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05 NW - Routing Note Chinh

The document discusses routing in computer networks, focusing on how routers connect different networks (LANs and WANs) and forward packets between them. It explains the role of routers as nodes in the internet, the importance of unique IP addresses for hosts, and the use of routing tables for determining packet destinations. Additionally, it outlines the hierarchical structure of the internet, including local area networks, access networks, and core networks.

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Tuyết Mai
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6 views20 pages

05 NW - Routing Note Chinh

The document discusses routing in computer networks, focusing on how routers connect different networks (LANs and WANs) and forward packets between them. It explains the role of routers as nodes in the internet, the importance of unique IP addresses for hosts, and the use of routing tables for determining packet destinations. Additionally, it outlines the hierarchical structure of the internet, including local area networks, access networks, and core networks.

Uploaded by

Tuyết Mai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Routing

106
Routing
• Two independent networks (LAN, but also applies to WAN)

• Di erent layer-2 network technologies (Ethernet, FDDI)


• Di erent transmission technologies

• Di erent addressing schemes

• Communication between a computer from LAN A and one from


LAN B?

Computer Networks 107


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ff
ff
Routing
• Connection of the two networks via a router
• Special computer with several network cards and special software

• Router is a participant in both networks

• The router couples the two networks on layer 3 and forwards


("forwards") packets between them ( -> L3, network layer)

Router

Computer Networks 108


Routing
• Quickly complex, meshed structure of networks connected by
routers (“LANs" / "WANs")

• We are not interested in the internal structure of LANs and WANs


in this chapter, the routers and their connection to the individual
networks are important

WAN B

LAN E
WAN C

WAN D

LAN A

WAN F

Computer Networks 109


Routing
• The routers are the nodes of the internet, the networks are the
connections

• Routers only take care of the delivery of a packet to the right


network, the delivery within the network to the right computer is
the responsibility of the network itself (e.g. through the Ethernet
switch)
WAN B

LAN E
WAN C

WAN D

LAN A WAN F

Computer Networks 110


The Internet
• internet: Merger of several
networks

• The Internet: The global "network


of networks"
• uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)

• started in the 1960s to connect


universities and researchers

Computer Networks 111


The Internet
• World map showing submarine cables in 2015

Computer Networks 112


Routing
• How does a packet nd its destination?

• Addressing
• Each host is given a unique address worldwide (IP address, not the same as the Layer 2 address!)

• Packet has destination address

• Router
• Special computers (nodes of the Internet)

• Linked with each other

• forwards received packets to routers that are closer to the destination (“forwarding")

Computer Networks 113


fi
Routing
• How does a packet nd its destination?
• Routing tables

Computer Networks 114


fi
Routing
• How does a packet nd its destination?
• Routing tables

Computer Networks 115


fi
Routing
• Real routing tables have further entries, e.g. Distance of the
destination network, …

• "Hop by hop" principle: each router only decides the path to the
next router

Computer Networks 116


Routing
chuyen tiep dua tren diem den

• Destination-based forwarding
• Sender address not evaluated

• "Hop by hop" routes


• IP packet follows the entries in the routing table

• Network paths must be loop free

• "Least cost" routes


• Only the best route/path is taken into account in the routing table

• The best path is the path between the sender and receiver that has the lowest
sum of the corresponding sub-metrics (e.g. Costs, Bandwidth, Latency, …)

Computer Networks 117


Routing tables
• Local example:

Computer Networks 118


Routing tables
• Example 2:

Computer Networks 119


Easy Example

Computer Networks 120


Easy Example

Computer Networks 121


Easy Example

Computer Networks 122


Easy Example

Computer Networks 123


Structure of the Internet
• The Internet has a hierarchical structure

• Local area networks and end systems (LAN):


• Represent the smallest unit

• They are the users of the Internet

• Access networks (WAN):


nha khai thac mang lon
• Provide the connection of the end systems to the networks of the major network operators

• Are the "connection" to the Internet, e.g. ADSL dial-up lines or leased lines

• Core networks (Internet backbone) (WAN):


• Transport of huge amounts of data between the individual routers, which represent the nodes of the backbone

• High-performance WAN technologies, dedicated lines between the routers

• Maintained by Internet service providers (ISPs) and network operators

• ISPs interconnect their networks (peering) and sell transit services to each other

Computer Networks 124


Outlook
• IP address spaces (IPv4 and IPv6) and subnets

• Routing tables, part 2

• The Internet Protocol and its helpers

Computer Networks 125

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