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Maths 2

The document presents a project report by Anisha Nasrin on understanding and modeling the rate of temperature change of water using Newton's Law of Cooling. It includes a certificate of completion, acknowledgments, the aim of the project, a detailed explanation of Newton's Law of Cooling, its derivation, solved examples, and a bibliography. The project aims to derive a mathematical model to predict water temperature over time based on initial conditions and cooling constants.

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1 views15 pages

Maths 2

The document presents a project report by Anisha Nasrin on understanding and modeling the rate of temperature change of water using Newton's Law of Cooling. It includes a certificate of completion, acknowledgments, the aim of the project, a detailed explanation of Newton's Law of Cooling, its derivation, solved examples, and a bibliography. The project aims to derive a mathematical model to predict water temperature over time based on initial conditions and cooling constants.

Uploaded by

aggarwalsunidhi662
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Table of Contents

 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of Project
 Concept of Newton’s Law of Cooling
 Newtons’s law of Cooling Derivation
 Solved Examples
 Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that Anisha Nasrin student of class XIIth (Science) of
Bodhichariya Sr. Sec. School has successfully prepared the report on
the Project entitled “to understand and model the rate of change of
temperature of water in relation to the surrounding room
temperature using Newton's Law of Cooling” under the guidance of
Mr. Debabrata Bera. The report is the result of his efforts &
endeavours. The report is found worthy of acceptance as final Project
report for the subject Chemistry of class XIIth (science).

Signature of Maths Teacher Signature of External Examiner

----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------

Signature of Principal
-----------------------------
Acknowledgement

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to those who have


supported me throughout this Mathematical Investigation. First and
foremost, I am deeply grateful to my teacher, Mr. Debabrata Bera ,
whose patience, knowledge, and guidance were invaluable in shaping
my understanding of mathematical concepts and applications. His
insightful feedback and encouragement motivated me to approach
each challenge with determination, ultimately enhancing my learning
experience.

I am especially indebted to our Honourable Principal, Mr. Swarup


Bhunia, who has always been a source of encouragement and
support along with my school, Bodhicariya Sr. Sec. School, for
providing an environment conductive to learning and exploration.
The resources and facilities available at Bodhicariya Sr. Sec. School
allowed me to delve into mathematics with a hands-on approach,
which significantly contributed to my growth in this subject.
Aim

The aim of this study is to understand and model the rate of change
of temperature of water in relation to the surrounding room
temperature using Newton's Law of Cooling. By formulating a
differential equation, we will investigate how the temperature of the
water changes over time as it moves towards thermal equilibrium
with the room temperature. This will provide insights into the
behaviour of temperature variation in practical scenarios, where the
rate of heat exchange between an object and its environment is
governed by the temperature difference. The objective is to derive a
mathematical model that can predict the temperature of the water
at any given time, given the initial temperature and cooling/heating
constants.
Concept – Newton’s
Law Of Cooling
What is Newton’s Law of Cooling?
Newton’s Law of Cooling describes the rate at which the
temperature of a body changes when it is exposed to a surrounding
medium with a constant temperature. According to this law, the rate
of cooling (or heating) is proportional to the temperature difference
between the body and its surroundings, provided the difference is not
too large. Mathematically, it is expressed as:

where 𝑇 is the temperature of the body at time 𝑡, 𝑇𝑠 is the constant


temperature of the surroundings, and kk is the cooling constant that
depends on the properties of the material and the medium. The
solution to this differential equation gives:

where T0 is the initial temperature of the body. This equation shows


how the temperature exponentially approaches the surrounding
temperature over time. The cooling constant 𝑘 plays a key role in
determining the rate of temperature change, and it can be
experimentally determined by observing the cooling process over a
fixed interval. This law finds applications in diverse fields, including
physics, engineering, meteorology, and even forensic science for
estimating time since death.
Newton’s Law Of
Cooling Derivation
Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of change of
temperature of an object is directly proportional to the temperature
difference between the object and its surroundings, with the constant
of proportionality depending on the material properties and surface
area.

STEP 1: RATE OF COOLING:


The rate of heat transfer is:

Introducing a proportionality constant 𝑘:

The negative sign indicates that the temperature of the object is


decreasing over time (cooling process).
STEP 2: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
For temperature θ:

Separating variables and integrating:

Result of integration:
Solved Examples:

EXAMPLE 1: COOLING OF HOT WATER IN A ROOM:


PROBLEM:
A cup of water is initially at 90°C and is placed in a room with a
temperature of 20°C. If the temperature of the water decreases at a
rate proportional to the temperature difference between the water
and the room, find the temperature of the water after 30 minutes,
given that the cooling constant k = 0.1
SOLUTION:
The differential equation is:

Where: (0) = 90 (initial temperature),


𝑇𝑟 = 20 (room temperature),
𝑘 = 0.1 (cooling constant).
Therefore:
Exponentiating both sides:
Using initial condition (0) = 90:

At 𝒕 = 30 mins:

Thus, the temperature of the water after 30 mins is approximately


23.5° C
Example 2 : COOLING OF A CUP OF COFFEE:
PROBLEM:
A cup of coffee initially at 85°C is placed in a room with a constant
temperature of 22°C. The rate of cooling is proportional to the
temperature difference between the coffee and the room
temperature. If the constant of proportionality k = 0.1, find the
temperature of the coffee after 60 minutes
SOLUTION:
The differential equation is:

Where: (0) = 85 (initial temperature),


𝑇𝑟 = 22 (room temperature),
𝑘 = 0.1 (cooling constant).

Exponentiating both sides:


Using initial condition (0) = 85:
At t = 60 mins:

Thus, the temperature of the coffee after 60 minutes is


approximately 22.16°C.
EXAMPLE 3 : WARMING OF A COLD BOTTLE IN A ROOM:
PROBLEM:
A cold bottle of soda is initially at 5°C and is placed in a room where
the temperature is 23°C. The temperature of the soda increases at a
rate proportional to the difference between the soda's temperature
and the room temperature. If the heating constant k = 0.15, find the
temperature of the soda after 20 minutes.
SOLUTION:
The differential equation is:

Where: (0) = 5 (initial temperature),


𝑇𝑟 = 23 (room temperature),
𝑘 = 0.15 (cooling constant).

Exponentiating both sides:


Using initial condition (0) = 5:
At t = 20 mins:

Thus, the temperature of the soda after 20 minutes is


approximately 22.1°C.
Bibliography
 Maths NCERT Text book
 www.google.com
 Stewart, J. (2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals (8th ed.).
Brooks/Cole. Provides an overview of differential equations,
including applications like Newton’s Law of Cooling.
 Robinson, T. (2005). Applied Mathematics for the
Management, Life, and Social Sciences. Brooks/Cole. Includes
practical applications of mathematical models, such as
temperature change and cooling processes.
 Newton, I. (1701). Philosophie Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. Original work by Isaac Newton, establishing the
fundamental principles that contribute to understanding heat
transfer.

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