NAME: SYED MUHAMMAD IBRAHEEM ATHAR.

CMS ID: 60388.

FACULTY: FICT.
DEPARTMENT: BACHELOR OF COUMPTER SCIENCE.
SUBJECT: APPLIED PHYSICS.
ASSIGNMENT: LAB REPORT.
SUBBMITED TO: MR.NAIMATULLAH.
DATED: January 13, 2023.

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 Experiment No.01: Vernier Caliper.

Objectives:
By using the Vernier Caliper, Find the Following Measurements:

i. Diameter of the Cylinder.

ii. Length of the Cylinder.
iii. Cross=Sectional Area of the Cylinder.
iv. Curved Face of the Cylinder.
v. Volume of the Cylinder.

Apparatus:
i. Vernier Caliper.
ii. Solid Cylinder.

Precaution:
i. Jaws of the Vernier Caliper should be closed gently.
ii. Must Apply Zero Correction.
iii. The cylinder that you’re using should be uniform in length and diameter.
iv. Both the jaws of Vernier caliper must touch the cylinder.

Procedure:
i. Calculate the least count of the Vernier caliper.
ii. Measure the length (l ), and the diameter (d ) of the given Cylinder.
iii. Find Main Scale and Vernier Scale readings.
d
iv. Find Cross-Sectional Area π ( )2 of the given Cylinder.
2
v. Calculate the reading by using the formula
= Main Scale reading + (Vernier Scale Reading x Least Count).
vi. Find Volume (V =π r 2 l) of the Cylinder.
vii. Repeat the same process 8 more times.

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Measuring Volume of a Cylinder:
The least count of the Vernier Caliper is 0.01 cm and in my case it doesn’t have a Zero Error.

Measuring Thickness of a Cylinder:

Serial No. Main Scale Reading Vernier Scale Total Corrected
Reading
1. 4.5 cm 1 x 0.01 = 0.01 cm 4.5 + 0.01 = 4.51 cm
2. 4.6 cm 1 x 0.01 = 0.01 cm 4.6 + 0.01 = 4.61 cm
3. 4.5 cm 1 x 0.01 = 0.01 cm 4.5 + 0.01 = 4.51 cm
4. 4.5 cm 0 x 0.01 = 0.005 cm 4.5 + 0.005 = 4.505 cm
5. 4.5 cm 2 x 0.01 = 0.02 cm 4.5 + 0.02 = 4.52 cm
6. 4.5 cm 4 x 0.01 = 0.04 cm 4.5 + 0.04 = 4.54 cm
7. 4.5 cm 9 x 0.01 = 0.09 cm 4.5 + 0.09 = 4.59 cm
8. 4.5 cm 2.5 x 0.01 = 2.025 cm 4.5 + 2.025 = 4.525 cm

Average Diameter:

Average Diameter =
∑ of all thereadings
number of all readings
( 4.51+ 4.61+ 4.51+ 4.505+ 4.52+ 4.54+ 4.59+ 4.525)
=
8
36.31
= = 4.5387 cm
8

Average Radius:
d
Radius =
2
4.5387
Radius =
2
Radius = 2.2693 cm

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Measuring length of a Cylinder:
Serial No. Main Scale Reading Vernier Scale Reading Total Corrected
1. 5.5 cm 1 x 0.01 = 0.01 cm 5.5 + 0.01 = 5.51 cm
2. 5.5 cm 3 x 0.01 = 0.03 cm 5.5 + 0.03 = 5.53 cm
3. 5.5 cm 1 x 0.01 = 0.01 cm 5.5 + 0.01 = 5.51 cm
4. 5.5 cm 3.5 x 0.01 = 0.035 cm 5.5 + 0.035 = 5.535 cm
5. 5.5 cm 9 x 0.01 = 0.09 cm 5.5 + 0.09 = 5.59 cm
6. 5.5 cm 2 x 0.01 = 0.02 cm 5.5 + 0.02 = 5.52 cm
7. 5.5 cm 2 x 0.01 = 0.025 cm 5.5 + 0.025 = 5.525 cm
8. 5.5 cm 3 x 0.01 = 0.35 cm 5.5 + 0.035 = 5.535 cm

Average Length:

Average length =
∑ of all thereadings
number of all readings
(5.51+5.53+5.51+5.535+5.59+ 5.52+5.525+ 5.535)
=
8
44.255
= = 5.5318 cm
8

Cross-Sectional Area:
d
Area = π ( )2
2
2
4.537
Area = (3.14) ( )
2
Area = (3.14) (5.143)
Area = 16.14 cm

Volume of Cylinder:
Volume = π r 2 l
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 Volume = (3.14) (2.2693)2 (5.531)
Volume = 178.826 cm3

Experiment No.02: Screw Gauge.

Apparatus:
i. Screw Gauge.
ii. Thin Wire.
iii. Thick Wire.

Precaution:
i. Firstly Check the Zero Error.
ii. Take Diameter from three different places.
iii. The Jaws of Screw Gauge shouldn’t be pressed hard.

Procedure:
i. First Find the least count by using the formula
Pitch of ScrewGauge
Least Count =
Total number of divisions on circular scale
ii. Place the given wire between 2 jaws and turn screw till the wire is gently pressed.
iii. Note the main scale reading up to complete divisions and check which division of circular scale
touches with the main line of the main scale.

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 iv. Multiply this number with least count and add it to the main scale reading to get observed
diameter of the wire.
v. Find diameter of wire from 5 different places of each wire and calculate its mean diameter.
vi. Find wire and calculate its diameter.
vii. Find the radius of wire and divide it by two.
viii. By using the formula calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire.

Correction:
In my case there are no Zero Errors found.

Wire No. 01
Total
Serial Linear Scale Circular Scale
Object (Linear + Corrected
No. Reading Reading
Circular)
16 x 0.01
1. 0 cm Wire (0 + 0.016) = 0.016 cm
= 0.016 cm
20 x 0.01
2. 0 cm Wire (0 + 0.02) = 0.02 cm
= 0.02 cm
26 x 0.01
3. 0 cm Wire (0 + 0.026) = 0.026 cm
= 0.026 cm
18 x 0.01
4. 0 cm Wire (0 + 0.018) = 0.018 cm
= 0.018 cm
20 x 0.01
5. 0 cm Wire (0 + 0.02) = 0.02 cm
= 0.02 cm

Average Diameter:

Average Diameter =
∑ of all thereadings
number of all readings
(0.016+ 0.02+0.026+ 0.018+0.02)
=
5
0.1
= = 0.02 cm
5

Average Radius:
d
Radius =
2
0.02
Radius =
2

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 Radius = 0.01 cm

Cross-Sectional Area:
Area = πr 2

Area = (3.14) (0.01)2

Area = 0.00314 cm2

Wire No. 02
Total
Serial Linear Scale Circular Scale
Object (Linear + Corrected
No. Reading Reading
Circular)
37 x 0.01
1. 1 cm Wire (1 + 0.037) = 1.037 cm
= 0.037 cm
38 x 0.01
2. 1 cm Wire (1 + 0.038) = 1.038 cm
= 0.038 cm
36 x 0.01
3. 1 cm Wire (1 + 0.036) = 1.036 cm
= 0.036 cm
34 x 0.01
4. 1 cm Wire (1 + 0.034) = 1.034 cm
= 0.034 cm
35 x 0.01
5. 1 cm Wire (1 + 0.035) = 1.035 cm
= 0.035 cm

Average Diameter:

Average Diameter =
∑ of all thereadings
number of all readings
(1.037+1.038+ 1.036+1.034+1.035)
=
5
5.18
= = 1.036 cm
5

Average Radius:

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 d
Radius =
2
1.036
Radius =
2
Radius = 0.518 cm

Cross-Sectional Area:
Area = πr 2

Area = (3.14) (0.518)2

Area = 0.8425 cm2

Experiment No.03: Simple Pendulum.

Objectives:
By using the Simple Pendulum, Find the Following Measurements:
i. Amplitude of pendulum in 20 seconds
ii. Measure the Diameter of Sphere.

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 Apparatus:
i. Simple Pendulum.
ii. Meter Rod.
iii. A Watch to measure the time.

Precaution:
i. Firstly place the apparatus on a flat surface.

Procedure:
i. Calculate the length of the pendulum.
ii. Measure the length (L), and the diameter (S) of sphere.
iii. Finding the main scale and Vernier scale reading of sphere.
iv. Finding the amplitude of pendulum in 20 seconds. Calculating the amplitude by different length of
pendulum.
v. Calculating the amplitude of pendulum by changing the distance in (cm).
1. Measuring the diameter of sphere:
The distance amplitude of pendulum is 5cm

Serial No. Main Scale Reading Vernier Scale Reading Total

1. 1.9 cm 5.5 x 0.01 = 0.05 cm = 1.95 cm
2. 1.9 cm 4 x 0.01 = 0.04 cm = 1.94 cm
3. 1.9 cm 9 x 0.01 = 0.09 cm = 1.99 cm
4. 1.9 cm 4 x 0.01 = 0.04 cm = 1.94 cm
5. 1.9 cm 10 x 0.01 = 0.1 cm = 1.2 cm

1.95+1.94+1.99+1.94 +2
Average =
5
Average = 1.9464 cm

2. Measuring the time with the length of 78cm of thread and amplitude is 5cm :
33.90 Seconds
T1 =
20
35.49 Seconds
T2 =
20
35.48 Seconds
T3 =
20

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After division of time with 20 seconds becomes:
T1 = 1.695 Seconds.

T2 = 1.7745 Seconds.

T3 = 1.774 Seconds.

Average of 5cm is:

1.695+1.7745+1.774
A=
3
5.2435
A=
3
A 5cm = 1.748 Seconds.

3. Measuring the time with the length of 78cm of string and amplitude is 4cm :
35.34 Seconds
T1 =
20
35.16 Seconds
T2 =
20
34.92 Seconds
T3 =
20

After division of time with 20 seconds becomes:

T1 = 1.767 Seconds.

T2 = 1.758 Seconds.

T3 = 1.746 Seconds.

Average of 4cm is:

1.767+1.758+1.746
A=
3

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 5.271
A=
3
A 4cm = 1.757 Seconds.

4. Measuring the time with the length of 78cm of string and amplitude is 3cm :
35.38 Seconds
T1 =
20
35.21 Seconds
T2 =
20
34.13 Seconds
T3 =
20

After division of time with 20 seconds becomes:

T1 = 1.769 Seconds.

T2 = 1.760 Seconds.

T3 = 1.756 Seconds.

Average of 3cm is:

1.769+1.760+1.756
A=
3
5.285
A=
3
A 3cm = 1.761 Seconds.

5. Measuring the time with the length of 72cm of string and amplitude is 3cm :
33.96 Seconds
T1 =
20
33.91 Seconds
T2 =
20
33.88 Seconds
T3 =
20

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 33.85 Seconds
T4 =
20

After division of time with 20 seconds becomes:

T1 = 1.698 Seconds.

T2 = 1.6955 Seconds.

T3 = 1.694 Seconds.

T4 = 1.6925 Seconds.

Average of 3cm is:

1.698+1.6955+1.694+1.6925
A=
4
6.78
A=
4
A 3cm = 1.695 Seconds.

6. Measuring the time with the length of 65cm of string and amplitude is 3cm :
31.84 Seconds
T1 =
20
31.80 Seconds
T2 =
20
31.90 Seconds
T3 =
20
31.88 Seconds
T4 =
20

After division of time with 20 seconds becomes:

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 T1 = 1.592 seconds

T2 = 1.593 seconds

T3 = 1.595 seconds

T4 = 1.594 seconds

Average of 3cm is:

1.592+ 1.593+1.594+1.595
A=
4
6.371
A=
4
A 3cm = 1.59275 Seconds.

Experiment No.04: Photoelectric Effect.

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 Definition:
The Emission of Electrons from the surface of a matter include Metals, Gases, Liquid and
other non-metallic solids when light of certain frequency is incident on it is known as Photoelectric
Effect.

Apparatus:
i. Electric Lamp.
ii. Photo Cell.
iii. Ammeter.
iv. Graduated Scale.
v. Connecting Wires.

Precaution:
i. Effect of light from bench surface should be minimized.
ii. Very Sensitive Micro-Ammeter should be used.
iii. Stray right must be avoided.

Procedure:
i. Arrange the Apparatus.
ii. Place both in a way that the Light lamp and Photocell lamp facing each other.
iii. As phototube is consist of two electrodes, one has Cathode and the other one has Anode.
iv. As the lamp switches on, the light falling on the cathode starts emitting electrons.
v. These emitted electrons are attracted toward the Anode.
vi. Such movement of electron from negative to the positive terminal produces photoelectric current in
the circuit.
vii. Now change the intervals by Graduated scale to note down the different readings.
viii. Emitted electron is dependent on the frequency of electrons striking on the Photocell.
ix. The quantity of the emitted electrons is dependent on intensity of Light.

Readings:
Serial
No. Distance (cm) 1/d2 Current (mA)

1. 89 cm 1.26 x 10-4 0.9 µA

1.32 x 10-4
2. 87 cm 0.9 µA

1.38 x 10-4
3. 85 cm 0.9 µA

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 1.45 x 10-4
4. 83 cm 1.0 µA

1.52 x 10-4
5. 81 cm 1.1 µA

1.60 x 10-4
6. 79 cm 1.1 µA

1.68 x 10-4
7. 77 cm 1.2 µA

1.77 x 10-4
8. 75 cm 1.3 µA

1.87 x 10-4
9. 73 cm 1.4 µA

1.9 x 10-4
10. 71 cm 1.4 µA

2.1 x 10-4
11. 69 cm 1.5 µA

2.2 x 10-
12. 4
67 cm 1.6 µA

2.3 x 10-4
13. 65 cm 1.7 µA

2.5 x 10-4
14. 63 cm 1.8 µA

2.6 x 10-4
15. 61 cm 1.9 µA

2.8 x 10-4
16. 59 cm 2.1 µA

3.0 x 10-4
17. 57 cm 2.3 µA

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Serial
No. Distance (cm) 1/d2 Current (mA)

18. 55 cm 3.3 x 10-4 2.5 µA

3.5 x
10 -4
19. 53 cm 2.7 µA

3.8 x
10-4
20. 51 cm 2.7 µA

4.1 x
10-4
21. 49 cm 3.0 µA

4.5 x
10-4
22. 47 cm 3.4 µA

4.9 x 10-
23. 4
45 cm 4.0 µA

5.4 x 10-
24. 4
43 cm 4.5 µA

5.9 x 10-
25. 4
41 cm 5.0 µA

6.5 x 10-
26. 4
39 cm 5.6 µA

7.3 x 10-
27. 4
37 cm 6.3 µA

8.1 x 10-
4
28. 35 cm 6.9 µA

9.1 x 10-
29. 4
33 cm 7.0 µA

10.0 x 10-4
30. 31 cm 9.0 µA

11.0 x 10-4
31. 29 cm 10.4 µA

13.7 x 10-4
32. 27 cm 12.1 µA

16.0 x 10-4
33. 25 cm 14.4 µA

8.0 x 10-4
34. 23 cm 16.9 µA 16 | P a g e

22.67 x 10-4
35. 21 cm 18.7 µA
 Graph:

Photoelectric Effect:

100

90

80

70

60

50

40
Distance (d)

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

1 / d2

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 Experiment No.05: Hooks Law.

Objectives:
To determine the reaction between forces and displacement by using mass
spring system and hence to find Spring Constant “K” using Hooks Law.

Apparatus:
i. Electric Spring.
ii. Meter Scale Rod.
iii. Stand.
iv. Masses.

Precaution:
i. Keep a distance from the Approach.
ii. Wear Safety googles to prevent any accident that could occur due to the weight bouncing
back and forth of the spring.
iii. Be sure that spring is highly attached to the clamp.

Theory:
Hooks Law states that the restoring force of a spring is directly proportional to a small
displacement. In equation from, we write F=−kx . Where x position of displacement the
proportionality constant (k) is specific for each mass. The object of this virtual lab is to
determine the spring constant k. in Physics force is “Any influence that when unopposed will
change the motion of any object with the mass to change of the object”. Its velocity which
includes to begin moving from a state of rest.

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 Readings:
Serial Mass Initial Final Spring
Mass (kg) Displacement Force
No. (g) Position Position Constant
0.196 N
20 x 10-3 fcm x 10-2 9.5cm x 10-2 = 0.095 – 0.07 0.02 x 9.8 =
1. 20 g 0.025 m
= 0.02 kg xi = 0.07m xf = 0.095m ∆x = 0.025 m W = 0.196 N
K = 7.84 N/m
0.392 N
40 x 10-3 fcm x 10-2 12cm x 10-2 = 0.12 – 0.07 0.04 x 9.8 =
2. 40 g 0.05 m
= 0.04 kg xi = 0.07m xf = 0.12m ∆x = 0.05 m W = 0.392 N
K = 7.84 N/m
0.588 N
60 x 10-3 fcm x 10-2 14.4cm x 10-2 = 0.144 – 0.07 0.06 x 9.8 =
3. 60 g 0.075 m
= 0.06 kg xi = 0.07m xf = 0.144m ∆x = 0.075 m W = 0.588 N
K = 7.84 N/m

Graph:

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 Hook's Law:

70

60

50

40
F

30

20

10

0
1 2 3

∆X

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