

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Figure 4.6.1- Chart with Elements

ELEMENTS OF A CHART
Chart Title:
A chart title is a heading that appears above the main chart. It is
usually used to describe or explain what the chart contains.
Walls:
Walls define the area of the chart and help to place it in space. 2D
charts have one wall (the back). 3D charts have three walls (the back, the
floor, and the side.
Grid lines:
Grid lines help show the scale of the data. You generally have one set
of grid lines for each axis.
Category Names:
The horizontal axis is called the category axis (X-Axis). Each set of
values within your data is referred to as category names of data.
Bars:
Bars are used to represent the data values.
Labels:
Labels help us highlight important data points.

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Chart area:
Chart area is the rectangular box containing the chart and all of the
other chart elements.
Axis:
Each axis shows the values for the data. 2D charts have two axis:
X for horizontal
Y for Vertical.
3D charts add a Z axis which shows the depth of the data.
4.6.2 - INSERTING CHART
To insert chart in your worksheet, do following
1. Insert and select the data source with the range of data you want to make
chart as shown below in figure 4.6.2.

Figure 4.6.2 (a)– Datasheet for Chart

2. In the Charts group on the Insert tab, click a chart type, and then click a
chart subtype in the Chart gallery as shown below in figure 4.6.2 (b).

Figure 4.6.2 (b) - Inserting Chart with Type

3. The clustered column chart will be created according to above data as

shown in figure 4.6.2 (c).

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Product Sales Yearly

25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Product 1 Product 2 Product 3

2020 2019 2018

Figure 4.6.2 (c) – The Clustered Column Chart

4.6.3 - CHART TYPES & CATEGORIES

In Microsoft Office Excel there are many types of charts to display
data in different ways. When you create a chart or change the type of an
existing chart, you can select one of the following chart types.
COLUMN CHARTS
Column charts are one of the most common chart types. A column
chart displays each data point as a vertical column, the height of which
corresponds to the value.
The columns chart includes 2-D Column, 3-D Column, Cylinder,
Cone, and Pyramid chart types. Here is an example of students obtained marks
in four subjects using column chart in figure 4.6.3 (a)

Four Subjects Marks

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ahsan Farukh Khuzema Faheem

Physics Chemistry Math English

Figure 4.6.3 (a) – Column Chart for Students Four Subjects Marks

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BAR CHARTS
In a Bar Chart, the categories are organized along the vertical axis and
the values are organized along the horizontal axis. To create a Bar Chart,
arrange the data in columns or rows on the Worksheet.
A bar chart is used when you have categories of data like types of
computers, mobiles phones, movies etc. It is also a good choice when you
want to compare things between different groups. Here is an example using
bar chart in figure 4.6.3 (b)

Total Admissions
2017
2018
2019
2020

1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310

Total Admissions

Figure 4.6.3 (b) – Example of Bar Chart

LINE CHART
Line charts displays values as equally spaced points connected with a
line.It is often used to plot continous data and are useful for identifying trends
over time. For example, plotting daily sales of gold and silver as a line chart
may help you to identify sales fluctuations over time as shown in figure 4.6.3
(c).

Figure 4.6.3 (c) – Line Chart for Sales Trend over Month

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PIE CHART
A pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors, each sector shows
the relative size of each value. A pie chart is suitable for a dataset that has
only one series of information. Both types of pie charts includes 2-D Pie and
3-D Pie. Example of pie chart is shown in figure 4.6.3 (d).

Figure 4.6.3 (d) – Pie Chart

AREA CHART
Area charts are similar to line charts exceps that the area underneath
the line filled with color. Area charts inlcudes 2-D area and 3-D area charts
types. Example of area chart is shown below in figure 4.6.3 (e).

Figure 4.6.3 (e) – Area Chart for Mobile Sale

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EXERCISE
Short Questions
1. Define the Spreadsheet program.
A spreadsheet is a software application that enables a user to enter,
save, calculate, analyze, sort and manage data in arranged form of rows and
columns.
2. Define the Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is general-purpose electronic spreadsheet software
used to organize, sort calculate, and analyze data.
3. What is use of Microsoft Excel?
The task you can complete with Excel ranges from preparing a simple
family budget, preparing a purchase order, checking account information,
budgets, transactions, billing invoices, create an elaborate 3-D chart, or
managing a complex accounting ledger for a medium size business.
4. What is a workbook?
The workbook is the entire book containing a number of worksheets.
Worksheet is a single page within that book. A workbook can contain at least
one worksheet.
5. Define the Worksheet.
An Excel worksheet is a single spreadsheet that contains cells organized by
rows and columns. A worksheet begins with row number one and column A.
Each cell can contain a number, text or formula.
6. Define the Name box in MS Excel.
The Name Box is the box to the left of the formula bar that displays
the cell name that is currently selected in the spreadsheet. Usually a cell name
is combination of column name and row number. For example, C2 is the cell
in Column C and Row 2.
7. What is Cell Reference?
A Cell reference means the cell to which another cell refers. For
example, if in cell A1 you have “ = A2 ”, it means A1 refers to A2. Cells in
the spread sheet are referred by rows and columns.

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8. Define the Formula Bar.

The formula bar is used to create and view formulas. It shows the
contents of the active cell.
9. Define the Row Headings and Column Headings in MS Excel.
The row headings are the numbers at the left side of the screen that
identify each row by number. The column heading are the letters across the
top of the worksheet grid that identify each column by one or more letters.
10. Define the Cell in MS Excel.
The main working area of Microsoft Excel consists of cells. A cell is
the intersection of a column and a row.
A cell is identified by its name and every cell has a unique name in a
worksheet.
11. Define the Active Cell.
The active cell is the cell in which text and numbers appear when you
type. It is a rectangular box highlighting the cell in the sheet. Only one cell
can be an active cell at a time.
12. Define the Worksheet Tabs.
Each worksheet has a tab at the bottom that you can click to display
the worksheet. The tabs in each new worksheet have standard names (Sheet1,
Sheet2, and so on), but you can give your own defined names.
13. How the data can be entered in MS Excel worksheet?
Data can be entered in a worksheet by two ways
1. Manual: entered by user
2. Automatic: where data is imported from some other systems or
sources, like from Access, SQL Server or from web etc.
14. What type of data can be entered in MS Excel worksheet?
The numbers, text, dates, or times can be entered in a worksheet.
15. How to enter data on a new line within a cell?
To enter data on a new line within a cell, enter a line break by pressing
[Alt] + [Enter].

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16. Define the formulas in MS Excel Sheets.

Formula is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. A
formula always starts with an equal sign (=).
For example, the following formula multiplies 4 by 3 and then adds 6
to the result.
=6+4*3
17. Define the functions.
Functions are predefined formulas that can be a more efficient way of
performing mathematical operations than formulas.
Specifically, in many cases, a function will simplify formulas that you can
type in manually, such as average or sum.
18. What are the categories of functions in MS Excel?
There are many categories of functions, some of them are:
 Financial
 Logical
 Text
 Date & Time
 Math & Trigonometric
 Miscellaneous
19. What is the difference between formula and function?
A function is predefined formula that cannot be changed and on the other
hand formula is user defined expression that has flexibility to be changed.
20. What are arithmetic operators used in MS Excel?
Following are the arithmetic operators
 + (plus sign) for addition
 - (minus sign or hyphen) for subtraction
 * (asterisk) for multiplication
 / (slash) for division
 ^ (caret) for raising a number to an exponential power

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21. Give an example of arithmetic operations using constants

Example formula What it does?
=7 + 3 Adds 7 and 3
=8 - 2 Subtracts 2 from 8
=6 / 4 Divides 6 by 4
=3 * 2 Multiplies 3 times 2
=9 ^ 2 Raises 9 to the 2nd power
22. Give an example of arithmetic operations using cell reference.
Example formula what it does?
=A2 + B2 Adds the values in cells A2 and B2
=A3 - B3 Subtracts the value in cell A3 from the value in B3
=A4 / B4 Divides the value in cell A4 by the value in B4
=A5 * B5 Multiplies the value in cell A5 times the value in B5
=A6 ^ B6 Raises the value in cell A6 to the exponential value
Specified in B
23. Define the cell range.
In a spreadsheet a cell range is a collection of selected cells. A cell
range can be referred to in a formula. In a spreadsheet, a cell range is defined
by the reference of the upper left cell (minimum value) of the range and the
reference of the lower right cell (maximum value) of the range.
24. How a cell entry can be edited?
You can edit cell entry by doing one of the following
1. Double-click the cell that contains the data that you want to edit.
2. Click the cell that contains the data that you want to edit, and then press
F2.
25. Define the cell formatting.
Formatting of cells in Excel means, you can change the appearance of
text in a cell without changing the text itself. We can apply a number format
(0.8, $0.80, 80%, etc) or other formatting (alignment, font, border, etc).
26. What is the right way to enter date in MS Excel?
To enter a date, use a slash mark or a hyphen to separate the parts of a
date; for example, type 08/10/2008 or 05-Sep-2011 etc.

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27. What is the keyboard shortcut to enter current date in MS Excel cell?
To enter the current date and time, press CTRL+; (semi colon)
28. What is the keyboard shortcut to enter current time in MS Excel cell?
To enter the current date and time, press CTRL+SHIFT+;
29. What is data alignment? How can we change it in a cell?
Data alignment means adjusting the data position in a cell. For this
purpose we can use alignment setting in Home tab. You can set horizontal and
vertical alignment.
30. Where the new inserted column is positioned?
When you insert a column, the new column will be positioned on the
left of the column containing the active cell.
31. What is the use of clipboard?
A clipboard is a temporary storage for data that the user wants to copy
from one place to another. For example, you might want to cut text from one
part of a sheet and paste it in another part of the sheet or somewhere else.
When you will select the text and then cut or copy that text, it stores in
clipboard for further use.
32. What is use of Text Box in MS Excel?
Text box is a very important formatting tool which is very useful in
putting text where ever you want on the sheet. By using text box, text can be
inserted anywhere in the document.
33. What is chart?
A chart is a powerful tool that allows you to visually display data in a
variety of different chart formats such as Bar, Column, Pie, Line etc. Excel
provides an easy way to create chart.
34. What are the elements of a chart?
Following are the elements of a chart
 Chart Title
 Walls
 Grid lines
 Category Names
 Bars
 Chart area
 Axis

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35. What are types of charts in MS Excel?

Following are the types of charts used in MS Excel
 Column Charts
 Bar Charts
 Line Charts
 Pie Charts
 Area Charts
 Scatter Charts
 Other Charts
36. Define the Column Charts.
Column charts are one of the most common chart types. A column
chart displays each data point as a vertical column, the height of which
corresponds to the value. The columns chart includes 2-D Column, 3-D
Column, Cylinder, Cone, and Pyramid chart types.
37. Define the Bar Charts.
A bar chart is essentially a column chart that has been rotated 90
degrees clockwise. One distinct advantage to use a bar chart is that the
category labels may be easier to read.
38. Define the Line Charts.
Line charts displays values as equally spaced points connected with a
line.It is often used to plot continous data and are useful for identifying trends
over time. For example, plotting daily sales of gold and silver as a line chart
may help you to identify sales fluctuations over time.
39. Define the Pie Chart.
A pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors, each sector shows
the relative size of each value. A pie chart is suitable for a dataset that has
only one series of information.
40. Define the Area Charts.
Area charts are similar to line charts exceps that the area underneath
the line filled with color.
41. What is keyboard shortcut to get hard copy of worksheet?
Ctrl + P is the keyboard shortcut to get hard copy of worksheet.

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. Spreadsheet is an electronic document in which data is arranged in the
________________.
a. Rows b. Columns c. Both a & b d. None of these
2. Example of Spreadsheet program is _______________.
a. MS Excel b. MS Calculation c. MS Word
d. None of these
3. MS Excel is type of _______________ software.
a. application b. counting c. system d. firmware
4. MS Excel is _______________software.
a. word processor b. spreadsheet c. database
d. graphic
5. The box where the cell name displays is called __________________.
a. Cell Box b. Name Box c. Row Box
d. Column Box
6. The ____________is the bar where the users can create and view formulas.
a. Formula Bar b. Function Bar c. Expression Bar
d. Method Bar
7. In Excel every formula is starts with _______________ symbol.
a. # b. @ c.= d. %
8. In Excel sheet every column heading at the top is identified by _________.
a. numbers b. symbols c. letters d. None of these
9. In Excel sheet every row heading at the left is identified by ____________.
a. numbers b. symbols c. letters d. None of these
10. In Excel, Columns are labeled as ______________.
a. A, B, C, etc. b. 1, 2, 3, etc. c. A1, A2, A3, etc.
d. $A$1, $A$2, etc.
11. In Excel, Rows are labeled as ______________.
a. A, B, C, etc. b. 1, 2, 3, etc. c. A1, A2, A3, etc.
d. $A$1, $A$2, etc.

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12. How many sheets are there, by default, when you create a new Excel file?
a. 1 b. 5 c. 3 d. 8
13. An Excel file is generally called a ________________.
a. spreadsheet b. workbook c. sheet d. worksheet
14. The intersection of row and column on a worksheet is called __________.
a. column b. row c. worksheet d. cell
15. The cell in which text and numbers appear when you type.
_____________.
a. Bold Cell b. Colored Cell c. Active Cell
d. Inactive Cell
16. You can activate a cell by _______________.
a. pressing the tab key b. clicking the cell
c. pressing an arrow key d. all of above
17. What type of data can be entered in MS Excel?
a. numbers b. text c. date & time d. all of these
18. Which key is used to accept the cell entry?
a. Enter key b. Arrow key c. Tab key d. all of these
19. The default alignment of text in Excel is _______________.
a. centered b. left c. right d. justify
20. The default alignment of numbers in Excel is ______________.
a. centered b. left c. right d. justify
21. To enter data on a new line within a cell, the _____________ shortcut key
is used.
a. Alt + Enter b. Ctrl + Enter c. Shift + Enter
d. None of above
22. To enter the current date and time in a cell the _______________ function
is used.
a. Now b. Today c. Date d. None of these
23. Example of Arithmetic operators is _________________.
a. >< = b. + - * / ^ c. And Or Not
d. None of above

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24. Example of Relational operators is _________________.

a. >< = b. + - * / ^ c. And Or Not
d. None of these
25. Example of Logical operators is _________________.
a. >< = b. + - * / ^ c. And Or Not
d. None of these
26. Identify the symbol for exponential power.
a. * b. / c. ^ d. =
27. Identify the symbol for multiplication.
a. * b. / c. ^ d. =
28. Identify the symbol for division.
a. * b. / c. ^ d. \
29. The correct example for addition is _________________.
a. A2 + B2 b. =add(A2,B2) c. SUM(A2,B2)
d. =A2 + B2
30. The correct example of a cell address
a. 11 22 b. 911 c. 15A d. A15
31. When you accidentally erased a record in a sheet, the ______________
command is used to restore.
a. Insert b. Copy c. Undo d. Replace
32. The example of formula is _________________.
a. =A1 + A2 b. =add(A1:A2) c. A1+A2
d. SUM(A1:A2)
33. The example of function is _________________.
a. =A1 + A2 b. =SUM(A1:A2) c. A1+A2
d. =add(A1:A2)
34. Which of the following option is correct?
a. = Average(2,3,4) b. =Average(A2:F2)
c. =Average(A1, B1, C1) d. All of these
35. Which of the following is correct?
a. =Power(2^3) b. =Power(2,3) c. =Power(2#3)
d. =Power(2*3)

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36. The shortcut key to edit a cell entry is ______________.

a. F1 b. F2 c. F3 d. F4
37. The keyboard shortcut to open Format Cells dialogue box is __________.
a. Ctrl + 1 b. Ctrl + 2 c. Ctrl + 3 d. Ctrl + 4
38. Which types of charts can excel produce?
a. Line graphs and pie charts only b. Bar charts and line graphs only
c. Bar charts, line graphs and pie charts d. Only line graphs
39. Which symbol is used in cells range?
a. ; b. : c. “ d. ?
40. Correct example of cells range from A1 to F10 is _______________.
a. A1-F10 b. A1; F10 c. A1: F10 d. A1.F10
41. You can copy cell formats from one cell to another by using the _______.
a. Backspace key b. Default c. Format painter
d. Formatting toolbar
42. A value used in a formula that does not change is called ______________.
a. Cell address b. Constant c. Function
d. Range
43. Which formula can add all the numeric values in a range of cells?
a. Count b. Average c. Sum d. If
44. To insert two columns between column C and D you would ___________.
a. select column C b. select column D
c. select column C, D, E d. select column D, E, F
45. The default extension of MS Excel file is ______________.
a. xlsx b. xlw c. xcl d. exl
46. A diagram or graph that shows information in a simple way.
a. picture b. graph c. chart d. clipart
47. Which function in Excel tells how many numeric entries are there?
a. Num b. Count c. Sum d. PI
48. What type of chart will you use to compare performance of two cricket
team in a match?
a. Line Chart b. Pie Chart c. Column Chart
d. Dot Chart

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49. The process of arranging the items of a column in some sequence is

known as ______________.
a. arranging b. sorting c. filtering d. auto fill
50. The __________ feature of MS Excel quickly completes a series of data.
a. Auto Fill b. Auto Complete c. Sorting
d. Filtering
51. What type of chart will you use to compare performance of sales of four
products?
a. Column Chart b. Line Chart c. Pie Chart
d. Bubble Chart
52. The keyboard shortcut to get printout of an Excel sheet is _____________.
a. Ctrl + E b. Ctrl + P c. Ctrl + R d. Ctrl + T
53. If you require more than one hard copies of the worksheet, then enter it
in_______________ field.
a. Number of Copies b. Copies c. Copy
d. none of above
54. You can print ________________.
a. Selection b. An entire workbook
c. A single worksheet d. All of these
55. To exit from MS Excel program the ________________ shortcut is used.
a. Alt + F4 b. Ctrl + F4 c. Shift + F4
d. Alt + Ctrl + F4
56. A ______________ is a temporary storage area for data that the user
wants to cut or copy from one place to another.
a. clipboard b. master board c. mother board
d. circuit board
57. A ____________ is more efficient than formulas.
a. Chart b. Sorting c. Function
d. None of these

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ANSWERS KEY

1 c 13 b 25 c 37 a 49 b
2 d 14 d 26 c 38 c 50 a
3 a 15 c 27 a 39 b 51 a
4 b 16 d 28 b 40 c 52 b
5 b 17 d 29 d 41 c 53 a
6 a 18 d 30 d 42 b 54 d
7 c 19 b 31 c 43 c 55 a
8 c 20 c 32 a 44 b 56 a
9 a 21 a 33 B 45 a 57 c
10 a 22 a 34 d 46 c
11 b 23 b 35 b 47 b
12 a 24 A 36 b 48 a

LONG QUESTIONS
1. Write the procedure for starting and exiting the MS Excel program
2. Write a note on components of MS Excel main.
3. Write a short note on following:
 Quick Access Toolbar
 Name Box
 Formula Bar
 Status Bar
4. How to enter text, numbers, date & time in MS Excel sheet?
5. What are the parts of formula in Excel? How a formula can be applied in
worksheet?
6. What are arithmetic operators? Give examples of applying arithmetic
operator in worksheet.
7. Explain the difference between formula and function by examples.
8. Explain the following functions by providing examples
i. Sum ii. Average iii. SIN iv. COS
9. Explain the editing operations in worksheet by examples.
10. Explain the all cell formatting options.

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11. How to insert and delete rows, columns in a worksheet?

12. What is chart? How to insert a chart in worksheet?
13. What are the elements of chart? How to change the type of chart?
14. Write a brief note on important chart types in MS Excel.
15. What is meant by page setup. Write method of selecting page size and its
margin.
16. How to get different printouts of a worksheet?
17. Write method of changing font style, font size, font color and making it
bold.
18. a) What is meant by " Wrap text ", write its method to apply in MS
Excel?
b) What is meant by “Merge Cells " in MS Excel program. Write its
method.
19. Write method of entering pictures and drawing shapes in MS Excel.

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CHAPTER 5

Microsoft PowerPoint

General Objective:

Understand basic concepts of Microsoft PowerPoint.

Specific objectives:

After studying this chapter students should be able to:

 Describe Introduction to MS-PowerPoint

 Explain creating a presentation

 Describe Editing & formatting a text box

 Explain Adding pictures & colors to a slide

 Describe Making slide shows

 Explain Slide Transitions

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5.1 - INTRODUCTION TO MS-POWER POINT

PowerPoint is a presentation program that allows you to create
dynamic slide presentations. These presentations can include animation,
narration, images, videos, and much more. In this lesson, you'll learn your
way around the PowerPoint environment, including the Ribbon, Quick
Access Toolbar, and Backstage view.
Getting to know PowerPoint
PowerPoint 2016 is similar to PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2010.
If you've previously used these versions, PowerPoint 2016 should feel
familiar. But if you are new to PowerPoint or have more experience with older
versions, you should first take some time to become familiar with
the PowerPoint 2016 interface.
The PowerPoint interface
When you open PowerPoint for the first time, the Start Screen will
appear. From here, you'll be able to create a new presentation, choose
a template, and access your recently edited presentations. From the Start
Screen, locate and select Blank Presentation to access the PowerPoint
interface.

Figure 5.1 (a) - Microsoft Power Point Interface

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Click the buttons in the interactive below to become familiar with the
PowerPoint interface.

Figure 5.1 (b) - Working with PowerPoint Interface

The Ribbon and Quick Access Toolbar are where you will find the
commands to perform common tasks in PowerPoint. Backstage view gives
you various options for saving, opening a file, printing, and sharing your
document.
The Ribbon
PowerPoint uses a tabbed Ribbon system instead of traditional menus. The
Ribbon contains multiple tabs, each with several groups of commands. For
example, the Font group on the Home tab contains commands for formatting
text in your document.

Figure 5.1 (c) – Ribbon and Font Group

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Some groups also have a small arrow in the bottom-right corner that you can
click for even more options.

Figure 5.1 (d) –Showing and hiding Ribbon

The Ribbon is designed to respond to your current task, but you can choose
to minimize it if you find that it takes up too much screen space. Click
the Ribbon Display Options arrow in the upper-right corner of the Ribbon to
display the drop-down menu.

Figure 5.1 (d) - Ribbon Display Options

o Auto-hide Ribbon: Auto-hide displays your workbook in full-screen

mode and completely hides the Ribbon. To show the Ribbon, click
the Expand Ribbon command at the top of screen.
o Show Tabs: This option hides all command groups when they're not
in use, but tabs will remain visible. To show the Ribbon, simply click
a tab.

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o Show Tabs and Commands: This option maximizes the Ribbon. All
of the tabs and commands will be visible. This option is selected by
default when you open PowerPoint for the first time.

The Quick Access Toolbar

Located just above the Ribbon, the Quick Access Toolbar lets you access
common commands no matter which tab is selected. By default, it includes
the Save, Undo, Redo, and Start From Beginning commands. You can add
other commands depending on your preference.

The Ruler, Guides, And Gridlines

PowerPoint includes several tools to help organize and arrange content on
your slides, including the Ruler, guides, and gridlines. These tools make it
easier to align objects on your slides. Simply click the check boxes in
the Show group on the View tab to show and hide these tools.

Figure 5.1 (e) - Microsoft PowerPoint View Tab

Zoom and other View Options

PowerPoint has a variety of viewing options that change how your
presentation is displayed. You can choose to view your presentation
in Normal view, Slide Sorter view, Reading view, or Slide Show view. You
can also zoom in and out to make your presentation easier to read.
 Switching slide views

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Switching between different slide views is easy. Just locate and select the
desired slide view command in the bottom-right corner of the PowerPoint
window.

Figure 5.1 (f) – Zoom options

 Zooming in and out

To zoom in or out, click and drag the zoom control slider in the bottom-right
corner of the PowerPoint window. You can also select the + or -
commands to zoom in or out by smaller increments. The number next to the
slider displays the current zoom percentage, also called the zoom level.

Figure 5.1 (g) – Zoom options

5.2 CREATING A PRESENTATION

PowerPoint files are called presentations. Whenever you start a new
project in PowerPoint, you'll need to create a new presentation, which can
either be blank or from a template. You'll also need to know how to open an
existing presentation.

Create A New Presentation

When beginning a new project in PowerPoint, you'll often want to start
with a new blank presentation.

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1. Click File tab Select New on the left side of the windowClick Blank
Presentation.

Figure 5.2 (a) - Creating a Blank Presentation

A new presentation will appear.

To create a new presentation from a template:

1. Click the File tab  Click NewSelect a Template to review it.

(A preview of the template will appear, along with additional
information on how the template can be used.)
2. Click Create to use the selected template.
A new presentation will appear with the selected template.
It's important to note that not all templates are created by Microsoft.
Many are created by third-party providers and even individual users, so some
templates may work better than others.
Compatibility Mode
Sometimes you may need to work with presentations that were created
in earlier versions of PowerPoint, like PowerPoint 2003 or PowerPoint 2000.
When you open these types of presentations, they will appear
in Compatibility
Mode.
Compatibility Mode disables certain features, so you'll only be able to
access commands found in the program that was used to create the
presentation.

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For example, if you open a presentation created in PowerPoint, you

can only use tabs and commands found in PowerPoint.

Save Presentation:

It's important to save your presentation whenever you start a new

project or make changes to an existing one. Saving early and often can prevent
your work from being lost. You'll also need to pay close attention to where
you save the presentation so it will be easy to find later.

Locate and select the Save command on the Quick Access Toolbar.

Figure 5.2 (b): Saving presentation

1. If you're saving the file for the first time, the Save As pane will appear
in Backstage view.

2. You'll then need to choose where to save the file and give it a file
name. Click Browse to select a location on your computer.
Alternatively, you can click OneDrive to save the file to your
OneDrive.

3. The Save As dialog box will appear. Select the location where you
want to save the presentation.

4. Enter a file name for the presentation, then click Save.

5. The presentation will be saved. You can click the Save command
again to save your changes as you modify the presentation.

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You can also access the Save command by pressing Ctrl+S on your keyboard.
Using Save As to make a copy
Understanding Slides and Slide Layouts
When you insert a new slide, it will usually have placeholders to show you
where content will be placed. Placeholders can contain different types of
content, including text, images, and videos. Slides have different layouts for
placeholders. Whenever you create a new slide, you'll need to choose a slide
layout that fits your content.

Figure 5.2 (c) - Slide Layouts

Insert a new slide:

Whenever you start a new presentation, it will contain one slide with the Title
Slide layout. You can insert as many slides as you need from a variety of
layouts.
1. From the Home tab, click the bottom half of the New Slide command.

Figure 5.2 (d): Selecting a New Slide Layout

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2. Choose the desired slide layout from the menu that appears.
3. Click any placeholder and begin typing to add text.
Organizing slides
PowerPoint presentations can contain as many slides as you need. The Slide
Navigation pane on the left side of the screen makes it easy to organize your
slides. From there, you can duplicate, rearrange, and delete slides in your
presentation.

Figure 5.2 (e) - Slide Editing View

Working with slides

 Duplicate slides: If you want to copy and paste a slide quickly, you
can duplicate it. To duplicate slides, select the slide you want
to duplicate, right-click the mouse, and choose Duplicate Slide from
the menu that appears. You can also duplicate multiple slides at once
by selecting them first.
 Move slides: It's easy to change the order of your slides. Just click
and drag the desired slide in the Slide Navigation pane to the desired
position.
 Delete slides: If you want to remove a slide from your presentation,
you can delete it. Simply select the slide you want to delete, then press
the Delete or Backspace key on your keyboard.

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To Copy And Paste Slides:

1. Select the slide you want to copy  press Ctrl+C.

2. Click in between the slide list where you want to paste the slide

3. Click the Paste command on the Home tab. OR press Ctrl+V.

4. The slide will appear in the selected location.

Apply Slide Designs:

A theme is a predefined combination of colors, fonts, and effects that can

quickly change the look and feel of your entire slide show. Select
the Design tab on the Ribbon, then click the More drop-down arrow to see all
of the available designs.

Figure 5.2 (f): Applying slide designs.

1. Select the desired design.

2. The theme will be applied to your entire presentation.

5.3 - EDITING & FORMATTING A TEXT BOX

To select format text within a Text Box:

Before you can move or arrange text, you'll need to select it.

1. Click next to the text you want to select, drag the mouse over the text, then
release your mouse. The text will be selected.

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Figure 5.3 (a) - Text Editing within the Text Box

2. Select the text and edit as desired

Figure 5.3 (b) - Text Selection and Editing

Copying and Moving Text

PowerPoint allows you to copy text that is already on a slide and paste it
elsewhere, which can save you time. If you want to move text, you can cut
and paste or drag and drop the text.

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To copy and paste text:

1. Select the text you want to copy, then click the Copy command on
the Home tab.

Figure 5.3 (c) - Using COPY Tool

2. Place the insertion point where you want the text to appear.
3. Click the Paste command on the Home tab.

Figure 5.3 (d) - Using PASTE Tool

4. The copied text will appear.

To cut and paste text:

1. Select the text you want to move, then click the Cut command.

Figure 5.3 (e) - Using CUT Tool

2. Place the insertion point where you want the text to appear, then click
the Paste command.
3. The text will appear in the new location.

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You can access the cut, copy, and paste commands by using keyboard
shortcuts. Press Ctrl+X to cut, Ctrl+C to copy, and Ctrl+V to paste.

To drag and drop text:

1. Select the text you want to move, then click and drag the text to
the desired location.

2. The text will appear in the new location.

Align Text

You can use these commands to align your text at the top, middle,
or bottom of a placeholder or text box.

5.4 - ADDING PICTURES & COLORS TO A SLIDE

Adding pictures can make your presentations more interesting and engaging.
You can insert a picture from a file on your computer onto any slide.
PowerPoint even includes tools for finding online pictures and
adding screenshots to your presentation.

1. Select the Insert tab, then click the Pictures command in

the Images group.

Figure 5.4 (a) - Using Insert Tab to insert a picture

2. A dialog box will appear. Locate and select the desired image file, then
click Insert.

3. The picture will appear on the currently selected slide.

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Inserting Screen Clipping

To insert a screen clipping:

1. Select the Insert tab Screenshot command Screen Clipping.

Figure 5.4 (b) - Using Screen Clipping Tool

2. A view of other open windows will appear. Click and drag to select the
area you want to capture as a screen clipping.

3. The screen clipping will appear on the currently selected slide.

Changing Slide Color

By default, all slides in your presentation use a white background.
Backgrounds can have a solid, gradient, pattern, or picture fill.

1. Select the Design tab, then click the Format Background command.

Figure 5.4 (c) - Changing Slide Background Colors

2. Select the desired fill options. Let’s use a Solid fill with a light gold color.

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Figure 5.4 (d) - Using Color Plate to change slide color

3. If you want, you can click Apply to All to apply the same background
style to all slides in your presentation.
5.5 - MAKING SLIDE SHOWS
Once your slide show is complete, you'll need to learn how to present
it to an audience. PowerPoint offers several tools and features to help make
your presentation smooth, engaging, and professional.
Presenting A Slide Show
 To start a slide show:
There are several ways you can begin your presentation:
 Click the Start From Beginning command on the Quick Access
Toolbar, or press the F5 key at the top of your keyboard. The
presentation will appear in full-screen mode.

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Figure 5.5 (a) - Running a slide Show using Slide show Tool

 Select the Slide Show view command at the bottom of the PowerPoint
window to begin a presentation from the current slide.

Figure 5.5 (b) - Running a Slide Show Using from PowerPoint window

 Go to the Slide Show tab on the Ribbon to access even more options.
From here, you can start the presentation from the current slide and
access advanced presentation options.

Figure 5.5 (c) - Running Slide Show Using Slide Show Menu

To advance and reverse slides:

You can advance to the next slide by clicking your mouse or pressing
the spacebar on your keyboard. Alternatively, you can use or arrow keys on
your keyboard to move forward or backward through the presentation.
You can also hover your mouse over the bottom-left and click the arrows to
move forward or backward.

Figure 5.5 (d) - Move Slides Forward or Backward during a slide show

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To stop a slide show:

You can exit presentation mode by pressing the Esc key on your keyboard.
Alternatively, you can click the Slide Show Options button in the bottom-left
and select End Show.

Figure 5.5 (e) - Ending a Slide Show

The presentation will also end after the last slide. You can click the mouse or
press the spacebar to return to Normal view.

Figure 5.5 (f) - Ending of a slide show after last slide

Presentation tools and features

PowerPoint provides convenient tools you can use while presenting your slide
show. For example, you can change your mouse pointer to
a pen or highlighter to draw attention to items in your slides. In addition, you
can jump around to slides in your presentation or access other programs from
your taskbar if needed.

5.6 - SLIDE TRANSITIONS

If you've ever seen a PowerPoint presentation that had special effects
between each slide, you've seen slide transitions. A transition can be as
simple as fading to the next slide or as flashy as an eye-catching effect.
PowerPoint makes it easy to apply transitions to some or all of your slides,
giving your presentation a polished, professional look.

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About Transitions
There are three categories of unique transitions to choose from, all of
which can be found on the Transitions tab.
 Subtle: These are the most basic types of transitions. They use simple
animations to move between slides.
 Exciting: These use more complex animations to transition between
slides. While they're more visually interesting than Subtle transitions,
adding too many can make your presentation look less professional.
However, when used in moderation they can add a nice touch between
important slides.
 Dynamic Content: If you're transitioning between two slides that use
similar slide layouts, dynamic transitions will move only
the placeholders, not the slides themselves. When used correctly,
dynamic transitions can help unify your slides and add a further level of
polish to your presentation.

Figure 5.6 (a) - Types of Slide Transitions

To apply a transition:
1. Select the desired slide from the Slide Navigation pane. This is the slide
that will appear after the transition.
2. Click the Transitions tab, then locate the Transition to This Slide group.
By default, None is applied to each slide.
3. Click the More drop-down arrow to display all transitions.

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Figure 5.6 (b) - Transition Menu

4. Click a transition to apply it to the selected slide. This will automatically
preview the transition.

You can use the Apply To All command in the Timing group to apply the
same transition to all slides in your presentation. Keep in mind that this will
modify any other transitions you've applied.

Figure 5.6 (c) - Applying Selected Transition

To preview a transition:
You can preview the transition for a selected slide at any time using either of
these two methods:
 Click the Preview command on the Transitions tab.

Figure 5.6 (d) - Transition Preview

 Click the Play Animations command in the Slide Navigation pane.
Modifying transitions
To modify the transition effect:
You can quickly customize the look of a transition by changing its direction.

1. Select the slide with the transition you want to modify.

2. Click the Effect Options command and choose the desired option. These
options will vary depending on the selected transition.

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Figure 5.6 (e) - Modifying applied transitions

3. The transition will be modified, and a preview of the transition will

appear.

Some transitions do not allow you to modify the direction.

To modify the transition duration:

1. Select the slide with the transition you want to modify.

2. In the Duration field in the Timing group, enter the desired time for
the transition. In this example, we'll decrease the time to half a
second—or 00.50—to make the transition faster.

Figure 5.6 (f) - Transition Duration Settings

To add sound:

1. Select the slide with the transition you want to modify.

2. Click the Sound drop-down menu in the Timing group.

3. Click a sound to apply it to the selected slide, then preview the

transition to hear the sound.

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Figure 5.6 (g) - Applying Sounds within Transitions

Sounds are best used in moderation. Applying a sound between every slide
could become overwhelming or even annoying to an audience when
presenting your slide show.

To remove a transition:

1. Select the slide with the transition you want to remove.

2. Choose None from the Transition to This Slide group. The transition
will be removed.

Figure 5.6 (h) – Transition of slides

To remove transitions from all slides, apply the None transition to a slide,
then click the Apply to All command.

Advancing slides

Normally, in Slide Show view you would advance to the next slide by clicking
your mouse or by pressing the spacebar or arrow keys on your keyboard.
The Advance Slides setting in the Timing group allows the presentation to
advance on its own and display each slide for a specific amount of time. This
feature is especially useful for unattended presentations, such as those at a
trade show booth.

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To advance slides automatically:

1. Select the slide you want to modify.
2. Locate the Timing group on the Transitions tab. Under Advance
Slide, uncheck the box next to On Mouse Click.
3. In the After field, enter the amount of time you want to display the
slide. In this example, we will advance the slide automatically after 1
minute and 15 seconds, or 01:15:00.

Figure 5.6 (i) - Advancing Slides Automatically

4. Select another slide and repeat the process until all slides have the
desired timing. You can also click the Apply to All command to apply
the same timing to all slides.
If you need to advance to the next slide before an automatic transition, you
can always click the mouse or press the spacebar to advance the slides as
normal.

EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Extension of MS Power Point 2016 file is;
(a) .ppt (b) .pwt (c) .pptx (d) .docx
2. A user can present his ideas in effective way using this program.
(a) MS Word (b) MS Publisher
(c) MS Power Point (d) None of these
3. MS Power Point 2016 is a software of this type.
(a) Application (b) Language translator
(c) Utility Program (d) System
4. This software is used to make presentation;
(a) Google slides (b) Prezi
(c) MS Power Point (d) All these
5. The MS Power Point program has been developed specially for;
(a) Documentation (b) Presentation

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(c) Graphic design (d) Engineering drawing

6. MS Power Point program can be open with........ ways.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
7. Horizontal strip under series of tabs in MS Power Point screen is
called;
(a) Status bar (b) Slide Pane
(c) Ribbon (d) Scroll bar
8. The area where slides appear in smaller size in MS PowerPoint is
called;
(a) Ribbon (b) Vertical scroll bar
(c) Slide pane (d) Status bar
9. Comments pane in MS Power Point screen is available on this bar.
(a) Title bar (b) Status bar
(c) Scroll bar (d) Slide pane
10. Slide counter pane is displayed in MS Power Point screen.
(a) Below the slide pane (b) Above the slide pane
(c) In slide show group (d) None of these
11. Slide of MS Power Point program can be zoomed up ......... %.
(a) 150% (b) 200 % (c) 400% (d) 300%
12. A new power point file may be of this type;
(a) Blank presentation (b) Design template
(c) Either a or b (d) None of these
13. Shortcut key to insert new slide in MS Power Point presentation is;
(a) Ctrl + P (b) Ctrl + N (c) Ctrl + M (d) Shift + N
14. Shortcut key to start slide show from first slide is;
(a) Ctrl + F5 (b) F5 (c) Shift + F5 (d) Alt + F5
15. Shortcut key to start slide show from current slide is;
(a) F5 (b) Alt + F5 (c) Shift + F5 (d) Ctrl + F4
16. This key is used to go to the previous slide.
(a) Page up (b) Backspace
(c) Up arrow and left arrow (d) Any of these
17. This key from keyboard is used to go to the next slide.
(a) Page down (b) Enter
(c) Right or down arrow (d) Any of these
18. The process to run the presentation is called;

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(a) Slide run (b) Slide show

(c) Animation (d) Transition

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19. The dotted box in which user insert text, graphics or pictures is called
(a) Slide box (b) Place holder
(c) Presentation box (d) Any of a or c
20. One page of MS Power Point file is called;
(a) Page (b) Slide (c) File (d) Slide show
21. The slide that is used as a heading of a presentation is called;
(a) Heading slide (b) Title slide
(c) Starting slide (d) Initial slide
22. The process of moving one slide to another slide is called;
(a) Animation (b) Shift (c) Transition (d) Drift
23. " Slide show view” displays the slides in this sequence.
(a) Ascending slide number (b) Descending slide number
(c) Even slide number (d) Randomly
24. To exit the slide show, this key is pressed from keyboard.
(a) End (b) Home (c) Esc (d) Enter
25. Specific visual or audio effect that appears during slide transitions is
called;
(a) Slide animation (b) Slide transition
(c) Both a & b (d) None of these

ANSWERS KEY

Short Questions
1. What is Power point?
2. What is a presentation?
3. Write two names of programs used for making presentations other than
MS Power Point.
4. What is the use of hand out options of MS Power Point?
5. What is quick print in MS Power Point?

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6. What is a slide?
7. What is slide pane?
8. What is the location and purpose of comment pane in MS Power
Point?
9. What is notes area of MS Power Point and for which purpose it is
used.
10. What is meant by slide layout?
11. What is place holder in Power Point?
12. What is meant by title slide?
13. Write short cut key to start slide show from 1st slide and current active
slide.
14. What is meant by slide transition?
15. What is meant by slide animation?
16. Write method of deleting a slide.
17. What is meant by theme in power point?
18. How a new slide can be inserted in a presentation?
19. What is meant by slide show in power point?
20. Which keys of keyboard are used to run the slide show from start
toward end?
21. Which keys are used go on previous slide during slide show.
22. For which purpose, the slide sorter option is used in power point.
23. How a slide show is terminated?
24. What is meant by template in power point?
25. Write names of view buttons of MS Power Point 2016.
26. Write names of contents of title bar of MS Power Point 2016.

Long Questions
1. Write introduction of components of MS Power Point 2016 screen.
2. Write method of creating new presentation and saving it in MS Power
Point 2016.
3. What is meant by place holder in MS PowerPoint? Write method of
changing its place.
4. Write method of filling color and changing boarder line color of text
box in MS Power Point 2016.

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5. What is meant by a theme? Write method of applying different themes

on slides of MS Power Point 2016.

6. Define slide transition. Write method of applying different transitions

on slides in MS Power Point 2016.

7. Write method of starting slide show in MS Power Point 2016.

8. What is meant by slide layout? Write its different types.

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CHAPTER 6

Programming Language

General Objective:
Understand basic concepts of C++ programming language.

Specific objectives:
After studying this chapter students should be able to:

 Define program, programming, programmer, and programming

languages.
 Classify computer programming languages.

 Describe briefly computer languages.

 Describe C++ programming language and its advantages.

 Explain arithmetic operations (addition, multiplication, subtraction,

division etc.)

 Explain logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, Equal to, etc.)

 Explain the basics of loops for repetitive operations.

 Explain the components of Flow-Charts for simple computer program.

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PROGRAM, PROGRAMMING, PROGRAMMER,

AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
6.1 PROGRAM
A computer program is a collection of instructions that is written in
any computer to perform a specific task.
Example:
A program written in C - Language.
Define programming, programmer?
Define Programming:
The process of developing and constructing various sets of instructions to
enable a computer to do a specific task is called computer programming.
Define Programmer:
A programmer is mostly a person, an individual that writes/creates computer program
or computer in specific computer language.
6.2 Classify computer programming languages.
Computer programming Language are classified in two level
1. Low-level language
2. High-level language
1) Low – level Language are further divided in two levels
1. Machine Language
2. Assembly language
Machine Language
The machine-level language is a language that consists of a set of instructions
that are in the binary form 0 or 1 and it was developed to interact with first
generation of computer. Computers can understand only machine instructions,
which are in binary digits, i.e., 0 and 1, so the instructions given to the
computer can be only in binary codes. Creating a program in a machine-level
language is a very difficult task as it is not easy for the programmers to write
the program in machine instructions.
Assembly Language
This is the second generation programming language. It is a development on the
machine language, where instead of using only numbers, we use English words,
names, and symbols. It is the most basic computer language necessary for any
processor.

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2] High Level Language

When we talk about high level languages, these are programming languages.
There are so many types of computer programming language, some examples
are PASCAL, FORTRAN, C++ etc.
The important feature about such high level languages is that they allow the
programmer to write programs for all types of computers and systems. Every
instruction in high level language is converted to machine language by language
translators that are compiler or interpreters. High level languages are further
divided into three type:
1. Scripting Languages
2. Object-Oriented Languages
3. Procedural Programming Language
Scripting Languages
Scripting languages are constructed in such way that they allows execute one
command at a time. Scripting languages are easier to learn and execute than
compiled languages. Some examples are AppleScript, JavaScript and Pearl etc.
Object-Oriented Languages
These are high level languages that focus on the ‘objects’ rather than the
‘actions’. To accomplish this, the focus will be on data than logic. The reasoning
behind is that the programmers really cares about the object they wish to
manipulate rather than the logic needed to manipulate them. Some examples
include Java, C+, C++, Python and Swift etc.
Procedural Programming Language
This is a type of programming language that has well-structured steps and
complex procedures within its programming to compose a complete program. It
has a systematic order functions and commands to complete a task or a program.
FORTRAN, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL is some examples.
6.3 Describe briefly computer languages.
6.3.1 Human Language
To understand language is to understand the world. We use language as a
means of communicating ideas of the world to each other and to ourselves. To
convey our message to others or to receive other message we need to know a
language.

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Human language are different than computer languages. For a computer

system to truly understand what we want, it’ll need to experience the same
events we do. It needs to understand emotion, it needs to know what it’s like to
have our senses, and it needs to learn to speak and communicate organically
the way we do. To understand more about computer language we read a brief
discussion about computer language too.
6.3.2 Computer Language
In computer science, computer languages are used to communication
with a computer. Simply we can say Computer Languages are used to perform
some task from computer. All computer language have their own rules, their
own way to construct a program, coding is different in different language .
Just as many human-based languages exist, there are as many computer
programming languages. Computer language are human friendly. If we want
to talk someone whose language is English, Spanish or German we need to
learn their language first. Same is case with computer language. The portion
of the language that a computer can understand is called “Object code” which
is written in “binary code” .Translating programming language into human
understandable form is known as is known as source program. Each language,
from C Language to Python, has its own distinct features, we must know these
language. Though they have common feature too. Here we discuss some most
common languages.
6.3.2.1 C Language
C Language is a structure-oriented, middle-level programming
language mostly used to develop low-level applications C Language is used to
develop systems applications that are integrated into operating systems such
as Windows, UNIX and Linux. Applications include graphics packages, word
processors, spreadsheets, operating system development, database systems,
compilers and assemblers, network drivers and interpreters.
6.3.2.2 C + + Language
C++ is a general purpose, object-oriented, middle-level programming
language and is an extension of C language, which makes it possible to code
C++ in a “C style. The C++ language is used to create computer programs and
packaged software, such as games, office applications, graphics and video
editors and operating systems.

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6.3.2.3 HTML
HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages; it
ensures proper formatting of text and images (using tags like <HTML>) so
that Internet browsers can display them in the ways they were intended to
look.
6.3.2.4 Java
Java is a general-purpose, object-oriented, high-level programming language with
several featur7es that make it ideal for web-based development
6.3.2.5 OOP languages
OOP Languages (Object-Oriented Languages) provide us with clear
modular structure for the programs which makes it good for defining abstract
data types.
6.3.2.6 Pascal Language
Pascal is a teaching language, there are few industrial programs that
are written in Pascal, It tends to use the keywords instead of C-style braces
and the symbols, so, it is easier for the beginners to understand than
languages like C++.
6.3.2.7 PHP is designed for a rapid website development. It is easy to link to
the databases, generate HTTP headers. It contains a simple set of basic
components that allow the programmer to quickly get up to speed.
6.3.2.8 FORTRAN
FORTRAN stands for Formula Translator and it is still used by the scientists
as it allows the variables of any size up to the memory limit of the machine.
6.3.2.9 Go
GO is a general purpose, flexible language that facilitates the creation
of applications.
6.3.2.10 Ruby on Rails
Ruby on Rails allows you to design web applications quickly.
6.3.2.11 Python
Python is used in a wide variety of contexts and on the web has
technical advantages.

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6.3.2.12 JavaScript
Java Script s used on the client’s side and can be extended to the server
for different functions.
6.4 Describe C++ programming language and its advantages.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language and includes concepts like
classes, inheritance, polymorphism, data abstraction, and encapsulation which
allow code reusability and makes programs very maintainable. C++ use multi-
paradigm programming. The Paradigm means the style of programming.
Some features and advantages of C++ is given below
6.4.1 Advantages of C++ are:
1. Object-oriented
One of the biggest advantages of C++ is the feature of object-oriented
programming which includes concepts like classes, inheritance,
polymorphism, data abstraction, and encapsulation that allow code reusability
and makes a program even more reliable.
Not only this, it helps us deal with real-world problems by treating data as an
object. C lacked this feature and hence it was created, proving to be of great
significance.
2. Multi-paradigm
C++ is a multi-paradigm programming language. The term “Paradigm” refers
to the style of programming. It includes logic, structure, and procedure of the
program. Generic, imperative, and object-oriented are three paradigms of
C++.
Low-level Manipulation
Since C++ is closely associated with C, which is a procedural language
closely related to the machine language, C++ allows low-level manipulation
of data at a certain level. Embedded systems and compiler are created with the
help of C++.
3. Memory Management
C++ gives the programmer the provision of total control over memory
management. This can be considered both as an asset and a liability as this
increases the responsibility of the user to manage memory rather than it being
managed by the Garbage collector. This concept is implemented with the help
of DMA (Dynamic memory allocation) using pointers.

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4. Large Community Support

C++ has a large community that supports it by providing online courses and
lectures, both paid and unpaid. Statistically speaking, C++ is the 6th most
used and followed tag on Stack Overflow and GitHub.
5. Compatibility with C
C++ is pretty much compatible with C. Virtually; every error-free C program
is a valid C++ program. Depending on the compiler used, every program of
C++ can run on a file with .cpp extension.
6.5 Arithmetic operations (addition, multiplication,
subtraction, division etc.
Arithmetic Operators
`Arithmetic operators area symbol that performs mathematical operation on
data .C language provides many arithmetic operators. Following is a list of all
arithmetic operators used in C language.
Arithmetic operators used in “C” language.

Operation Symbol Description

Addition + Adds two numbers
Subtraction - Subtract one value from another value
Multiplication * Multiplies two values
Division / Divides one value by another value
Gives the remainder of division of two
Modulus %
integers

In C language these arithmetic operators are necessary to perform arithmetic

calculation like addition, subtraction, multiplication and these are explained
here with the help of C language program
Program 1: (Addition) Output of the Program:
Enter Num1=15
Write a program that inputs two integer Enter Num2=20
numbers and calculates sum of two Sum=35
numbers.
Procedure:
#include<stdio.h>

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#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int num1, num2,sum;
printf(“Enter Num1=");
Scanf(“%d”,&num1)
printf(“/n Enter Num2="); ///n use for new line
Scanf(“%d”,&num2)
sum=num1+num2;
printf("/n sum=",sum);
getch();
}

Program 2 (subtraction)

Write a program that inputs two integer numbers from the user and calculates
the Subtraction of numbers.
Procedure:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> Output of the Program:
void main () Enter Num1=15
Enter Num2=20
{
Subtract=5
int num1, num2,sub;
printf(“Enter Num1=");
Scanf(“%d”,&num1)
printf(“/n Enter Num2="); ///n use for new line
Scanf(“%d”,&num2)
sub=num2-num1;
printf("/n Subtract=", sub);
getch();
Output of the program:
} Enter Num1=15
Program 3 (Division) Enter Num2=20
Write a program that inputs two integer Division=1.3333
numbers from user and calculates the
Division of the numbers.

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Procedure:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
float num1, num2,Div;
printf(“Enter Num1=");
Scanf(“%d”,&num1)
printf(“/n Enter Num2="); ///n use for new line
Scanf(“%d”,&num2)
Div=num2/num1;
printf("/n Division=", Div);
getch();
}
Program 4 (Product of the numbers.)
Write a program that inputs two numbers from user and calculates the Product
of the numbers.
Procedure:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> Output of the
void main () program:
Enter Num1=15
{
Enter Num2=20
int num1, num2,p; Product=300
printf(“Enter Num1=");
Scanf(“%d”,&num1)
printf(“/n Enter Num2="); ///n use for new line
Scanf(“%d”,&num2)
p=num1*num2; Output of the
program:
printf("/n Product =", p);
a+b=15
getch(); a-b=5
} a*b=50
Program 5 a/b=2
a%b= 0
(mathematical operations on two
variables)
Write a program that performs all mathematical operations on two variables.

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Procedure:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b;
a=10;
b=5;
clrscer( );
printf(“a+b=%d \n”, a+b);
printf(“a-b=%d \n”, a-b);
printf(“a*b=%d \n”, a*b);
printf(“a/b=%d \n”, a/b);
printf(“a%b=%d \n”, a%b);
getch( );
}
Program 6 Write aprogram to calculate sum, average, and product of all
numbers
Write a program that inputs 4 numbers and calculate the sum, average, and
product of all the numbers.
Procedure:
#include<stdio.h> Output of the program:
#include<conio.h> Enter 4 numbers: 1 2 3 4
Sum of all the numbers: 10
void main () Product of all the numbers: 24
{ Average of all the numbers: 6
inta,b,c,d,sum,product;
Float avg;
clrscer ( );
printf(“Enter 4 numbers:”);
scanf(“%d %d %d %d”,&a,&b,&c,&d);

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sum=a+b+c+d;
product=a*b*c*d;
avg=sum/4.0;
printf(“Sum of all the numbers: %d \n”, sum);
printf(“product of all the numbers : %d \n”, product);
printf(“Average of all the numbers: %f”, avg);
getch( );
}
6.6 Explain logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, Equal to, etc.)
Logical Operators
C allows usage of three logical operators that are &&, || and !.
These are to be read as ‘AND’ ‘OR’ and ‘NOT’ respectively.
There are several things to note about these logical operators. Most obviously,
two of them are composed of double symbols: || and &&. Don’t use the single
symbol | and &.
The first two operators, &&and ||, allow two or more conditions to be
combined in an if statement. We explain it with the help of a program.
Consider the following example.
Example 2.4:
The marks obtained by a student in 5 different subjects are input through the
keyboard.
The student gets a division as per the following rules are given:
Percentage above or equal to 60 - First division
Percentage between 50 and 59 - Second division
Percentage between 40 and 49 - Third division
Percentage less than 40 - Fail
Program 1: Write a program to calculate the division obtained by the
student and also used logical operators in the program.
There are two ways in which we can write a program for this example. These
methods are given below.

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First Method
main( )
{
int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, per ;
printf ( "Enter marks in five subjects " ) ;
scanf ( "%d %d %d %d %d", &m1, &m2, &m3, &m4, &m5 ) ;
per = ( m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 ) / 5 ;
if ( per >= 60 )
printf ( "First division ") ;
else
{
if ( per >= 50 )
printf ( "Second division" ) ;
else
{
if ( per >= 40 )
printf ( "Third division" ) ;
else
printf ( "Fail" ) ;
}
}
}
2nd Method
main( )
{
int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, per ;
printf ( "Enter marks in five subjects " ) ;
scanf ( "%d %d %d %d %d", &m1, &m2, &m3, &m4, &m5 ) ;
per = ( m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 ) / 5 ;
if ( per >= 60 )
printf ( "First division" ) ;
if ( ( per >= 50 ) && ( per < 60 ) )
printf ( "Second division" ) ;
if ( ( per >= 40 ) && ( per < 50 ) )
printf ( "Third division" ) ;

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if ( per < 40 )
printf ( "Fail" ) ;
}
6.7 Explain the basics of loops for repetitive operations.
Loops or iteration statement
A loop is a statement or set of statements which is executed repeatedly. A
loop is used using condition. The repetition is done until condition becomes
condition true. A loop declaration and execution can be done in following
ways.
· Check condition to start a loop
· Initialize loop with declaring a variable.
· Executing statements inside loop.
· Increment or decrement of value of a variable.
Followings are the different types of loop statements used in C.
1. while loop
2. do- while loop
3. for loop
1. The while loop:
It is often the case in programming that you want to do something a fixed
number of times. Perhaps you want to calculate gross salaries of ten different
persons, or you want to convert temperatures from centigrade to Fahrenheit
for 15 different cities.
The condition being tested may use relational or logical operators as shown in
the following examples:
while( b < 15 || c < 20 ) )
The other example to use relational or logical operators can be as
while ( i < = 10 )
while ( i >= 5 && j < = 10 )
− The statement within a loop may be a single line or a block of statements.In
first case the
Parentheses are optional.

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For example
while ( i <= 10 )
i = i + 1;
is same as
while ( i <= 10)
{
i=i+1;
}
As a rule the while must test a condition that will eventually become false,
otherwise the loop would be executed forever.
Procedure
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i = 1 ;
while( i <= 10)
printf (“%d\n”, i);
i = i+ 1;
}
getche();
}
It is not necessary that loop counter will always perform as a increment
operator, we can even use this operator as a decrement operator and still
manage to get the body of the loop executed repeatedly, this is shown below
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i = 10 ;
while ( i > = 10)
{
printf ( “\n we are Pakistani”);
i = i – 1;
}

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getche();
}
It is not necessary that a loop counter must only be an int ,it can be a float
main( )
{
float a = 10.5 ;
while ( a < = 10.8 )
{
printf ( “\n in dark something is shining”);
printf ( “.....and sparkling”);
a = a + 0.1;
}
}
2. The For Loop
The ‘for’ is known as the most popular looping instruction. The ‘for’ allows
us to specify three things about a loop in a single line that are initial value,
final value and its increment/decrement.
a) Setting a loop counter to an initial value.
b) Testing a loop counter to determine whether its value has reached
the desired repetition result.
c) Increasing the value of loop counter each time the program
segment within the loop has executed.
Program 1: Write a program in C language that display numbers on
screen using For-Loop.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>m
main( )
{
int i ;
for ( i = 1 ; i <= 10 ; )
{
printf ( "%d\n", i ) ;
i=i+1;
}
getche();

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Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Here, the incrimination is done within the body of the for loop and not in the
for statement. Note that in spite of this the semicolon after the condition is
necessary.
Method 2:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i = 1 ;
for ( ; i <= 10 ; i = i + 1 )
printf ( "%d\n", i ) ; Output
}
getche(); 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
}

Note that the initialization, testing and incrementation of loop counter is done
in the for statement itself. Instead of i = i + 1, the statements i++ or i += 1 can
also be used.
Method 3:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i ;
for ( i = 1 ; i <= 10 ; )
{
printf ( "%d\n", i ) ;
i=i+1;
}

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getche();
}

Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Here, the incrementation is done within the body of the for loop and not in the
for statement. Note that in spite of this the semicolon after the condition is
necessary.
Method 4:
main( )
{
int i = 1 ;
for ( ; i <= 10 ; i = i + 1 )
printf ( "%d\n", i ) ;
}
Here the initialization is done in the declaration statement itself, but still the
semicolon before the condition is necessary.
Method 5:
main( )
{
int i = 1 ;
for ( ; i <= 10 ; )
{
printf ( "%d\n", i ) ;
i=i+1;
}
}
Here, neither the initialization, nor the incrimination is done in the for
statement, but still the two semicolons are necessary.

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6.8 Explain the components of Flow-Charts for simple computer program

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process.
The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by
connecting the boxes with arrows. This diagrammatic representation
illustrates a solution model to a given problem.
Sr.No Symbols Purpose Description
1 Flow line Indicates the flow
of logic by
connecting
symbols.
2 Terminal(Stop/Start) Represents the start
and the end of a
flowchart.
3 Input/Output Used for input and
output operation.
4 Processing Used for arithmetic
operations and data-
manipulations.
5 Decision Used for decision
making between
two or more
alternatives.
6 On-page Connector
Used to join
different flowline

7 Off-page Connector Used to connect the

flowchart portion on
a different page.

8 Predefined Represents a group of

Process/Function statements
performing one
processing task.

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Examples of flowcharts in programming

1. Add two numbers entered by the user.

Figure 6.1 Flowchart to add two numbers

3. Find the largest among three different numbers entered by
the user.

Figure 6.2 Flowchart to find the largest among three numbers.

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EXERCISE
Short Questions
Q #1What is the key features in the C programming language?
Answer: Features are as follows:
 Portability: It is a platform-independent language.
 Modularity: Possibility to break down large programs into small
modules.
 Flexibility: The possibility of a programmer to control the language.
 Speed: C comes with support for system programming and hence it
compiles and executes with high speed when compared with other high-
level languages.
 Extensibility: Possibility to add new features by the programmer.
Q #2What is the basic data types associated with C?
Answer:
 Int – Represent the number (integer)
 Float – Number with a fraction part.
 Double – Double-precision floating-point value
 Char – Single character
 Void – Special purpose type without any value.
Q #3What is the description for syntax errors?
Answer: The mistakes/errors that occur while creating a program are called
syntax errors. Misspelled commands or incorrect case commands, an incorrect
number of parameters in calling method /function, data type mismatches can be
identified as common examples for syntax errors.
Q #4What is the process to create increment and decrement statement in C?
Answer: There are two possible methods to perform this task.
 Use increment (++) and decrement (-) operator.
Example When x=4, x++ returns 5 and x- returns 3.
 Use conventional + or – sign.
Example When x=4, use x+1 to get 5 and x-1 to get 3.
Q #5What is reserved words with a programming language?
Answer: The words that are a part of the standard C language library are
called reserved words. Those reserved words have special meaning and it is not
possible to use them for any activity other than its intended functionality.

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Example: void, return int.

Q #6What is the difference between ++a and a++?
Answer: ‘++a” is called prefixed increment and the increment will happen
first on a variable. ‘a++’ is called postfix increment and the increment
happens after the value of a variable used for the operations.
Q #7 Describe the difference between = and == symbols in C
programming?
Answer: ‘==’ is the comparison operator which is used to compare the value
or expression on the left-hand side with the value or expression on the right-
hand side.
‘=’ is the assignment operator which is used to assign the value of the right-
hand side to the variable on the left-hand side.
Q #8What is the general description for loop statements and available
loop types in C?
Answer: A statement that allows the execution of statements or groups of
statements in a repeated way is defined as a loop.
There are 4 types of loop statements in C.
 While loop
 For Loop
 Do…While Loop
 Nested Loop
Q #9What is a nested loop?
Answer: A loop that runs within another loop is referred to as a nested loop.
The first loop is called the Outer Loop and the inside loop is called the Inner
Loop. The inner loop executes the number of times defined in an outer loop.
Q #10What is the explanation for prototype function in C?
Answer: Prototype function is a declaration of a function with the following
information to the compiler.
 Name of the function.
 The return type of the function.
 Parameters list of the function.
int Sum(int, int);
In this example Name of the function is Sum, the return type is the integer
data type and it accepts two integer parameters.

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Q#11 Define an algorithm.

Answer: An algorithm is a precise specification of a sequence of instructions
to be carried out in order to solve a given problem. Each instruction tells what
task is to be performed. Actually an algorithm is a series of mathematical
steps written in simple English sentence.
Q#12What is the difference between while and do-while statement?
Answer: The only difference between do-while and while is that the while
statement evaluates its condition at the top of the loop so that if it is false then
the statements within the loop will not execute; whereas the do-while
evaluates its condition at the bottom of the loop so that the statements within
the do block are always executed at least once.
Q#13How the static variables are defined?
Answer: Static variables are defined within a function in the same manner as
automatic variables, except that the variable declaration must begin with
the static keyword.
Q#14Which of the following operators is incorrect and why? ( >=, <=, <>,
==)
Answer: <> is incorrect. While this operator is correctly interpreted as
"not equal to" in writing conditional statements, it is not the proper operator to
be used in C programming. Instead, the operator != must be used to indicate
"not equal to" condition.
Q#15 Compare and contrast compilers from interpreters.
Answer: Compilers and interpreters often deal with how program codes are
executed. Interpreters execute program codes one line at a time, while
compilers take the program as a whole and convert it into object code, before
executing it. The key difference here is that in the case of interpreters, a
program may encounter syntax errors in the middle of execution, and will stop
from there. On the other hand, compilers check the syntax of the entire
program and will only proceed to execution when no syntax errors are found.
Q#16 Can the curly brackets { } be used to enclose a single line of code?
Answer: While curly brackets are mainly used to group several lines of codes,
it will still work without error if you used it for a single line. Some
programmers prefer this method as a way of organizing codes to make it look
clearer, especially in conditional statements.

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Q#17What are header files and what are its uses in C programming?
Answer: Header files are also known as library files. They contain two
essential things: the definitions and prototypes of functions. C programming is
actually functions that are defined from within each header files. Each header
file contains a set of functions. For example: stdio.h is a header file that
contains definition and prototypes of commands like printf and scanf.
Q#18What is syntax error?
Answer: A syntax error is an error in the source code of a program. Since
computer programs must follow strict syntax to compile correctly, any aspects
of the code that do not conform to the syntax of the programming language
will produce a syntax error.
Q#19 What are variables and in which way is it different from constants?
Variables are the terms which can change or vary over time. It does not
remain constant, unlike constant. For example, the height and weight of a
person do not remain constant always, and hence they are variables.
The difference between variables and constants is that variables can change
their value at any time but constants can never change their value.
Both will also hold a particular value. Values held by a variable can be
changed. Constants are given values at one time only, placed at the beginning
of a program. This value is not altered in the program.

Multiple Choices
Questions
1. Who is known as the father of C Language?
1. James A. Sosling
2. Vjarne Stroustrup
3. Dennis Ritchie
4. Dr. E. F. Codd
2. C Language was developed in the year ____
1. 1970
2. 1975
3. 1980
4. 1985

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3. Which one is not a reserve keyword in C Language?

1. auto
2. main
3. case
4. register
4. A C variable name can start with a ____
1. Number
2. Plus Sign (+)
3. Underscore
4. Asterisk (*)
5. Prototype of a function means _____
1. Name of Function
2. Output of Function
3. Declaration of Function
4. Input of a Function
6. Name the loop that executes at least once.
1. For
2. If
3. do-while
4. While
7. C Language developed at
1. AT & T’s Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972
2. AT & T’s Bell Laboratories of USA in 1970
3. Sun Microsystems in 1973
4. Cambridge University in 1972
8. Which of the following are fundamental control structures?
1. Iteration
2. Branching
3. Sequencing
4. All the above

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9. The&& and || operators compare two

1. boolean values
2. boolean value
3. numeric values
4. numeric value
10. C Language program are converted to machine language with
the help of;
1. Compiler
2. Editor
3. Interpreter
4. Linker
11. C variable cannot start with
1. An alphabet
2. Numeric value
3. Symbol
4. Both 2 and 3
12. Which of the following shows correct hierarchy in arithmetic
operators?
1. + - * /
2. / * + -
3. */+-
4. -+*/
13. An array element are always stored in _____ memory location
1. Sequential
2. Random
3. Both random and sequential
4. None of these

14. Bitwise operators can operate upon

1. 1.Double and chars
2. 2.Float and ints
3. Float and double
4. Ints and chars

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15. Which was the first computer language for an electronic device?
1. Machine Language
2. Assembly Language
3. Short Code
4. FORTRAN
16: Visual Basic (VB) was derived from which of the following?
1. BASIC
2. ALGOL
3. PERL
4. C++
17. FORTRAN was developed at ____?
1. Apple
2. Sun Technology
3. IBM
4. Intel
18. What will be the output of the following statement ?
int a=10; printf("%d &i",a,10);
1. error
2. 10
3. 100
4. none of these
19. What will be the output of the following statements ?
int i = 3;
printf ("%d%d",i,i++);
1. 1.34
2. 43
3. 44
4. 33
20. Which one of the following is not a linear data structure?
1. Array
2. Binary Tree
3. Queue
4. Stack

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ANSWER KEYS

1 3 11 4

2 1 12 3

3 2 13 1

4 3 14 4

5 3 15 3

6 3 16 1

7 1 17 3

8 4 18 4

9 2 19 2

10 1 20 2

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CHAPTER 7

INTERNET & EMAIL

General Objective:

Understand basic concepts of Internet and Email.

Specific objectives:

After studying this chapter students should be able to:

1. Learn about Internet & browser window

2. Search, Save and Print a page from internet

3. Create, Read & Send E-Mail

4. Learn about Drop Box / Online/ Sky drive/ Cloud data etc.

5. Work on File attachment.

6. Upload and download file(s) and software(s)

7. Explain some advance features over the internet and search engines

8. Differentiate Internet, Intranet and Extranet

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7.1 - LEARN ABOUT INTERNET & BROWSER

WINDOW
“The network of networks around the whole world is called Internet.”
OR “Internet can be defined as a huge collection of millions of computers, all
linked together on a computer network. This is a global network that allows
all of the computers to communicate with one another”. Due to this network
all computers can communicate with each other.
The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government researchers
to share information. Computers in the '60s were large and immobile and in
order to make use of information stored in any one computer, one had to
either travel to the site of the computer or have magnetic computer tapes sent
through the conventional postal system.
Another catalyst in the formation of the Internet was the heating up of
the Cold War. The Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite spurred the
U.S. Defense Department to consider ways information could still be
disseminated even after a nuclear attack. This eventually led to the formation
of the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), the
network that ultimately evolved into what we now know as the Internet.
ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to the TCP/IP
standard on January 1, 1983, therefore, January 1, 1983 is considered to be the
official birthday of the Internet.

Figure 7.1 (a) - Brief History of the Internet

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DESCRIBE HOW INTERNET WORKS

To view a web page from your browser, the following sequence happens:

1. You either type an address (URL) into your "Address Bar" or click on
a hyperlink.

2. Your browser sends a request to your ISP server asking for the page.

3. Your ISP server looks in a huge database of internet addresses and

finds the exact host server which houses the website in question, then
sends that host server a request for the page.

4. The host server sends the requested page to your ISP server.

5. Your ISP sends the page to your browser and you see it displayed on
your screen.

Figure 7.2 (b) - 3D Internet Architecture

A home computer may be linked to the Internet using a phone – line

ISP. A computer in a business or university will usually have a network
interface card (NIC) that directly connects it to a Local Area Network (LAN)
inside the business.

The business can then connect its LAN to an ISP using a high speed
phone line like a T1 line. A T1 line can handle approximately 1.5 million bits
per second, while a normal phone line using a modern can typically handle
30,000 to 50,000 bits per second.

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ISPs then connect to larger ISPs, and the largest ISPs maintain fiber –
optic backbones” for an entire region. Backbones around the world are
connected through fiber-optic lines, undersea cables or satellite links. In this
way, every computer on the internet is connected to every other computer on
the Internet. Internet is a data communication system. Through this system
millions of computers in the world have linked together. In only one second
several thousands of bytes travel on the Internet. This extremely large network
of computer networks combines all the three major methods of
communications i.e
1. Earth-based telephone lines (WAN system)
2. Sea-based Fiberglass cables (Submarine cables)
3. Ether based satellite communications systems (Cyber Space)

Figure 7.1 (c) - Wide Area Network (WAN)

The internet is not a real entity or a place that has building or a place.
Instead, it is the result of a collaborative effort of people and computers
throughout the world. The end result is an electronic link to the world of
information and entertainment.
In simply words, the Internet is a network of connected computers that
provide us a facility of exchange data, messages, and files with other
computers that are connected to the Internet. The Internet has grown rapidly
since 1990.

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To understand how the Internet works, we need to have sufficient

knowledge of “Networking” i.e. the connection of different computers in
network.

7.2 - SEARCHING, SAVING AND PRINT A PAGE

FROM INTERNET
Searching:
Searching the internet can be a frustrating business. You enter a word or a
phrase into a search engine and up comes a stack of irrelevant information.
What you need is the ability to refine your search to get exactly what you
want. In this article, we explore seven steps that you can take to pinpoint
specific information online.
 Vary Your Search Engine:
Search engines sort through about 625 million active websites to provide you
with content. You may favor one, but don't let habit restrict you. No search
engine is perfect, and they all have different blind spots.
 Use Specific Keywords
Keywords are the terms that you use to find content on the internet. Making
your keywords as specific as possible will help your search engine to track
down the information that you want.
Say, for example, that you want to find a local supplier that can design an
exhibition stand for your company. If you type stand design into your search
engine, the results will include many pages about other types of stand,
whereas typing exhibition stand designer will return a more concise range of
companies.
You can further refine your search by including other specific keywords. If
you add your location, for example, you'll likely find someone local.
 Use Quotation Marks
Enclosing a search term within quotation marks prompts the search engine to
search for that specific word or phrase. If the term is a single word, using
quotation marks will cut out stemmed variations of it. For example, if you
search for the word director, you'll likely receive a lot of results for direct,
direction, directions, and so on, too. Typing "director" (with quotation marks),
however, will ensure that you only get results for that stem word.

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If the search term is a phrase, your search will be for that specific phrase,
rather than for all the component words as individual items. So, for example,
if you search for the phrase director of human resources, without quotation
marks, your search will return results based on all of the words in the phrase
(except of, which is a stop word.) Surrounding the term with quotation marks,
however, will generate results that feature this specific term.

 Refine Your Search Using Operators

Other characters or terms, known as operators, allow you to narrow down

your internet search in more targeted ways. We explore a few, below:

o Wildcard Searches: use the * symbol as a placeholder for another

word. For example, searching for * man in the world returns results for
the richest man in the world, the tallest, the oldest, and so on. Wildcard
searches are also useful when, for example, you don't know the full
text of a quote.

o Combination Searches: the OR operator enables you to search for

two or more terms simultaneously, and is most useful when those
terms are very similar. Typing selling OR retailing, for example, will
return pages where either of the terms is used, without both needing to
be present.

 Use of AND. This operator ensures that you receive only search results
that include two or more terms. For example, the search "Smee
Computers" AND "Devlin Corporation" would only deliver search results
that includes the names of both companies.

o Search a Specific Site: when you type site: followed by the URL of
the website that you wish to search and a search term, you limit your
search to a single website. So, site: mindtools.com "human
resources" will return all the pages from MindTools.com that feature
the term "human resources."

o Finding Related Sites: another useful operator is related: Typing this

in front of a web address that you already know – as
in related:xyz.com – your search results will deliver a range of
websites that are similar to xyz.com.

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 Key Points

The internet is vast and often confusing, and in order to find what you want,
you need to take some basic steps to make your search as focused and
rewarding as possible. Strategies for pinpointing the best, most relevant
content include the following:

o Vary your search engine: in fact, get used to using several, as they
have different strengths.

o Use specific keywords: be as specific as you can in your wording.

o Simplify your search terms: strip out unnecessary stop words and
avoid suffixes.

o Use quotation marks: this narrows searches down to particular words

and phrases.

o Remove unhelpful words: remove confusing or misdirecting terms

from your searches with the - (minus) operator.

o Refine your search using operators: use operators to search specific

sites, related sites, and particular combinations of terms.

o Avoid search pitfalls: the internet is a selling tool as well as a

fantastic resource. Be sure that you only view advertisements if you
want to.

Saving a Webpage:

Saving a webpage can be useful when you plan on accessing a particular

webpage offline, or if you want to capture the content on a webpage
indefinitely without having to worry about the content changing or being
removed at a later date. All web browsers can save web pages for offline
viewing, and you can even use special programs to download every page on a
site at once.

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Here are steps to save a webpage;

STEP-1: Open any web page

Figure 7.2 (a) - Open any web page

STEP-2: Right Click on the page and click “Save Page As”

Figure 7.2 (b) - Right Click on the page and click on “Save page as…”

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STEP-3: Type the name for file

Figure 7.2 (c) - Type File Name

STEP-4: Select location for file.

Figure 7.2 (d) - Browse for Location to save the webpage

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STEP-5: Select “Save As Type” and click “Save”

Figure 7.2 (e) - Choose “Save As” Type

Printing a Webpage:
A web page's screen appearance is no guarantee of how it prints. There are
many different elements, including pictures, words, and frames, that you have
to consider before printing. Many modern printers have an option that allows
you to print a page exactly as it appears on screen.
Printing a web page is a fairly simple process, but it differs slightly depending
on the Internet browser you use. To proceed, select your preferred browser
from the list below and follow the instructions.

 Microsoft Edge
If you are using Microsoft Edge, follow these steps.
1. Open Microsoft Edge.

2. Click the More icon in the upper-right corner of the screen.

3. Select Print from the drop-down menu that appears.
4. In the window that appears, under the Printer section, choose
the printer you'd like to use or print to PDF.
5. Click the Print button at the bottom of the window.

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 Internet Explorer
If you are using Internet Explorer, follow these steps.
1. Open the Internet Explorer browser then open the page you want to
print.

2. Click Tools in the upper-right corner of the browser window.

3. Move your mouse pointer over Print in the drop-down menu that
appears.
4. Click on Print... to bring up the Print Menu.
5. Make sure the appropriate printer is selected and adjust settings.
6. Click Apply (if you made any changes), then Print.
 Google Chrome
If you are using Google Chrome, follow these steps.
1. Open the Chrome browser and pull up the page you want to print.

2. Click Customize and control Google Chrome in the upper-right

corner of the browser window.
3. Select Print... from the drop-down menu that appears.
4. In the window that appears, under Destination, you can see where your
document prints.

5. If you need to change printers or print to PDF, click and

make your selection.
6. When you're done making changes, click the button.
 Mozilla Firefox
If you are using Firefox, follow these steps.
1. Open the Firefox browser and pull up the page you want to print.

2. Click Open menu in the upper-right corner of the browser

window.
3. Click the Print icon on the drop-down menu that appears.
4. In the window that appears, click the Print... button in the upper-left
corner.
5. Make sure the appropriate printer is selected and adjust settings.
6. Click OK to print. You can also press Ctrl+P or Cmd+P to bring up the
Print Menu.
7. You may highlight and print only a portion of a page to save paper and
ink.

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7.3 - E-MAIL
Email is a system for delivering messages over the Internet. An e-mail sender
or recipient can be anywhere in the world. E-mail is the first really popular
internet application; it allows people to hold discussions over great
distances. It can be sent to anywhere in the world to anyone who uses the
Internet. E-mail can take as little as few seconds to go across a country, or
even around the world.
It leaves a written record. You can keep copies of e-mail messages you send
and receive, for your record. One message can be send to a number of
people. Pictures, documents and other computer files can also be sent along
with the message.
CREATING, READING & SENDING E-MAIL
Creating & sending an email:

Figure 7.3 (a) - Gmail Compose View

1. Open Gmail.
2. On the left, click Compose.
3. (Optional) To change your window size, in the upper corner, click
Maximize or Exit full Screen .
4. Add recipients and a subject.
5. Enter your message. Email you start writing but don't send are
automatically saved in Drafts on the left.
6. (Optional) Add attachments, such as Drive files or photos .
7. Click Send.
To cancel sending an email, at the bottom of the window, click Undo.

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Reading an Email:
Unread emails are bold. To open an email, click it.
By default, replies to email are grouped into conversations. Keeping all email
together in a thread makes it easier to keep track of them and saves space in
your inbox.
If you prefer to separate your existing email from future email, you can turn
off conversation view.

Figure 7.3 (b) - Gmail Inbox View

Turn off conversation view:
1. At the top right, click Settings.
2. In the General tab, scroll to Conversation View and
select Conversation view off.
3. At the bottom, click Save Changes.

7.4 - FILE ATTACHMENTS

In order to attach files with email, follow these steps;
1. Open the Gmail home page.
2. Click Compose.
3. Click Attach.
4. Click Attach file or Insert from Drive.
5. Choose the file you want to attach.

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7.5 - UPLOADING AND DOWNLOADING FILE(S)

AND SOFTWARE(S)
Uploading means data is being sent from your computer to the
Internet. Examples of uploading include sending email, posting photos on a
social media site and using your webcam. Even clicking on a link on a web
page sends a tiny data upload. Downloading means your computer is receiving
data from the Internet.

Figure 7.6 - Uploading and Downloading files

While exploring the Internet, you’ve probably encountered the

terms downloading and uploading. Downloading means receiving data or a
file from the Internet on your computer. Uploading means sending data or a
file from your computer to somewhere on the Internet.
These terms describe activities you may have already learned how to do. If
you've ever opened an example document in one of our tutorials, you've
downloaded that file. If you’ve ever shared a photo you took on Face book or
another social media site, you've uploaded that photo.
There are built in features with email services to upload and download files.
However, there are several applications which allow users to upload and
download files on the internet. Google Drive App is one of the popular
software to upload and download files. IDM (Internet Download Manager) is
another software used to download files.

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7.6 - SOME ADVANCE FEATURES OVER THE

INTERNET
 Web Hosting:
A service that allows the users (organizations / individuals) to publish the
websites on internet is called web hosting. Any person or company having its
own server and rents out web space for hosting the websites on internet can be
called Web Host. A Web Hosting Company rents out space on their server for
monthly fee with different packages. By using this service, users become able
to show their websites on internet. Websites are stored on special computers
called servers.

Figure 7.7 (a) - Web Hosting

When the users enter website address on browser, the computer automatically
connect to the server and then the WebPages will be delivered to them. Today,
there are thousands of web hosting services from free service to special
packaged hosting service. In Paid hosting package, Web Hosting Service
gives the full backup of websites, security, credit card processing, email,
integrity of content and all kind of maintenance.

 Fast Data Downloading

Everyone wants to increase the downloading speed of their audio, video,
gaming and other files. On internet, there is a variety of downloading software
and tools. Internet Downloading Manager (IDM) is best tool available on
internet to increase downloading speed. IDM is efficient tool that divide
downloading speed to segments. Its efficiency can also be increase by using
some tricks.

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 Web Conferencing Software

Web conferencing software allows participants to conduct or attend meetings
via the internet. This is also known as online meeting software or sometimes
simply video conferencing itself. It enables remote meetings based on VoIP,
online video, instant messaging, file sharing, and screen sharing.
Web and video conferencing tools have become fundamental to how many
organizations conduct business. The software enables remote employees,
customers, and partners to connect easily and often. Specific uses for web
conferencing software include:
 Presentations or webinars
 Conference calls
 Video meetings with multiple participants
 Running product demos and training
 1-on-1 meetings with remote employees
 Face-to-face customer support
The top three benefits of using web and video conferencing software are:
 Enhanced communications
 Reduced travel costs
 Increased efficiency
Meet and Skype are examples of such software.
Ecommerce software is the engine behind the scenes of an online store,
making it possible to easily manage inventory, add or remove products,
calculate taxes, and everything else required to manage a website and fulfill
orders.
WWW:
WWW stands for World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a
collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to
local computers through the internet. These websites contain text pages,
digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the content of these sites
from any part of the world over the internet using their devices such as
computers, laptops, cell phones, etc. The WWW, along with internet, enables
the retrieval and display of text and media to your device.

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Figure 7.7 (b) - World Wide Web

The World Wide Web was launched in 1989 by English Scientist Tim
Berners-Lee for adding footnote, and cross-references in hypertext documents.

www used to identify (distinguish) the content. The www uses http (Hyper
Text Transfer Protocol) to link hypertext documents (web pages) on the
World Wide Web. A web page is a document that is written in HTML
(Hypertext Markup Language).

A hypertext document is also called a Web Page. The process of launching

web page is called publishing the page. A collection of related web pages is
called a Web Site. Web sites are hosted on server computers on the Internet.
These computers are called Web Servers.

Use of Uniform Resource Locator (URL):

Each web page has a unique address on World Wide Web. This is called
Uniform Resource Locator (URL). If you want to access a web page on the
World Wide Web, you will have to specify the URL of the required page in
the web browser. Protocol Identifier is the first part of the URL and Resource
Name is the second part of the URL.

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Basic Components of the URL:

1. Protocol
2. www
3. Domain Name
4. Resource Name
5. Question Mark signal
6. Parameters

SEARCH ENGINE
A program (software system) or a web-based tool that is used to search the
documents (information) by using the keywords on World Wide Web (www)
is called search engine. World Wide Web is full of information. Today, there
are thousands of search engines with different abilities and powerful features.
Google, Yahoo, Bing, MSN and Ask.com are the popular search engines.

Figure 7.7 (c) - Internet Search Engines

Google has become so powerful and well known search engine now a day.
First text-based search engine was Veronica.
 Search Engine Result Page (SERP):
When a searcher types a keyword query then the search engine displays a
page called Search Engine Result Page (SERP). SERP is a listing of results in
response to a keyword queries by a searcher. These results are of two types:
first type is organic results and the second is sponsored results.

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Organic results are retrieved by the search engine’s algorithm and

sponsored are advertisements. The results are ranked on a search engine
according to the queries. For organic results, each result has the title of post or
article, permalink and short summary (description) on the SERP while in
sponsored results, the advertiser makes decision & chooses what to display on
SERP.

 How Search Engine Works?

Internet search engines are special sites that are designed for help the people
to find information stored on other websites. Crawling, indexing and ranking
are the steps of a search engine.

 Crawling:

Each search engine on the internet has its own spiders that go to different
websites to discover the new URLs and different contents. Search engines
have special and advance program for the crawling process. Web crawlers are
the computer programs that scan and reading the websites. They also called
spiders, bots and automatic indexers.

Figure 7.7 (d) - How internet Search Engines Work

When a new web page is found, the spider reads the content and images. First
Spiders go to the website and look at the robots.txt file (used for crawling
restrictions by the webmasters). After crawling the URLs, they generate a
copy of each page of the website and then pass it to index.

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 Indexing:

Index is the sets of database that contain millions of pages to display on

search. Index is the big list of web pages and words. Indexed data is stored in
encoded format to save the space. When a user types a query on search bar of
a search engine, the search engine goes to its index library to fetch the
required information for display. The search engine find millions of
information in library but the algorithm of a search engine decides what
information to display on SERP (Search Engine Result Page). Regularly
updated websites with unique and genuine contents are given better position
on SERP.

 Ranking:

The last step of search engine is ranking. Each Search engine has its own
ranking algorithm to rank the web pages of a website based on keywords.
Search engines regularly update their algorithms.

 List of Top 10 Search Engines in the World:

1. Google

2. Bing

3. Yahoo

4. Baidu

5. Ask.com

6. AOL.com

7. Excite

8. DuckDuckGo

9. WolframAlpha

10. ChaCha.com

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HOW TO SEARCH TOPICS ON DIFFERENT SEARCH

ENGINES
 Search Topics Using GOOGLE Search Engine:
STEP-1: Open www.google.com

Figure 7.7 (e) - Google Search Page

STEP-2: Type the topic in the search bar and press ENTER

Figure 7.7 (f) - Google Search Engine

STEP-3: From the searched list, click on any link close to your desired search.

Figure 7.7 (g) - List of searched web links

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You may add more words to search bar in order to get the most desired
results.
 Search Topics Using YAHOO Search Engine:
STEP-1: Open YAHOO home page i.e www.yahoo.com

Figure 7.7 (h) - Yahoo Search Engine Interface

STEP-2: Type the search related words in the search bar and click on the
search button next to the search box
STEP-3: Out of the given list of topics select the most suitable one or you may
repeat the process by adding more words to your search for getting the best
results.
7.7 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNET,
INTRANET AND EXTRANET
 Internet:
1. Internet can be described as a global system of interconnected
computer network.
2. Internet is the largest network in as far as the number of connected
devices is concerned.
3. Internet is a means of sharing information throughout the world.
4. It is not regulated by any authority.
5. Content in the network is readily accessible by everyone who is
connected.
6. Internet has no known ownership.
7. Internet is unregulated and uncensored.
8. Users have unrestricted access and can access internet anonymously.
9. Security is dependent of the user of the device connected to network.
10. An example of internet is the network you use to google words with.
11. Internet contains different source of information and is available for
all.
12. Users need no training on how to work with the network.

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 Intranet:
1. Intranet can be described as a network of computers or a private
network designed for a specific group of users (organization).
2. It is a small network with a few number of connected devices.
3. It is used to share confidential information within the organization.
4. It is regulated by a specific organization.
5. The data in the network is accessible by the organization members
only.
6. Ownership of intranet is by a single organization.
7. Intranet is regulated by the organization policies.
8. An intranet may be accessible from the internet, but it is protected by a
password and accessible only to authorized users.
9. Security of the network is enforced through a firewall.
10. An example intranet is a company like ExxonMobil using internal
network for its business operations.
11. Intranet contains only specific group information.
12. Time is required to train users on how to work with the network.
 Extranet:
1. Extranet can be described as a private network that uses public
network to share information with clients (suppliers and vendors).
2. It is a small network with a few number of connected devices.
3. Extranet is a means of conveying information between members of the
organization and external members.
4. It is regulated by multiple organizations.
5. The content on the network is accessible to members of the
organization and external members with access to the network.
6. Ownership of extranet is by a single or multiple organizations.
7. Extranet is regulated by contractual agreements between organizations.
8. An intranet may be accessible from the internet, but it is protected by a
password and accessible only to authorized users.
9. Security of the network is enforced through a firewall that separates
internet and extranet.
10. Example of extranet is when companies like HP, Intel and Lenovo
decide to use the same network for related business operations.
11. Extranet contains only specific group information.

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12. Time is required to train users on how to work with the network.

EXERCISE
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The network of a company’s own computers is called;
(a) Internet (b) Intranet (c) Extranet (d) All of these
2. Global network of computers is called;
(a) Internet (b) Networking (c) Intranet (d) Extranet
3. The software used to transfer data from one computer to another
computer in internet is called;
(a) HTTP (b) TCP (c) FTP (d) All these
4. To receive data in computer from internet is called;
(a) Downloading (b) Uploading
(c) Transferring (d) None of these
5. First page of website is called;
(a) Title page (b) Home page
(c) Webpage (d) First page
6. The protocol used to transfer files on internet;
(a) TCP (b) ISP (c) FTP (d) HTTP
7. Example of World Wide Web document is
(a) MS Word (b) Email (c) Web page (d) World document
8. In an email address, the symbol used between username and email
service provider is;
(a) $ (b) # (c) @ (d) A
9. URL is a short form of;
(a) Universal Resource Locator (b) Unlimited Resource Line
(c) Under Rule Law (d) None of these
10. Common name of web address is;
(a) HTML (b) URL (c) WWW (d) Web
11. A web page may contain;
(a) Text (b) Pictures (c) Audio or video (d) All
12. FTP stands for;
(a) First transmission plate form (b) File transfer protocol
(c) First Transfer Protocol (d) File Transmission Protocol

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13. A website is a combination of;

(a) Web addresses (b) Web pages
(c) Web pictures (d) Web sites
14. Software used to see website from internet.
(a) Search engine (b) Web browser
(c) Web searcher (d) Web processor
15. WWW stands for;
(a) Wild Work Web (b) World Wide Web
(c) Word Wide Web (d) Whole Word Web
16. To interconnect the computer, this medium is used;
(a) Telephone line (b) Fiber optical cable
(c) Satellite or wireless (d) Any of these
17. The computer from which information can be gain through internet
from anywhere in the world.
(a) Host (b) Server (c) Main Hub (d) Both a & b
18. All the emails received are stored in this folder of your email account.
(a) Email folder (b) Mail box (c) Inbox (d) Home box
19. The website which is used to search different web sites from internet is
called;
(a) Search web (b) Search engine
(c) Search directory (d) Search tool
20. The default browser of windows 10 is;
(a) Google chrome (b) Edge
(c) Firefox (d) Opera
21. This is not Microsoft browser;
(a) Edge (b) Internet explorer
(c) Firefox (d) All these
22. Search engine is basically a;
(a) Powerful website (b) Powerful engine
(c) Powerful webpage (d) Net driver

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23. The service of internet by which data can be stored on remote saver.
(a) Internet disk (b) Internet store
(c) Cloud storage (d) Mass storage
24. The example of cloud storage is;
(a) Hard disk (b) One drive
(c) Flash drive (d) None of these
25. Limit of free data storage on “one drive “is;
(a) 2.5 GB (b) 5 GB (c) 500 MB (d) 700 MB
26. This is an example of online cloud storage.
(a) One drive (b) Drop box (c) Google drive (d) All these
27. In email window, cc stands for;
(a) Carbon copy (b) Clear copy
(c) Close copy (d) None of these
28. HTTP stands for;
(a) Heavy Traffic Transfer Plan
(b) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(c) High Tension Transmission Project
(d) None of these
29. This feature is not related to internet.
(a) World Wide Web (b) Google
(c) FTP (d) None of these
30. Network of computers of an organization which gives access to some
specific consumers is called;
(a) Networking (b) Internet (c) Extranet (d) Intranet
31. If a person is connected with internet, then it is called;
(a) Connected (b) Online
(c) Internet attach (d) Any of these
32. The most popular search engine is;
(a) Google.com (b) Bing.com
(c) Yahoo.com (d) Ask.com

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33. This option is available in window of edge browser.

(a) Download (b) History (c) Favorites (d) All these
34. To transfer a file from computer to internet is called;
(a) File transferring (b) Uploading
(c) Downloading (d) File loading
35. This file cannot be attached with email message.
(a) Text document (b) Spread sheet
(c) Video (d) None of these
36. In email address, [email protected], this part is the username;
(a) sirali (b) siralibutt@
(c) siralibutt (d) gmail.com
37. With reference to internet, ISP stands for;
(a) Inter Services Protocol (b) Internet Service Provider
(c) Internet Service Payment (d) None of these
38. Different web pages are linked with each other through;
(a) Email (b) Fiber optical cable
c) Hyper link (d) Net link
39. FTP facility is used to;
(a) Web designing (b) Web browsing
(c) Transfer of files through internet (d) All these

ANSWERS KEY

Short Questions
1. What is internet?
2. What is intranet?
3. Which medium are used to connect the computers with each other.

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4. Which software is used to transfer data on internet from one computer to

another computer?
5. What is internet server?
6. Write 8 advantages of internet.
7. What is WWW and for what it stands?
8. What is web page?
9. Define website.
10. For what ISP stands?
11. What is web browser?
12. Define search engine.
13. What is modem?
14. What is URL?
15. Write full name of following domain names.
16. What is an email?
17. What is FTP stands for and for which purpose it is used.
18. What is meant by home page?
19. Write two advantages of email.
20. Write names of three email service provider companies.
21. What is meant by become "online".
22. What is an Edge browser?
23. Write name of four search engines.
24. What is meant by "Sign in" with respect to email?
25. What is meant by cloud storage?
26. What is meant by uploading and downloading?
27. What is "Inbox" in email?
28. For what FTP and HTTP stands for?
29. What is difference between intranet and extranet.
30. What is a host computer?
31. What is google?
32. What is meant by CC and BCC in email?

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Long Questions
1. What is an internet? Write its advantages.

2. What is difference between web page & website? Also write

disadvantages of internet.

3. Explain the following.

4. For which sector, following domains are used.

1. .com 2. .gov 3. .edu 4. .mil

5. Explain the four components of a web address given below.

www.pbte.edu.pk

6. Which software is used for uploading and downloading file on internet?

What is meant by home page of a browser?

7. Give brief introduction of components of "edge" browser window.

8. Write method of saving web page on computer hard disk.

9. Write method of printing a web page.

10. Define search engine. Write names of two famous search engines. Write
method of searching a website using search engine.

11. Write method of sending and reading an e-mail.

12. Write names of two email service provider companies and write method of
sending a file through email.

13. Write some advance features of internet.

14. Write method of opening a website using “Microsoft Edge” browser.

15. What is cloud storage? Write note on sky drive and one drive.

16. Write difference between internet, extranet and intranet.

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