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Lecture 06 -Microprocessor

Instrumentation systems involve the use of instruments for measuring and controlling physical quantities. Control systems manipulate information from instruments to maintain desired performance and stability, utilizing control loops to measure, compare, and adjust variables. Microprocessor-based instrumentation enhances traditional systems by improving accuracy and efficiency through integrated computing capabilities.

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Lecture 06 -Microprocessor

Instrumentation systems involve the use of instruments for measuring and controlling physical quantities. Control systems manipulate information from instruments to maintain desired performance and stability, utilizing control loops to measure, compare, and adjust variables. Microprocessor-based instrumentation enhances traditional systems by improving accuracy and efficiency through integrated computing capabilities.

Uploaded by

allymxafiry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF LEGAL & INDUSTRIAL METROLOGY

LMU07101

ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCE


LECTURE -06
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS
instrumentation systems
❑ Instrumentation is the collection of instruments and their applications for purpose of
observation measurement and control of physical quantiles such as temperature,
pressure, flow, level, force, angle, light intensity etc.

❑ A system is an arrangements of different components (instruments) that act


together as a collective unit to perform a particular task.

❑ An instrument is a device or tool designed to measure, monitor, display, or control a


specific physical, chemical, or biological parameter.

Three basic functions of Instrument


INDICATING-Providing a visual indication of the quantity being measured.
RECORDING-Furnishes a permanent record.
CONTROLLING-Used to control a quantity.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Control System is the mechanism, that takes the information from instruments of a process manipulating
it using logic (algorithms) then applying the results to a process or system to change its characteristics.
❑ Its primary goal is to achieve desired performance, maintain stability, and respond appropriately to
external changes or disturbances.

Process Control- has the characteristic of automatically regulating a process. Automatic in this context
means that the process is controlled without the need of human intervention.

Variables-Are defined as the characteristic of the process. Some variables are temperature, speed,
humidity, viscosity, density etc.
❑ There are two basic types of variables: Namely measured (controlled) and manipulated.

The setpoint is a value for a process variable that is desired to be maintained.

Control Loop- Is a control system architecture that will manage a process using elements that sense,
adjust, and act upon the process.
We can define it as the configuration by which the control system manipulates the control parameters.
Three tasks of Control loops:
❑ Measurement, Comparison & Adjustment
DEFINITION OF TERMS……
TYPES OF LOOP
❑ An open control loop exists where the process variable is not compared, and action is taken not in
response to feedback on the condition of the process variable, but is instead taken without regard to
process variable conditions.
DEFINITION OF TERMS……
TYPES OF LOOP
❑ A closed control loop exists where a process variable is measured, compared to a setpoint, and
action is taken to correct any deviation from the set point.
Elements of a Control Loop
Process: The controlled system is called the process. It could be defined as a
conditioned situation that produces results which must be kept under an expected
value or range of values. As in Figure below, the process deals directly with the
product. Product in this case could be taken as a material, fluid, or whatever is
produced, manufactured, or treated.
Elements of a Control Loop…..
Microprocessor-Based Instrumentation

❑ Integrates a microprocessor as the core component to


monitor, control, and process signals from various sensors
and devices.
fined in Webster

❑ Integrated circuit that contains the entire central processing


unit of a computer on a single chip.

❑ Microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) that incorporates


most or all the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) of
a computer on a single chip
Microprocessor-Based Instrumentation
❑ Microprocessor is a multipurpose programmable, clock driven,
(continuous oscillating signal) register based electronic device
fabricated using signal integrations from SSI to VLSI that reads binary
instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data
as input, processes data according to those instructions and provide
result s as output.

❑ Microprocessor based Instrumentation System:


Any instrumentation systems centered around a microprocessor are
known as microprocessor-based system. Logical and computing power of
microprocessor has extended the capabilities of many basic instruments,
improving accuracy and efficiency of use. Microprocessor is versatile
device for use in any instrumentation system. Examples are ATM,
automatic washing machine, fuel control, oven etc.
Components of Microprocessor-Based Instrumentation
System
 Microprocessor:

• Acts as the central processing unit (CPU).

• Performs data processing, control decisions, and computations.

Other components (all element of control loop)


Advantages & disadvantages of computerbased
instrumentation systems
Instrument Characteristics
Dead Zone
(Static)
For
instrumentation,
-it is the range
where the
instrument cannot
measure

For control
systems,
it is the area of
control where the
system cannot
respond

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