KENSOFT EDUCATION

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL
What is Computer?
Computer is an Electronic device or gadgets which accept some programmable data,
process in it then provide some output as in turn.
Father of computer
Charles Babbage, a British Mathematics professor, is regarded as the father of computers.
He was born in England in 26 December1791 (1791-1871) and died 18 October 1871,
London as the son of a rich banker from Devon. He invented computer in 1822.
Language
It is a medium through which communication takes place between two persons called
Language.
Computer Language
It is a special language through which communication takes place between user and
computer called computer language.
Computer language is 3 types--
1. High Level Language
2. Low Level Language
3. Middle Level language
High Level Language
The languages like English, Hindietc. those are directly understand by user but not by
computer called High Level Language.
Low Level Language
Computer is an Electronics Device therefore it only understands to +ve and -Ve charge called
0 and 1so 0 and 1 are called low level language or Machine understandable language or
binary digit.
Middle Level Language
High Level language is not directly converted to low Level language but at first converted to
a common code called ASCII.So ASCII is considered as Middle level language.
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

DATA
 Any things should be entered to the computer called data.
Data may be letters, numbers, sounds or images etc.
INFORMATION
 Data after processing called Information.
FEATURES OF COMPUTER
 Some common Features of computer are
1. High Storage
 It is calculated that a computer store huge amount of data up to tera byte form.
STORAGE UNIT
0 or 1= a Bit
8 Bits=1 Byte
1024 Bytes=1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB=1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB=1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB=1 TB (Tera Byte)
1024 TB=1 PB (Pieta Byte)
HIGH SPEED
The speed of computer measure in Millisecond. So it very high speeds to computation.
ACCURECY
Computer never give any Wrong output because most of the mistaken made by user.
RELIABLE
 In computer any type of operation made with reliable.
AUTOMATIC
 Computer made all operation automatically after entering data.
IT-Information Technology
It divides into 2 parts
1. Hardware
2. Software
HARDWARE
It is the body part of the computer system.
Definition
All the physical component of the computer system those are touchable and visible called
hardware.
Software
It is the brain part of the computer system. It is not touchable and visible only output will
visible.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Entire body part of the computer system divides into 4 parts
1. Input Device
2. Output Device
3. CPU
4. Memory
INPUT DEVICE
It is a physical component of the computer system through which user enters some data to
the computer.
Esp.:-Keyboard, Mouse, Light pen, Scanner etc.
OUTPUT DEVICE
It is another physical component of the computer system through which computer provide
some output to the user.
Esp.:-Monitor or VDU (Visual Display Unit), Printer, Plotter etc.
PRINTER
It is an output device through which we take printout as hardcopy.
Printers are two types
1. Impact Printer
2. Non-Impact Printer
Impact Printer
In this printer the print head touch with printed paper.
Exp.:-DOTMatrix, Daisy Wheel printer
Non-Impact Printer
In this printer the print head never touch the printed paper.
Exp.
Inkjet printer, Laser Jet Printer
CPU
Central Processing Unit
It is the Central part of the computer system because all types of important operations takes
place by CPU.
CPU contain some components such as
1. SMPS
2. Buses
3. Ports
4. Motherboard
5. Secondary Memory Units
6. Fan
7. Speaker
SMPS
Switch mode Power Supply
It is act as a Transformer which is used for converting 220 A.C. Volts into 6 to 12 D.C. volts
and then distributes different amount of Voltage into Different component of the system.
BUSES
All the internal cables those are connected from one chip to other chip inside CPU called
Buses.
Buses are 3 types
1. Data Bus
2. Address Bus
3. Memory Bus
->In data bus transmits data.
->In Address bus transmit address of Destination chip
->In Memory bus Transmit Memory amount
PORTS
All the External cables those are connected from CPU to External components such as
Mouse, Keyboard, Printer, Monitoretc. called Ports.
Ports are 2 types
1. Serial Port
2. Parallel Port
Parallel Port is speeder than serial port.
Mother Board
It is a kit board present inside CPU contain some components such as
1. Processor
2. Co-Processor
3. CMOS-Battery
4. Primary Memory Unit

PROCESSOR
 Processor is a small magnetic chip used for processing entire system.
Processor contain 2 parts

1. CU (Control Unit)

2. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)

CU is used for controlling Entire System but ALU is used for making Arithmetic and Logical
Comparison.

 When processor overloaded that time co-Processor help to Processor by sharing

some overload at
 CMOS battery (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) it is used for keeps
backup of System password as well as Consume power.

MEMORY

Computer has 2 types memory

1. Primary Memory or Temporary Memory

2. Permanent Memory or Secondary memory
Primary or Temporary Memory

 When user enters any data these data at first stored in temporary memory unit
called RAM.
What is RAMMING
RAM is a magnetic chip fixed inside CPU under mother board which stored data temporarily.
RAM is called Main Memory
RAM is called Primary Memory
RAM is called Volatile Memory
RAM is called Random Access
ROM
ROM stands for Read Only Memory
It is another memory chip which fixed inside CPU contains some preloaded data by
manufacturer. These data from ROM read by Computer then start and close the system
automatically.
Note:-Both RAM and ROM isprimary memory but difference is that RAM is temporary but
ROM is permanent.
SECONDARY OR PERMANENT MEMORY OR STORAGE UNIT
For storing data permanently we should transferred these data from Temporary memory
unit to permanent memory unit.
Some Common permanents or Storage units are
1. HardDisk (HD)
2. FloppyDisk (FD)
3. CD (CompactDisk)
HARD DISK
It is the main storage unit fixed inside CPU used for storing data.
FLOPPY DISK
It is another storage unit which stored data. FD is not fixed inside CPU, it istransferable.
CD (Compact Disk)
Like Floppy Disk it is another storage unit which stored data opt 750 MB.
DRIVES
For storing or retrieving data in Disk some common drives are used such as
1. Hard Disk Drive
2. Floppy Drive
3. CD-ROM Drive
4. CD-Writer
5. Combo Drive
6. Pen Drive
Hard Disk Drive
It is used for Retrieving and storing data in Hard Disk.
Floppy Drive
It is used for retrieving and storing data in Floppy Disk.
CD-ROM Drive
This Drive only used for Reading or playing Contains of CD.
CD-Writer
It is used for only Storing data to CD.
Combo Drive
It is used for both storing and retrieving data in CD.
Pen Drive
It also used for storing and retrieving data in Hard Disk. Storage space is up to 2GB,
4GB, 8GB, and 16GB etc.
SOFTWARE
It is the brain part of thecomputer system.Softwares is of 2 types
1. System Software
2. Application Software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The software through whichinternal operations of the system takes place called system
software.
Exp:-
Operating system, Assembler, Compiler, Interpreter, Executer etc.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
The software through which we made some applications for different purposes called
Application Software.
Application software never use without system software.
Exp:-MS-Word, Excel, Power Point, C, C++, Javaetc.
OPERATING SYSTEM
It is system software which acts as an interface between user and computer.
Operatingsystem also checks all the hardware Components are properly functioning or not.
Operating System is of two types
1. Single User OS
2. Multi User OS
SINGLE USER OS
The Operating System which operates through a Single standalone computer called Single
User Operating System.
Exp:-MS-DOS
MULTIUSER OS
The Operating System which Operate through Multiple computers in a Networking system
called Multiuser Operating System.
Exp:-Linux. UNIX, Windowsetc.
Depends upon Interface Operating System are again of two types
1 .CUI Operating System
2. GUIOperating System
CUI OS

CUI-Character User Interface

Definition
The Operating System which operates through characters using keyboard called CUI
operating System.
Exp:-MS-DOS, UNIX
GUI OS
GUI-Graphical User Interface
The Operating System whichoperates through Graphical or Pictorial Icons using Keyboard
and Mouse called GUI Operating System.
Exp:-Linux, window 98, win 2000, windows xp etc.
EXTRA
 UPS = uninterruptible power supply.
 PC: personal computers
  URL: Uniform Resource Locator is the full form of
 LCD = liquid crystal display
 CRT = cathode ray tube

HISTORY OF COMPUTER EVOLUTION

a) Abacuschina 16thcenturyUsed for addition and subtractionOperation. Calculation of
square roots can also be performed.
b) Napier’s john 1617 Perform multiplication on numbers.
c) Bones Napier Technology used for calculation calledRabdologia. Operation
performed on the embedded Rods.
d) Pascalebiased 1642 perform addition and subtraction of Two numbers.
e) Pascal mainly designed with regard to the Pressure of liquid.
f) Card of joseph 1801 simplified the process of textiles.
g) Holes for jacquard Weaving Pattern
h) Analytical Charles 1834-71 generally used for basic arithmetic Operations.
i) Engine Babbage it was a decimal machine used sign and magnitude for
representation of Number.
j) TabulatingHerman 1880 it was the first electromechanical
k) Machine Hollerith machine, which was designed to processthe data for census in
1890.
l) Mark Howard 1944 mainly used in the war effort during world.
m) Aiken magnetic drums are used for storage.
n) ENIAC JP Eckert 1950 first electronic digital computer.
o) And jw used for weather prediction atomic energy.
p) Mauchly calculation and other scientific uses.
q) EDSAC John von 1946-52 First computer programs was run on Machine.
r) Neumann Used mercury delay lines for memory and vacuum tubes for logic.
a) UNIVAC Eckert and 1951 used magnetic tapes as input andoutput Jw Mauchly.IBM-
650 IBM 1954Payroll processing Market research analysis Computer Company
Oil refinery design

GENERATION OF COMPUTER
First: 1940-56 vacuum tubes magnetic 333micro batch machinefattest used for drums
micro operatinglanguage computing scientific second system binary device purpose
number os generate e.g. enact and 1st large amount UNIVAC Of heat.

Second: 1956 Transistors magnetic 10 micro timesharingassembly more reliable used Core
second system language & less prone for Technology multitasking high level hardware
commercial Os language failure. Production Portable e.g. pdp-8, and generate IBM Less
amount of 1401 Heat.
 Third:1946-71 integrated Magnetic 100real-time High level
consumed database Circuits core as Nano system language less
power manage (ICS) primary seconds (FORTRAN, COBOL Highly
system Storage algol sophisticated e.g. Medium ncr-395, B6500.

Fourth: 1971 large semi 10 Pico timesharing Pascal, ada more

distributed Present, integrated, conductor second network,
cobol-74 reable and system (lsi)circuit , memory Gui interface
Fortran IV Portable e.g,intel Microprocessor
Winchester This 4004 chip, Disk generation Macintosh leads to
better communication and resource sharing.

Fifth: present super largeparallel processing artificial and scale

integrated Intel coreintelligence beyond(slsi)chips
microprocessor e.g.is implemented roboticsEnables mega
Chips

BASED ON SIZE

On the basis of size computer are categorise as follows.

Microcomputer

Microcomputers are the least powerful, yet the most widely used
and fattest growing type of computers and are also called portable
computers. Microcomputer consists of three basic categories of
physical equipment i.e. system unit input/output and memory.
MAINRAME COMPUTER
Mainframe computers are those having large internal memory
storage and comprehensive range o software mainframe computer
serves as a back bone or the entire business world it is considered
as the heart of a network of computers or terminals that allows a
large number of people to work at the same timeMainframe
computers are IBM -370, IBM – S/390, UNIA-1110.
MINICOMPUTER
Minicomputer is smaller in size, faster, cost lower than
mainframe computer. initially, the minicomputer was deigned to
carry out some pacific tasks, like engineering and computer aided
design (CAD) calculation but now they are being used a central
computer which Iscalled as serer mini computers are IBM -17 DEC
PDP -11 HP -9000,etc.