INTELLIGENT Raghuram K Chinnabhandar, Ph.D.

Associate Professor,

TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
Department of Civil Engineering,
JNNCE, Shivamogga - 577204

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“American roads are good not because America is rich but America is
rich because American roads are good.”

–Former US President John F Kennedy

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What is Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)?
❖ An intelligent transportation system (ITS) refers to the integration of advanced
technologies, data analytics, and communication systems into transportation
infrastructure and vehicles.
❖ These innovations operate within digital transportation networks and are
generally introduced as part of larger ‘smart city’ initiatives
❖ In simple terms, ITS solutions help ensure that commuters, travelers, and
everyone else on the move have the up-to-the-second data they need to make
safe, informed, economical transportation decisions

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What is Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)?
❖ From drivers to passengers, intelligent transport systems enable a seamless
and intentional ecosystem capable of optimizing the entire transportation
experience.

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What is Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)?

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What is Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)?

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 Basic Elements of ITS
❖ ITS encompass a wide range of elements that work together to optimize
transportation networks and enhance the overall mobility experience
❖ Traf c Management System
❖ These systems utilize real-time data from sensors, cameras, and other sources to
monitor and manage traf c ow, helping authorities detect congestion, adjust
traf c signal timing, and optimize routes to improve overall traf c ef ciency.

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Basic Elements of ITS

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 Basic Elements of ITS
❖ Real-Time Route and Destination Information
❖ ITS provides travelers with real-time information about traf c conditions,
public transportation schedules, alternative routes, and even parking
availability.
❖ Traf c conditions
❖ Public Transportation Schedules
❖ Alternative routes
❖ Parking availability etc..

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Basic Elements of ITS - Traffic Conditions

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Basic Elements of ITS - Public Transportation Schedules

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Basic Elements of ITS - Alternative routes

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Basic Elements of ITS - Parking availability

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 Basic Elements of ITS
❖ Adaptive Traf c Signals
❖ Using real-time data and arti cial intelligence algorithms, ITS solutions are
capable of dynamically adjusting traf c signal timings based on current
conditions

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Basic Elements of ITS - Adaptive traffic signals

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 Basic Elements of ITS
❖ Transportation Analytics
❖ Advanced data analytics and predictive modeling techniques are employed
to analyze transportation data and derive valuable traf c insights

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Basic Elements of ITS - Transportation Data Analytics

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 Basic Elements of ITS
❖ Integrated Fare Payment Systems
❖ ITS solutions often include integrated fare payment systems that enable
contactless payment across various modes of transportation, such as buses,
trains, and taxis

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Basic Elements of ITS

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 Basic Elements of ITS
❖ Connected Vehicles
❖ ITS incorporates vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
communication capabilities, allowing vehicles to exchange data with each
other and with roadside infrastructure.
❖ This enables enhanced safety features (such as collision warnings and
adaptive cruise control) while also networking with other vehicles to help
coordinate traf c ow

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Basic Elements of ITS - Connected Vehicles

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Basic Elements of ITS - Connected Vehicles

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Basic Elements of ITS - Connected Vehicles

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Basic Elements of ITS - Connected Vehicles

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Basic Elements of ITS - Connected Vehicles

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 Benefits of ITS
❖ By using advanced technologies and data-driven insights, ITS solutions are
transforming transportation networks and enhancing the overall mobility
experience. Some bene ts of ITS are:
❖ Improved Safety
❖ Collision warning systems
❖ Automatic emergency braking systems
❖ Accident prevention systems
❖ Adaptive cruise control systems

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 Benefits of ITS
❖ Improved Safety
❖ Real-time traf c monitoring helps in enhancing safety especially at
intersections
❖ Prioritizing emergency vehicles
❖ Decreased congestion
❖ Real-time data on traf c ow, accidents, alternative routes etc travelers can
make informed decisions, avoiding congested areas and opting for more
ef cient routes
❖ ITS can optimize traf c ow to reduce bottlenecks and improve overall
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 Benefits of ITS
❖ Decreased Environmental Impact
❖ ITS helps decrease fuel consumption and emissions associated with idling
vehicles
❖ Integrated public transportation systems and real-time traveler
information likewise encourage the use of public transport, carpooling,
and alternative modes of transportation, further reducing vehicle
emissions.

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 Benefits of ITS
❖ Enhanced Transportation Ef ciency
❖ ITS improves the ef ciency of transportation networks by optimizing
infrastructure utilization and resource allocation
❖ Real-time data on traf c patterns and travel demand enables better
planning, route optimization, and capacity management
❖ This leads to more ef cient transportation operations, reduced travel
times, and improved reliability for individuals and businesses

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 Benefits of ITS
❖ Improved Mobility and Accessibility
❖ The elderly, disabled, and those with limited mobility likewise bene t
from ITS solutions.
❖ Real-time traveler information, integrated public transportation systems,
and accessible infrastructure empower individuals to navigate cities more
ef ciently and independently
❖ Cost Savings
❖ Decreased travel times and fuel consumption translate into cost saving

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 Benefits of ITS
❖ Cost Savings
❖ ITS solutions go even further, bene ting economies by enhancing
productivity and facilitating the ef cient movement of goods and services

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 Data Collection Techniques
❖ The collection of exhaustive and accurate data also called data acquisition
on real-time basis and rapid communication is critical for real-time
monitoring and strategic planning

❖ The An effective data acquisition-management-communication system

integrates tested hardware and ef cient software to collect reliable data for
further ITS activities.

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 Data Collection Techniques
❖ The different ITS hardwares/ equipment commonly used consist of:

❖ Sensors
❖ Cameras
❖ Automatic Vehicle Identi ers (AVI)
❖ GPS based Automatic Vehicle Locators (AVL)

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 Data collection through sensors
❖ The traf c data collected through sensors refer to the measurements made
along the roadside using different technologies.

❖ These sensors are advanced, exible, multi-purpose and most importantly

cost-effective.
❖ Data collection methods through sensors can be divided into different categories
❖ Site-based data collection techniques
❖ Floating car data/ oating cellular data technique

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 Data collection through sensors
❖ Wide-area data collection techniques

❖ Probe vehicle technique

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 Site-based data collection techniques
❖ Videographic Method
❖ In this method, data is collected using CCTV camera.
❖ For xing camera, an appropriate vantage point is selected to cover the
interested road stretch
❖ For required duration the selected stretch is recorded
❖ Then it is processed either through image processing or by counting manually
and sometimes by quasi manual counting

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 Site-based data collection techniques
❖ Infrared-based collection system
❖ This is a traf c surveillance system which works on the principle of
intervention of Infra-red beams
❖ The Infra-Red Traf c Logger consists of one transmitter and one receiver
❖ They have to be placed at the road edges
❖ The transmitter emits infra-red beams, the receiver receives the beam

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 Site-based data collection techniques
❖ Infrared-based collection system
❖ The Using a novel ight based technology, the receiver counts, classi es,
and determines the lanes, the beam overlap yields four different paths of
light
❖ In this two are parallel beams and two are crossed beams
❖ Each vehicle wheel interrupts each of the four beams when it passes
between the transmitter and receiver

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 Site-based data collection techniques
❖ Infrared-based collection system
❖ The Breaking of these beams is known as beam event
❖ To compute the exact velocity and lane of vehicles, precise time detection
of the beam event is used
❖ The direction of the vehicle is detected based on the order in which the
break events occur
❖ Based on its axle width, the vehicles are classi ed.

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 Site-based data collection techniques
❖ Infrared-based collection system
❖ They are classi ed as Bicycles, two wheelers, three wheelers, Tractor,
Tractor with trailers, SCV (2 axle Small Commercial Vehicles), LMV (2 axle
Light Motor Vehicles), LCV (2 axle Light Commercial Vehicles), MCV (2
axle Rigid Truck or Bus), HCV (3 axle Rigid Truck or Bus), HCV (3 axle
Articulated Truck or Bus), MAV (Rigid Truck), MAV (Articulated Truck)
and OSV (Oversized Truck)

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 Site-based data collection techniques
❖ Infrared-based collection system

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 Site-based data collection techniques
❖ Infrared-based collection system

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 Advantages
❖ Advantages
❖ The Video Graphic Method and Infra-Red Based Data Collection Method
reduce the manpower to large extent.
❖ Video Graphic Method also improves the data collection accuracy The
direction of the vehicle is detected based on the order in which the break
events occur

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 Limitations
❖ Limitations
❖ The coverage is limited
❖ The implementation and maintenance cost is more

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Floating car data/floating cellular data technique
❖ Floating car data collection is a set of relatively low-cost methods for
obtaining travel time and speed data for vehicles travelling along streets,
highways
❖ Three methods have been used to obtain the raw data
❖ Triangulation method
❖ Vehicle re-identi cation method
❖ GPS based methods

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 Triangulation method
❖ In the mid-2000s, mobile phones were used as anonymous traf c probes.

❖ The Signal of any mobile phones which are inside the vehicle moves as car
moves
❖ Using triangulation, the network data is measured and nalysed with the

help of pattern matching or cell-sector statistics

❖ The data will be converted into traf c ow information.

❖ With more congestion, there are more cars, more phones

❖ In theory, accuracy increases when the distance between antennas is shorter

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Triangulation method

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 Triangulation method
❖ Advantage:

❖ No infrastructure needs to be built along the road; only the mobile phone
network is leveraged.
❖ Disadvantage:

❖ This method is complicated, especially in areas where the same mobile phone
towers serve two or more parallel routes. By the early 2010s, the popularity of
the triangulation method was declining .

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 Vehicle re-identification
❖ This method requires set of detectors mounted along the road.
❖ In this technique, a unique serial number for a device in the vehicle is detected
at one location and then detected again (re-identi ed) further down the road
❖ By comparing the time at which a speci c device is detected by pairs of
sensors, travel times and speed are calculated
❖ This can be done using the MAC addresses from Bluetooth or other devices,
or using the RFID serial numbers from Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
transponders

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 GPS based methods
❖ An increasing number of vehicles are equipped with in-vehicle satellite navigation/
GPS systems that have wo-way communication with a traf c data provider

❖ To compute vehicle speed, position readings from vehicles are used

❖ Modern methods may not use dedicated hardware but instead uses Smartphone
❖ Smartphone-based rich monitoring is used to track traf c speed and density
❖ To nd out traf c speed andoad quality, the car drivers use accelerometer
data from smart phones

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 GPS based methods
❖ Audio data and GPS tagging of smart phones enables identi cation of traf c
density and possible traf c jams.

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 Advantages of Floating car data
❖ The cost is low compared to sensors or cameras

❖ By including all locations and streets it gives more coverage

❖ Set up is faster and maintenance is less
❖ Works in all weather conditions, including heavy rain

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 Wide-area data Collection methods
❖ This method aims to carry out wide-area traf c ow monitoring capabilities
based on multi-sensor tracking options such as photogrammetric processing
❖ The sensors involved are:

❖ Satellite sensors
❖ Radio Frequency Identi cation (RFID) method
❖ Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) method
❖ Mobile Telephony method

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 Satellite sensors
❖ This kind of sensors provides pictures, aerial photographs and images.
❖ Then they are processed using photogrammetric processing.
❖ Photogrammetric processing is the science and technology of making measurements

❖ Measurements are captured from overlapping pairs of photographs using

stereo
❖ Orientation and triangulation are fundamental photogrammetric processing
tasks

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Satellite sensors

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Satellite sensors

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Satellite sensors

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 Satellite sensors
❖ Triangulation (also called ‗block adjustment„) is used to assemble a collection
of images into a single model so that accurate and consistent information can be
obtained from large areas

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Advantage of data collection by Satellite sensors
❖ Photogrammetric is a very cost-effective data capture technique that is
sometimes the only practical method of obtaining detailed data of traf c

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) method
❖ RFID technology is a simple method of exchanging data between two
entities namely a reader/ writer and a tag
❖ This communication allows information about the tag or the element
carrying the tag to be determined and in this way it enables processes to be
managed more easily

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) method

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 RFID method
❖ Advantage
❖ Vehicle tracking - RFID technology can be used to determine when vehicles
have passed particular points and in this way their location can be
approximately determined

❖ Disadvantage
❖ RFID technology is an expensive method

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Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) method
❖ DSRC is a subset of radio frequency identi cation (RFID) technology. DSRC
is a short- to medium-range wireless communication channel.
❖ It operates in the 5.8 or 5.9GHz wireless spectrum, speci cally designed for
automotive use.
❖ DSRC enables two-way wireless communications between the vehicle

(through embedded tags or sensors) and Road Side Equipment (RSE)

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Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) method

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 Advantage of DSRC method
❖ DSRC is a key enabling technology for many intelligent transportation
systems, including vehicle-to-infrastructure integration, vehicle-to-vehicle
communication, adaptive traf c signal timing, electronic toll collection etc

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 Mobile Telephony method
❖ ITS applications can transmit information over standard third or fourth
generation (3G or 4G) mobile telephone networks
❖ Mobile phones have an accelerometer which measures its tilting motion and
orientation.

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 Advantages of Mobile Telephony method
❖ Advantages
❖ Its wide availability in towns and along major roads
❖ However, additional network capacity may be required if vehicles are
tted with this technology, and network operators might need to cover
these costs
❖ Disadvantage
❖ Mobile telephony may not be suitable for some safety-critical ITS applications
since it may be too slow
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 Advantages of Mobile Telephony method
❖ Advantages
❖ Its wide availability in towns and along major roads
❖ However, additional network capacity may be required if vehicles are
tted with this technology, and network operators might need to cover
these costs
❖ Disadvantage
❖ Mobile telephony may not be suitable for some safety-critical ITS applications
since it may be too slow
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 Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ Probe vehicle techniques are typical ITS applications designed primarily
for collecting real-time data.
❖ Their primary application is for a speci c purpose other than travel time
data collection, such as real-time traf c operations monitoring, incident
detection, and route guidance applications.
❖ However, these systems can be used for the collection of travel time data.
❖ Since these probe vehicles are used for travel time data collection but are
already in the traf c stream for a different purpose, they are often referred
to as ‘passive’ probe vehicles
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 Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ Coordination is often necessary between the agency responsible for the
system operation and the agency that would like to utilize the system for
travel time data collection
❖ Basically, detecting an identi ed vehicle as it passes through known
locations on the network can serve as a “traf c probe”.

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 Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ A probe vehicle must be capable of being reliably and uniquely identi ed
at more than one discrete location. For example:
❖ A single vehicle may not be wholly representative of the behaviour of all
vehicles on a road link – and the accuracy of the information improves
when more vehicles are monitored at more locations
❖ A vehicle may be uniquely identi ed by reading its Vehicle Registration
from the vehicle’s number plate by using a specially equipped camera
system with Automatic Number Plate Reader (ANPR) capability

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 Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ If the vehicle contains a mobile phone, the phone itself may transmit
unique (but not necessarily personally identi able) data that can be
captured by a roadside detector

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 Advantages of Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ Low cost per unit of data
❖ Once the necessary infrastructure and equipment are in place, data may be
collected easily and at low cost. There is no need to routinely set up and
disassemble equipment.
❖ Continuous data collection
❖ The Travel time data may be collected 24 hours per day with ITS probe vehicle
systems
❖ If the infrastructure is permanently installed, data are collected as long as probe
vehicles continue to travel through the system
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 Advantages of Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ Automated data collection
❖ Data can be collected electronically
❖ Probe vehicle systems are electronic, and data are automatically transmitted
from the probe vehicle to the ITS control facility
❖ Data are in electronic format
❖ Data can be collected electronically
❖ Once the data have been collected, they are already in an electronic format

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 Advantages of Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ No disruption of traf c
❖ Since data are collected from probes within the traf c stream, the traf c is not
in uenced by the experimenter
❖ Probe vehicles are driven by persons not directly involved with the data collection.
❖ Thus, data are not biased towards test vehicle driving styles

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 Disdvantages of Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ High implementation cost
❖ Since Probe vehicle systems typically have a high initial cost to purchase
necessary equipment, install the equipment, and train personnel to
operate the system and collect data
❖ Fixed infrastructure constraints
❖ Once the xed infrastructure of receiving antennas is implemented, it is
generally not nancially feasible to make adjustments in the size and
orientation of the system coverage area

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Disdvantages of Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ High implementation cost
❖ The coverage area of a probe vehicle system, including locations of
antenna sites, should be considered before implementation to ensure that
data will be collected at strategic locations
❖ Data cannot be collected outside of the coverage area of the probe
vehicle system without expensive infrastructure additions

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 Disdvantages of Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ Requires skilled software designers
❖ The software that performs the data collection tasks are complex
programs and are typically designed in-house or by a consultant.
❖ The software is typically customized for a particular probe system
❖ Privacy issues
❖ The probe vehicle techniques involve tracking vehicles as they travel
through the highway and street system.
❖ This raises concerns that motorists’ travel habits may be monitored
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Disdvantages of Probe Vehicles or Devices
❖ Not recommended for small scale data collection efforts
❖ Probe vehicle systems generally have large implementation costs, and
they are most cost-effective for collecting data within a large study area

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 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)
❖ AVL helps to determine and transmit the geographic location of a vehicle.
A tracking system may collect this aggregate data from one or more
vehicles to manage an overview of vehicle travel.
❖ AVL is often used in dispatching and tracking transit vehicles and public
transport
❖ This is because AVL has helped improve schedule adherence and keeps
passengers noti ed of arrival times

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 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)
❖ Similarly, emergency vehicles, law enforcement, and other rst responders
have used AVL to help reduce response times by improving
communications between dispatchers
❖ Automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems help eets with dispatching and
tracking their vehicles
❖ AVL helps eets adhere to schedules and improve response times by radio
direction method, signpost methods and GPS-based methods.

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 Working principle of AVL
❖ A vehicle’s location can be determined by various methods such as GPS
technology
❖ The signals are then transmitted using a telemetry system

❖ Typically, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and

Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) are the technologies used for telemetry
due to the lower data rate needed for AVL.
❖ When GPS signals are poor, AVL systems can use various technologies to
determine actual location information.

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 Working principle of AVL
❖ For example, AVL can use dead reckoning, which takes a previously
determined position and then incorporates estimations of speed, heading
direction, and course over elapsed time
❖ They can also use a signpost RFID system if the route is xed

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 Types of AVL systems
❖ Direction nding systems
❖ Signpost systems
❖ GPS-based systems

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 Types of AVL systems
❖ Direction nding systems
❖ Direction nding or radio direction nding (RDF) measures the direction
from which a received signal was transmitted
❖ It’s used in amateur radio and with some cellular or wireless
communications
❖ The simplest systems calculate the bearing from two xed sites to the
mobile one, creating a triangle to pinpoint where the mobile transmitter is

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 Types of AVL systems
❖ In wireless phone systems, phones must transmit continually when off-hook,
making continual tracking possible by collecting many location samples

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 Types of AVL systems
❖ Signpost systems
❖ Signpost transmitters are used to track and locate vehicles along a xed
route.
❖ These systems are typically used on transit routes and rail lines where
tracked vehicles operate on a continual, linear route.

❖ Transponders or radio-frequency identi cation (RFID) chips placed along

the route are polled as the vehicle passes by

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 Types of AVL systems
❖ As the vehicle passes the transponder, the vehicle receives a signal from
the signpost transmitter

❖ The transmitter on the vehicle would then report passing the signpost to a
system controller
❖ This allows eet managers and dispatchers to monitor vehicle route
progress
❖ These systems are an alternative when GPS signals are blocked by terrain.

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 Types of AVL systems
❖ GPS-based systems
❖ With the increased reliability and lowered cost of global positioning
systems (GPS), many modern AVLs use this technology

❖ GPS-based systems don’t require eets to install and maintain a robust

infrastructure
❖ Only a GPS receiver collects satellite signals installed in each vehicle and a
radio to communicate the location data to dispatchers.

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 Types of AVL systems
❖ The location data is periodically polled from each vehicle or shared real-
time information
❖ Then, location data is displayed on a map, allowing dispatchers to see the
exact location of every vehicle.

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 Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI)
❖ AVI is a wireless technology used in a variety of access, traf c, and
parking control applications to identify vehicles and receive information
about vehicles near an entrance or exit gate
❖ The AVI System allows for the vehicle approaching the gate to enter or exit
hands-free of any displays, devices, or codes
❖ A vehicle with a transmitter installed can simply approach an AVI System,
barring they have the proper transmitting signal, and exit or enter a given
parking lot, garage, or facility

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 Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI)
❖ The vehicle is only allowed to pass through the barrier if they have the
proper ID tag installed in their vehicle
❖ The reader of the AVI System then communicates with the barrier device
to grant access of exit.
❖ The information gathered through this process is also converted into data
that can be used via the access control company maintaining the device so
that they can better understand traf c ow.

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 Benefits of AVI
❖ A Unique Identi cation Code/Tag For Each Vehicle
❖ For each vehicle, they will receive a unique code or tag that grants them
access through the barrier. This means that access control can be
monitored and tracked for future improvements or adjustments.
❖ Hands-Free Operation
❖ No buttons, codes, or displays need to be interacted with the barrier to
gain access or exit. Vehicles with the proper tag, code, or transmission
can pass freely

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 Benefits of AVI
❖ No Human Intervention Needed
❖ For access barriers with security cabins, the security professional on duty
will not need to physically interact with the barrier to allow access or
exit
❖ Vehicle Count Tracked
❖ Within the AVI System, the number of vehicles that have entered or
exited through the barrier can be tracked

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 Benefits of AVI
❖ Rolling Access Decreases Fuel Consumption
❖ Vehicles that do not need to stop at a barrier use less fuel while
interacting with a barrier. This saves time, money, and the environment

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