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Procedia Engineering 170 (2017) 398 – 403

Engineering Physics International Conference, EPIC 2016

Analysis and Design of Dynamic Buck Converter with Change in Value of

Load Impedance
Cristri, A.W.a, Iskandar, R.F.a
*Department of Engineering Physics, Telkom University, Jl. Telekomunikasi No.1 Terusan Buah Batu, Bandung 40152, Indonesia

Abstract

DC-DC Converter is a tool that is able to use for changing value of DC voltage to another value. DC-DC Converter commonly used in
electronic system, for instance Personal Computer, telecommunication system, driver motor DC, and also used as charge controller for battery.
This equipment is able to replace voltage regulator which has so much power dissipation. DC-DC converter has some of types; those are Buck
Converter, Boost Converter, and Buck-Boost Converter. Each type of DC-DC Converter has their respective functions.
Buck Converter is useful as step down of the voltage value, so the output voltage will be decreased. DC-DC Converter of this type commonly
used when the supply voltage from the source is too much for an electronic system as when the charging battery by solar panel, by using Buck
Converter when supply voltage from solar panel exceed battery voltage charging then the voltage can be dropped to the value of battery
charging. Therefore, battery lifetime can be safe, and also other electronic devices which use Buck Converter.
Buck converter has some primary components in its implementation, that is, MOSFET as fast as electronic switching, diode, inductor, and
capacitor. To acquire, the optimal result should be noted the proper component selection. In this research, the writer tried to select inductance
value of inductor and capacitance value of capacitor by simulating on MULTISIM, in order to get output as well as theoretical calculation and
analyze the transient-state and the steady-state of the Buck Converter output. On the other hand, this research was conducted several variations
of load for selected inductor and capacitor.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsvier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the Engineering Physics International Conference 2016
Keywords:
DC-DC Converter, Buck Converter, Power Transmission;

1. Introduction

Nowadays, the development of power transmission grows rapidly along with power supply needs of the electronic devices. In
general, power transmission divided into two categories, those are AC to DC, and DC to DC, called AC-DC and DC-DC
Converter respectively [1]. DC-DC divided into three groups based on their usability, which are Buck Converter that has a
function to decrease the voltage, Boost Converter that has a function to increase voltage, and Buck Boost Converter that has a
function to decrease and to increase voltage from the source [1] [2]. To determine the most suitable converter type, a review of
power supply and electronic device that will receive power from the source is required. This paper would analyze Buck
Converter circuit that would be used to decrease the voltage from the source, in the form of solar panel to charge the power of
battery at the certain voltage [3] [4].
In a Buck Converter Circuit there are components such MOSFET as electronic switching, diode, inductor and capacitor [3]
[4]. In this circuit, the value of the capacitance of the capacitor and the inductance of the inductor must be determined.
Therefore, some combinations of the capacitance value of the capacitor and the inductance of the inductor that were obtained
from the previous projects are used in this study. The simulation of the designed circuit was performed using MULTISIM
software in this study. The state of transient and the state of current steady output of Buck Converter would be analyzed and
observed in this simulation.
Furthermore, the load resistance would be changed for various inductors and capacitors value that
has been selected.


 
 
 
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1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the Engineering Physics International Conference 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.064
 A.W. Cristri and R.F. Iskandar / Procedia Engineering 170 (2017) 398 – 403 399

2. Buck Converter Modeling

Buck conveter is a type of DC-DC converter that has a function to decrease an input DC voltage into higher DC voltage [3].
This converter circuit consists of MOSFET that is used as switch controller, a diode, inductor, and filter circuit which consists of
capacitor and load resistor. Buck Converter using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) as the switching signal to determine the
length of the switching on/off time[4].

Fig. 1. Buck Converter Scheme [1]

The output voltage of Buck Converter is controlled by controlling state on/off switch in circuit. [3]. MOSFET was used as an
electronics switch in Buck Converter while PMW was a control signal that used to control on/off state on the MOSFET.
Buck Converter has an average voltage value that is equal to a ratio between closing time of active switch of the period
of its switch (work factor). This work factor value is always in the range of zero to one, so the average value of the output
voltage generated is always lower than the input voltage.

2.1. Buck Converter Operating Principle

There are two working states: when the switch is closed or when mosfet is in saturation region, and when the switch is open
or when mosfet is in region cut-off.

• Closed Switch

Fig. 2. Buck Converter: Closed Switch [1]

When the switch is closed, the current flows through the inductor and at the same time the dioda is in bias reverse condition,
so the energy will be stored in the inductor. In this condition, a voltage in an inductor is shown in equation below [1]:
















(1)











(2)



The change rate of inductor current is constant, which it shows that the current of inductor increases linearly. The previous
equation is stated as follows [1]:

400 A.W. Cristri and R.F. Iskandar / Procedia Engineering 170 (2017) 398 – 403

(3)

ΔiL When the switch is closed








(4)

• Open Switch

Fig. 3. Buck Converter: Open switch [1]

When the switch is open, the current of inductor cannot change instantaneously, so the dioda is in forward bias
condition, and it caused the current flows to resistor and capacitor. In this condition, the voltage in inductor as follows [1]:














(5)









(6)



The change rate of current is constant, so the precious equation is stated as follows [1]:












(7)

ΔiL When the switch is open




(8)

By using Eq. 17 and 21 we get the relation between input and output voltage in buck-boost converter is as follows [1]:








(9)





 (10)
From the equation above, each Vo, Vi, and D is output voltage, input voltage, and duty ratio which are the period
comparison when the switch is on with the switch period performs one wave (on-off). Besides converting input voltage dc
becomes lower, it also will increase curtain value [4].
 A.W. Cristri and R.F. Iskandar / Procedia Engineering 170 (2017) 398 – 403 401

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Simulation Results and Analysis for the system with variations of inductance value

To perform the characterization of the Buck Converter, the helper software, MULTISIM as we mentioned earlier, is used. By
using this software, it can be seen that the transient characteristic of output voltage of Buck Converter with the value changes of
inductor, capacitor, and load resistant. Moreover, the same Duty ratio was used in every variation was 80% with the frequency
7.8 kHz and input voltage value which is used about 17 Volt.

3.1.1. Inductance Value Difference

In this section, capacitor and load value of Buck Converter are made constant to be about 470 µF and 57 Ohm respectively
while varying inductance values into three values.
The simulation results could be seen in Fig. 4 that shown below.

Fig. 4. Redline (Channel A)- L= 5 mH, Blueline (Channel B)-L= 1.25 mH, and Greenline (Channel C)- L= 0.1 mH, x-axis
shows the time (ms) and y axis shows the output voltage (V)

The graph above showed that it took when the inductance value was 0.1 mH, to reach steady state needs a short time, but if
we take a look again at the Eq. 10 so the output voltage of Buck Converter mathematically should be 13.6 Volt. It can be seen
on the blue line (L= 1.25 mH) and red (L= 5mH), to reach steady state needs a longer time compare with the green line, but the
error from Eq. 10 is smaller.

402 A.W. Cristri and R.F. Iskandar / Procedia Engineering 170 (2017) 398 – 403

3.1.2. Capacitance value Difference

In this second simulation, inductance and load value of Buck Converter are made steady for each of them about 1.25 mH
and 57 ohm, by varying inductance value about three variations.
After performing simulation, it can be seen the graph as shown
below.

Fig. 5. Redline (Channel A)- C= 1000 µF, Blueline (Channel B)-L= 470 µF, and Greenline (Channel C)- L= 68 µF

In the picture above all graphs leading to steady state value which is not much different from mathematical calculations (10)
that is 13.6 Volt. Moreover, It can be seen from three graphs above, the green line (C= 68 µF) performs more oscillations than
the other lines, and the blue line (C= 470 µF) is faster to start oscillation than the red line (C= 1000 µF).

3.1.3. Load Resistant Value Difference

In this third simulation, capacitor and inductance value of Buck Converter are made constant for each of them about 470 µF
and 1.25 mH, by varying inductance value about three variations. After performing simulation, it can be seen the graph as
shown below.

Fig. 6. Redline (Channel A)- RL= 10 Ohm, Blueline (Channel B)-RL= 47 Ohm, and Greenline( Channel C)- RL= 100 Ohm

The graph above informs that the resistant change of load does not change steady value which is not too much different with
the equitation (10)
mathematically. However, the transient state of red line has more oscillation than the others. In addition,

green line is the fastest line which reaches steady state.
 A.W. Cristri and R.F. Iskandar / Procedia Engineering 170 (2017) 398 – 403 403

In characterizing of Buck Converter by varying the inductance value which obtained is shown in Fig. 4. When the inductance
value is 0.1 mH, the transient response will occur faster than other variation of inductance values. However, the output voltage
value in steady state is unequal or too different from the result calculation of Buck Converter mathematical Eq.10 when
compared with other variations of inductance values. The two other variations with inductance value1.25 mH and 5 mH, so it
obtained that output voltage value when it reaches transient state is not much different with its output voltage if we calculate it
with mathematical Eq. 10. In addition, it can also be compared when using inductor with value 1.25 mH, the occurred oscillation
is less than using inductor 5 mH.

3.2. Simulation Results and Analysis for the system with variations of capacitance values

In Simulation by varying capacitance value can be seen in Fig. 5. The output voltage value in steady state will approach
output voltage value equal to (10). In addition, by using a variation of smaller capacitance values will speed up the time to reach
steady state. Furthermore, in the transient state of the Buck Converter using capacitor 68 µF meets the largest oscillation and
when using capacitor with value about 470µF and 1000 µF, oscillation becomes smaller.

3.3. Simulation Results and Analysis for the system with variations of resistance values

By trying resistant load of Buck Converter circuit in simulation obtained the results as shown in Fig. 6. It shows the largest
resistance value about100 Ohm, the smallest oscillation is little bit different with the smallest resistive load about 10 Ohm, in
this variation the oscillation occurs frequently. However, the largest oscillation amplitude of every load is not too different. In
addition, the length of time to reach steady state occurs faster in the largest and the longest resistive load in reaching steady state
when Buck Converter circuit paired with the smallest resistive load.

4. Conclusion

The simulation results show that if the variation of inductance value was too small in steady state, the output voltage value
will have a big different with output voltage of Buck Converter theoretically (10). Moreover, if the inductance is too large, it
will produce a lot of oscillation
In the simulation of Buck Converter with the variation of capacitance, it was known that when a large capacitance was used in
the Buck Converter circuit, the number of oscillation will decrease along with the increase of capacitance.
However, it is faster
to reach the steady state value by using smallest capacitance in Bulk Converter.
In addition, the simulation of Buck Converter with various resistance, oscillation occurs frequently when resistance
decreases. However, it is faster to reach the steady state with a larger resistance.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments, which
were very helpful in improving the quality of the paper.

References

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