UNIT – 1

2MARKS:
1. What are types of computer graphics?
There are two kinds of computer graphics are:
 Interactive Computer Graphics
 Non-Interactive Computer Graphics

2. Define video displayed device?

Video display devices (VDD) in computer graphics are hardware
components that show visual output from a computer, converting digital
signals into images, text, or video on a screen. The operation of most
video monitors is based on the standard Cathode-Ray-Tube (CRT) design.

3. What is an input device?

The Input Devices are the hardware that is used to transfer transfers
input to the computer. The data can be in the form of text, graphics,
sound, and text. Examples include:
- Mouse
- Keyboard
- Joystick
- Light pen

4. What is an output device?

An output device is a hardware device that is used to show the
processed results to the user in the form of text, audio, video, visuals on
a computer screen or a printed hard copy on paper. Examples include:
- Monitor
- Printer
- Speakers
- Headphones

5. Define CG
Computer Graphics can be a series of images which is most often called
a video or single image. Computer graphics is the technology that
concerns with designs and pictures on computers.
6. Define Raster scan display
The Raster scan system is a scanning technique in which the electrons
sweep from top to bottom and from left to right. The
intensity is turned on or off to light and unlight the pixel. Write down the
attributes of characters.

7. Define pixel phasing

Pixel phasing is an antialiasing technique, stair steps are smoothed out
by moving the electron beam
to more nearly approximate positions specified by the object geometry.

8. What do you mean by scan conversion?

A major task of the display processor is digitizing a picture definition
given in an application program into a set of pixel-intensity values for
storage in the frame buffer. This digitization process
is called scan conversion.

9. What is Aspect ratio?

The ratio of vertical points to the horizontal points necessary to
produce length of lines in both directions of the screen is called the
Aspect ratio. Usually, the aspect ratio is ¾.

10. Discuss between bitmap and pixmap

On a Black and White system with one bit per pixel, the frame buffer is
commonly called a Bitmap. For systems with multiple bits per pixel, the
frame buffer is often referred to as a Pixmap.

11. Write down the application field of computer graphics

Computer-Aided Design, Presentation Graphics, Computer Art,
Entertainment, Education and Training, Visualization, Image Processing,
Graphical User Interfaces.

12.What is inkjet?
An inkjet printer is a hardware output device that creates hard copies by
jetting ink onto paper. This printing recreates a soft copy image by
moving drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet can print characters in a variety of
shapes. Inkjet can print special characters.
 13. Define resolution
The maximum number of points that can be displayed without overlap
on a CRT is referred to as the Resolution.

14. What is GUI?

Nowadays, all software packages provide a Graphical Interface. A key
component is the window manager, which allows users to display
multiple windows, each containing a different process with graphical or
non-graphical displays. Interfaces also feature menus and icons for quick
selection of operations and parameter values.

15.What is image processing?

Image Processing is a technique used to modify or interpret existing
pictures, such
as photographs and TV scans. Two principal applications of Image
Processing are,
i) improving picture quality
ii) machine perception of visual information as used in Robotics.

16. Write down the note of scan conversion

A major task of the display processor is digitizing a picture definition
given in an application program into a set of pixel-intensity values for
storage in the frame buffer. This digitization process is called scan
conversion.

17. Write the use of CAD method

A major use of Computer Graphics is in Design Processes, particularly
for engineering and architectural systems. CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
methods are used in the design of buildings, automobiles, aircraft,
watercraft, spacecraft, computers, textiles and many other products.

5MARKS:
1. Discuss briefly use of computer graphics in image processing.
Image Processing means processing digital image by means of a
digital computer. We can also say that it is a use of computer
algorithms, in order to get enhanced image either to extract some
 useful information. Digital image processing is the use of algorithms
and mathematical models to process and analyze digital images. Here
are five key aspects where image processing is integral to computer
graphics:
1. Image Enhancement: Image processing techniques such as
filtering, contrast adjustment, and histogram equalization improve
the visual quality of images. These enhancements make images
more appealing and easier to interpret, which is essential in
applications like digital art, medical imaging, and photography.
2. Image Manipulation: Computer graphics often involve altering
images for various purposes, such as compositing, morphing, or
warping. Image processing algorithms allow for seamless
integration of different elements, enabling the creation of realistic
scenes or special effects in movies and video games.
3. Texture Mapping: In 3D graphics, textures are applied to surfaces
to give them a realistic appearance. Image processing techniques
are used to create, modify, and optimize these textures. This
includes generating texture maps from photographs or procedural
generation techniques, which enhance the realism of 3D models.
4. Image Compression: To efficiently store and transmit images,
image processing techniques are employed to compress image
data. This is vital in computer graphics, especially for web
graphics, video streaming, and gaming, where large image files
can significantly impact performance and loading times.
5. Object Recognition and Tracking: In applications like augmented
reality (AR) and computer vision, image processing algorithms
help recognize and track objects in real-time. This capability is
essential for rendering virtual objects in relation to the real world,
allowing for interactive and immersive experiences.

2. Write short notes on: Direct-view storage tubes.

It is used to store the picture information as a charge distribution
behind the phosphor-coated screen.There are two guns used in DVST:
1.Primary Gun: It is used to store the picture information.
2.Flood / Secondary Gun: It is used to display a picture on the screen.
 Advantages:
1. Less Time Consuming
2. No Refreshing Required
3. High-Resolution
4. Less Cost
Disadvantages:
1. The specific part of the image cannot be erased.
2. They do not display color.

3. What are Raster-scan systems? Explain.

 In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the
screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. As the electron
beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is turned on
and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots.

 Picture definition is stored in memory area called the Refresh

Buffer or Frame Buffer. This memory area holds the set of
intensity values for all the screen points. Stored intensity values
are then retrieved from the refresh buffer and “painted” on the
screen one row scan line at a time as shown in the following
illustration.
 Each screen point is referred to as a pixel picture element or
pel. At the end of each scan line, the electron beam returns to
the left side of the screen to begin displaying the next scan line.
4. Write short notes on : Graphics Software.
Graphics software is a type of computer program that is used to
create and edit images. There is a wide range of graphics software
available on the market, ranging from simple programs that allow
users to create and edit basic images, to complex tools that can be
used to create detailed 3D models and animations.

There are mainly two types of graphics software:

1. General programming package
2. Special-purpose application package

* General programming package :

 A general programming package provides an extensive set of
graphics function that can be used in high level programming
language such as C or FORTRAN.
 It includes basic drawing element shape like line, curves,
polygon, color of element transformation etc.
 Example: - GL (Graphics Library).

*Special-purpose application package

 Special-purpose application package are customize for
particular application which implement required facility and
provides interface so that user need not to vory about how it
 will work (programming). User can simply use it by interfacing
with application.
 Example: - CAD, medical and business systems.

 Advantages:
 It often provides a wide range of features, making it possible to
create complex images with ease.
 It provides users with a wide range of tools to
create, edit, and manipulate images.

 Disadvantages:
 It requires a powerful computer to work with the
project smoothly.
 It can be time-consuming to create graphics.

5. Write short notes on Hard copy devices

 A hard copy is a printed copy of information from a
computer. Sometimes it refers to a printer, so it is
called a hard copy because it exists as a physical
object. A hard copy is a tangible output that is
usually printed.

 examples are printouts, whether text on graphics,

form printers, and also films including microfilms
and microfiche is also considered as hardcopy
output.

 Hard Copy Output Devices:

It is an electromagnetic device, which accepts data
from a computer and translates them into forms
understood by users. Output devices: - printers
and plotters.

 Printers:
The printer is the most important output device,
which is used to print data on paper. A printer is an
important accessory for any computer system,
especially for a graphics system. This is because
most of the graphics created using computer
graphics have their ultimate utilization in printed
 form. Printers are of two types impact and non-
impact printers.
Advantages:
o More reliable
o Better quality
o Font can be changed easily
Disadvantages:
o Noise
o More expensive

 Plotters:
A plotter is a special output device used to produce
hard copies of large graphics and designs on
paper, such as contributed maps, and engineering
drawings.
The plotter is either a peripheral component that
you add to your computer system with its own
internal processor. It is suitable for applications:
*Architectural plan of the building.
*CAD applications like the design of mechanical
components of aircraft.
*Many engineering applications.

Advantages:
o It can produce high-quality output on large
sheets.
o It is used to provide the high precession
drawing.
o It can produce graphics of various drawings.

6. Discuss about Hard-Copy Devices

Hard-Copy Devices in Computer Graphics :
A hard copy is a printed copy of information from a computer.
Sometimes it refers to a printer, so it is called a hard copy because it
exists as a physical object. A hard copy is a tangible output that is
usually printed. The principal examples are printouts, whether text on
graphics, form printers, and also films including microfilms and
microfiche is also considered as hardcopy output.
1. Printers: A printer is an output device that produces a physical
copy of text or images on paper or other media. There are several
types of printers, which can be classified based on their printing
technology, functionality, and application.
2. Plotters: A plotter is a type of printer that is used to print vector
graphics, such as engineering drawings, architectural designs, and
maps. Plotters use a pen or a marker to draw lines and curves on
paper, which allows for high-precision printing of complex designs.
3. Impact Printers: Impact printers use a physical impact to print
characters on paper. They work by striking an ink ribbon against the
paper to create the printed image. Examples of impact printers
include:
4. Non-Impact Printers: Non-impact printers do not use physical
impact to print characters on paper. Instead, they use other
technologies to create the printed image. Examples of non-impact
printers include: inkjet printers, Laser printers, Thermal printers

5. Character Printers: Character printers are a type of impact printer

that prints one character at a time. They are often used in
applications where high-speed printing is not required, such as in
label printing or barcode printing.
 6. Line Printers: Line printers are a type of impact printer that prints
one line of text at a time. They are often used in applications where
high-speed printing is required, such as in mainframe computing or in
printing large volumes of text.
7. Inkjet Printers: Inkjet printers are a type of non-impact printer that
use a print head to spray droplets of ink onto the paper to create the
printed image. They are commonly used in home and office
environments for printing documents and photos.
8. Laser Printers: Laser printers are a type of non-impact printer that
use a laser beam to create an electrostatic image on a drum, which is
then transferred to paper using toner. They are commonly used in
office environments for printing high-quality text and images.

7. Describe about any Four Graphical Input devices

An input device is a piece of hardware used to provide data and
control signals to a computer or other digital devices. It allows users
to interact with and control the computer. Here are some common
examples:

 Mouse:
Description: The mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects
two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. It is used to move the
cursor on the screen, select objects, and execute commands.
Uses: Navigating through a graphical user interface, drawing in
graphic design software, and playing games.

 Graphics Tablet:
Description: A graphics tablet is a flat, touch-sensitive surface on
which you can draw with a stylus, mimicking the experience of
drawing with a pen on paper.
Uses: Digital art creation, animation, and precise photo editing.

 Touchscreen:
Description: A touchscreen is a display that can detect the presence
and location of a touch within the display area. It allows for direct
interaction with what is displayed.
Uses: Mobile devices, ATMs, and interactive kiosks.
  Trackball:
Description: A trackball is an input device consisting of a ball held by
a socket containing sensors to detect rotation. The user rolls the ball
with their thumb, fingers, or palm to move the cursor.
Uses: CAD (Computer-Aided Design) applications, industrial
machinery control, and situations where space is limited.

8. Discuss Briefly on: Flat – Panel Displays

Flat-Panel Devices are the devices that have less volume, weight, and
power consumption compared to Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). Due to the
advantages of the Flat-Panel Display, use of CRT decreased. As Flat
Panel Devices are light in weights that’s why they can be hang on
walls and wear them on our wrist as a watch. Flat Panel Display (FPD)
allow users to view data, graphics, text and images.

Types of Flat Panel Display:

1. Emissive Display:
The Emissive Display or Emitters are the devices that convert
electrical energy into light energy.
Examples: Plasma Panel, LED (Light Emitting Diode), Flat CRT.

o Plasma Panel Display:

Plasma-Panels are also called as Gas-Discharge Display. It
consists of an array of small lights. Lights are fluorescent in
nature
 2. Non-Emissive Display:
Non-Emissive Display or Non-Emitters are the devices that use
optical effects to convert sunlight or some other source into
graphic patterns.
Examples: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

o LCD (Liquid Crystal Display):

Liquid Crystal Displays are the devices that produce a picture
by passing polarized light from the surroundings or from an
internal light source through a liquid-crystal material that
transmits the light.

Advantages of Flat Panel Devices:

 Flat Panel Devices like LCD produces high quality digital images.
 Flat Panel monitor are stylish and have very space saving design.

 Flat Panel Devices use its full color display capability.

Disadvantages of Flat Panel Devices:

 They are very expensive compared to CRTs.
 They have very high refresh rates.
 Slow response times.

9. Discuss about use of Image processing in computer graphics.

Image Processing means processing digital image by means of a
digital computer. We can also say that it is a use of computer
algorithms, in order to get enhanced image either to extract some
useful information. Digital image processing is the use of
algorithms and mathematical models to process and analyze
digital images. Here are five key aspects where image processing
is integral to computer graphics:

 Image Enhancement: Image processing techniques such as

filtering, contrast adjustment, and histogram equalization improve
the visual quality of images. These enhancements make images
 more appealing and easier to interpret, which is essential in
applications like digital art, medical imaging, and photography.
 Image Manipulation: Computer graphics often involve altering
images for various purposes, such as compositing, morphing, or
warping. Image processing algorithms allow for seamless
integration of different elements, enabling the creation of realistic
scenes or special effects in movies and video games.
 Texture Mapping: In 3D graphics, textures are applied to surfaces
to give them a realistic appearance. Image processing techniques
are used to create, modify, and optimize these textures. This
includes generating texture maps from photographs or procedural
generation techniques, which enhance the realism of 3D models.

 Image Compression: To efficiently store and transmit images,

image processing techniques are employed to compress image
data. This is vital in computer graphics, especially for web
graphics, video streaming, and gaming, where large image files
can significantly impact performance and loading times.

 Object Recognition and Tracking: In applications like augmented

reality (AR) and computer vision, image processing algorithms
help recognize and track objects in real-time. This capability is
essential for rendering virtual objects in relation to the real world,
allowing for interactive and immersive experiences.

10. Discuss about use of Computer Graphics in CAD

CAD stands for Computer-Aided Design, which is also referred
to as computer-aided drafting. It is a technology used to create
and design the layout of physical components in manufactured
products. CAD allows designers to work with two-dimensional
or three-dimensional space, as well as curves, surfaces, and
solids.
Characteristics of CAD
 Efficiency: Efficient software is that which can use fewer
resources to give a better output.
  Simplicity: Software must be easy to understand, simple to
use and must be user friendly.
 Flexibility: The software must be able to integrate the design
modification without much difficulty.
 Readability: This provides the capability within the software
to help the user as and when required.
 Portability: The software must have the capacity to get
transferred from one system to another.
Applications of CAD
 3D printing: Three-dimensional printing is a method for turning
a digital model into a three-dimensional, physical thing. It is
done by employing an additive approach that entails
successively stacking layers of material, usually thermoplastic.
 Mapping: If users travel, for example, to the mountains or
somewhere else, they can add areas of interest, their lodging,
and the routes they take to get there to create a personalized
map.
 Fashion: The first step in the design process for fashion
designers is to use 2D CAD software. The fashion design
industry can benefit from CAD in a variety of ways, from mass-
market to high couture. Fashion designers, garment
manufacturers, export businesses, etc.
 Architecture: CAD can be used to create 2D or 3D models,
which can then be utilized to create animations and other
presentational materials. Technical drawings convey
comprehensive instructions on how to create something.
 Interior design: CAD may be used to create room layout plans
and mockups. The software makes it far easier than by hand to
create a 2D or 3D model mockup of any physical location.

11.Write short notes on: Random-Scan systems

In Random-Scan Display electron beam is directed only to the areas
of screen where a picture has to be drawn. It is also called vector
display, as it draws picture one line at time. It can draw and refresh
component lines of a picture in any specified sequence. A Pen plotter
is an example of random-scan device.
The number of lines regulates refresh rate on random-scan displays.
An area of memory called refresh display files stores picture
definition as a set of line drawing commands.

The system returns back to first-line command in the list, after all the
drawing commands have been processed. High-quality vector systems
can handle around 100, 00 short lines at this refresh rate. Faster
refreshing can burn phosphor. To avoid this every refresh cycle is
delayed to prevent refresh rate greater than 60 frames per second.

Suppose we want to display a square ABCD on the screen. The

commands will be:
 Draw a line from A to B
 Draw a line from B to C
 Draw a line from C to D
 Draw a line from D to A

ADVANTAGES:
 Higher resolution as compared to raster scan display.
 Produces smooth line drawing.
 Less Memory required.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Realistic images with different shades cannot be drawn.
 Colour limitations.
12.Discuss about the use of Computer Graphics in Presentation Graphics
and Computer Art.
Computer graphics have significantly transformed the fields of
presentation graphics and computer art, enabling creators to produce
visually compelling and informative content. Here’s a detailed
discussion on the use of computer graphics in these two areas:
1. Presentation Graphics
a. Data Visualization:
Computer graphics are essential for transforming complex data sets
into visual formats such as charts, graphs, and infographics. These
visuals help in conveying information quickly and effectively, making it
easier for audiences to understand trends, comparisons, and patterns
in the data. Tools like Microsoft PowerPoint, Tableau, and Google
Charts utilize computer graphics to create visually appealing
presentations.
b. Interactive Presentations:
With advancements in computer graphics, presentations can now be
made interactive. This includes the use of animations, transitions, and
interactive elements that engage the audience more effectively.
c. Enhanced Communication:
Visual aids created through computer graphics enhance
communication by breaking down language barriers and simplifying
complex concepts. For instance, diagrams and flowcharts can
illustrate processes that may be difficult to describe verbally
d. Professional Branding:
Computer graphics play a vital role in maintaining a consistent and
professional brand image. Logos, color schemes, and design elements
created using graphic design software contribute to a cohesive visual
identity, which is crucial for marketing and corporate presentations.
e. Simulation and Modeling:
In fields such as engineering, architecture, and medicine, computer
graphics are used to create simulations and models that represent
real-world scenarios.
2. Computer Art
a. Digital Painting and Illustration:
Computer graphics have revolutionized the art world by providing
 artists with powerful tools for digital painting and illustration.
Software like Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and Procreate allows
artists to create intricate artworks using a variety of brushes, textures,
and effects that mimic traditional art forms.
b. 3D Modeling and Animation:
Artists utilize computer graphics to create 3D models and animations
for various applications, including films, video games, and virtual
reality experiences. Programs like Blender, Maya, and Cinema 4D
enable artists to sculpt, texture, and animate their creations, bringing
them to life in a digital space.
c. Generative Art:
Computer graphics have paved the way for generative art, where
algorithms and code are used to create unique artworks. Artists can
manipulate parameters to produce endless variations, exploring the
intersection of art and technology.
d. Art Installation and Interactive Experiences: Techniques such as
projection mapping and augmented reality allow artists to create
immersive environments that captivate audiences and encourage
participation.
e. Accessibility and Distribution:
The digital nature of computer art allows for easy sharing and
distribution across various platforms. Artists can showcase their work
online through social media, digital galleries, and websites, reaching a
global audience without the constraints of physical exhibitions.

13. Write short notes on: Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes

Refresh CRT :
 As we all know, phosphor atoms have phosphorescence
properties that cause them to shine. However, the strength of
the luminous phosphor dots decreases with time.
 The electron beam must sweep the whole area of the screen
and then repaint it numerous times per second in order to
maintain a steady image. Refreshing the screen is the term for
this procedure.
 If the electron beam takes too much time to refresh, it looks
like the flickering of the image.

WORKING OF REFRESH CRT:

  Cathode is heated to produce electrons as a cloud.
 When the electron is injected through the electron gun, it
passes through the control grid.
 A control grid controls the intensity of electrons in the vacuum
tube. If the control grid has a high negative potential, then it
allows only a few electrons to pass through it.
 The brightness of a display is adjusted by altering the voltage on
the control grid because the amount of light emitted by the
phosphor coating is dependent on the number of electrons
impacting the screen.
 Fluorescence light is emitted while the phosphor is being struck
by electrons .
 Phosphorescence light is emitted once the electron beam is
removed

Difference between Refresh CRT Interlacing Technique:

Interlacing is also a technique for stable images, just like Refresh CRT.
In this technique, instead of refreshing the screen every time, the
electron beams sweep alternate lines in each pass.
Interlacing is faster than Refresh CRT as the refresh rate gets doubled.
The odd number of lines are refreshed in the first pass. In the second
pass, even numbered lines are drawn.

14.Compare CRT and LCD

S.NO CRT LCD

CRT stands for

While LCD stands for Liquid Crystal
1. Cathode Ray
Display.
Tube.

CRT consumes
2. While it consumes less power.
more power.

The cost of
3. CRT is less While it is costlier than CRT.
than LCD.

CRT is faster
than LCD in While it is slower than CRT in terms of
4.
terms of response.
response.

CRT is larger
5. than LCD in While it is small in terms of size.
terms of size.

It has not
6. image While it has good image confinement.
confinement.

CRT’s
resolution is While LCD’s resolution is more than
7.
lower than CRT.
LCD.
 It is used only While it is used in personal computers
8. in personal as well as in laptops and cellular
computers. phones.

Image
9. Flickering is Image Flickering is not there in LCD.
there in CRT.

Electron Gun is
Liquid crystals are used to form
10. used to form
images.
images.

15. Illustrate the organization of a simple random scan system

In Random-Scan Display electron beam is directed only to the areas
of screen where a picture has to be drawn. It is also called vector
display, as it draws picture one line at time. It can draw and refresh
component lines of a picture in any specified sequence. A Pen plotter
is an example of random-scan device.

The number of lines regulates refresh rate on random-scan displays.

An area of memory called refresh display files stores picture
definition as a set of line drawing commands.
The system returns back to first-line command in the list, after all the
drawing commands have been processed. High-quality vector systems
can handle around 100, 00 short lines at this refresh rate. Faster
refreshing can burn phosphor. To avoid this every refresh cycle is
delayed to prevent refresh rate greater than 60 frames per second.

Suppose we want to display a square ABCD on the screen. The

commands will be:
 Draw a line from A to B
 Draw a line from B to C
 Draw a line from C to D
 Draw a line from D to A
ADVANTAGES:
 Higher resolution as compared to raster scan display.
 Produces smooth line drawing.
 Less Memory required.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Realistic images with different shades cannot be drawn.
 Colour limitations.