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Chapterwise - Typewise
PROBLEMS IN
MATHEMATICS
for

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BOARDS 2022
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A STRONG FOUNDATION IN JEE
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BY:

VINEET LOOMBA
B.TECH. IIT ROORKEE
(SERVING FOR MORE THAN A DECADE IN IIT-JEE INDUSTRY)

THIS CHAPTER IS A PART OF MY COMPLETE SUBJECTIVE PROBLEM BOOK

 Vineet Loomba Unacademy
PLUS CODE: vineetlive

P REPARED BY :
TWP Type Wise Problems
TARGET : Boards+JEE
E R . V INEET L OOMBA
For A Strong Conceptual Foundation (B.T ECH . IIT R OORKEE ) Probability

Type-1 | Conditional Probability

1. 10% of the bulbs produced in a factory are of red colour and 2% are red and defective . If one bulb is picked up at random ,

a
1
determine the probability of its being defective if it is red . ( )
5

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2. 12 cards numbered 1 to 12 are placed in a box , mixed up thoroughly and then one card is drawn randomly . If it is known
5
that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, what is the probability that it is an even number ? ( )
3.
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A die is thrown three times . Events A and B are defined as below : A : 5 on the first and 6 on the second throw . B : 3 or 4 on

the third throw . Find the probability of B , given that A has already occurred .
1
( )

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3
4. A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a group consisting 8 boys and 4 girls. Given that there is at least one girl
on the committee, calculate the probability that there are exactly 2 girls on the committee. (168/425)
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5. Consider the experiment of tossing a coin . If the coin shows tail , toss it again but if it shows head , then throw a die . Find
the conditional probabillity of the event that ‘ then die shows a number greater than 3’ given that ‘there is at least one head ‘
1
( )
3
6. A family has two children . Find the probability that both are boys , if it is known that
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1 1
(a) at least one of children is a boy ( ) (b) the elder child is a boy ( )
3 2
7. In a school there are 1000 students out of which 430 are girls . it is known that of 430 , 10% of girls study in class XII . What is
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the probability that a student chosen randomly studies in class XII , given that the chosen student is a girl ? ( )
10
8. A bag contains 5 red marbles and 3 black marbles. Three marbles are drawn one by one without replacement. What is the
probability that at least one of the three marbles drawn be black, if the first marble is red? (25/56)
9. Three dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting three two’s, if it is known that the sum of the numbers
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on the dice was six. (1/10)

Type-2 | Independent Events

3 5
1. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to school in time are and respectively . Assuming that event ‘ A
7 7
coming in time ‘ are independent . Find the probability of one of them coming to the school in time . Write at least one
26
advantage of school in time . ( )
49
2 1
2. 
If A and B are two independent events such that P A  B   15
 
and P A  B  then find P(A) and P(B).
6
5 1 4 1
( P  A  , P  B   , )
6 5 5 6
3. The probability of simultaneous occurrence of at least one of two events A and B is p. If the probability that exactly one of A,
B occurs is q, then prove that P (A’) + P (B’) = 2 – 2p + q.
 4

4. From a set of 100 cards numbered 1 to 100 , one card is drawn at random . Find the probability that the number on the card
1
is divisible by 6 or 8, but not by 24 . ( )
5
5. Four cards are successively drawn without replacement from a deck of 52 playing cards. What is the probability that all the
four cards are kings? (1 / 270725)
6. The probability of simultaneous occurrence of at least one of two events A and B is p . If the probability that exactly one of A,
B occurs is q , then prove that P  A '  P  B '  2  2 p  q.

1 1 1
7. Probability solving specific problem independently by A , B and C are , and respectively . If they try to solve the
2 3 4
problem independently , find the probability that :
3
(a) at least one of them will solve the problem ? ( )
4
11
(b) exactiy one of them solves the problem . ( )
24

a
8. For a loaded die, the probabilities of outcomes are given as under:
P(1) = P(2) = 0.2, P(3) = P(5) = P(6) = 0.1 and P(4) = 0.3.
The die is thrown two times. Let A and B be the events, ‘same number each time’, and ‘a total score is 10 or more’, respectively.

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Determine whether or not A and B are independent. (Independent)
9. A and B are two candidates seeking admission in a college . The probability that A is selected is 0.7 and the probability that

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exactly one of them is selected is 0.6 . Find the probability that B is selected .
1
4
)(
X is taking up subjects , Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry in the examination . His probabilities of getting grade A in these

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subjects are 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 respectively . Find the probability that he gets
(a) Grade A in all subjects ( 0.03 )
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(b) Grade A in no subjects ( 0.28 )
(c) Grade A in two subjects ( 0.22 )
11. Two die are thrown together. Let A be the event ‘getting 6 on the first die’ and B be the event ‘getting 2 on the second die.
Are the events A and B independent ? ( yes )
12. The probability that at least one of the two events A and B occurs is 0.6. If A and B occur simultaneously with probability 0.3,
evaluate P( A’ ) + P( B’ ). (1.1)
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13. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases , while B in 90% of the cases . In what percent of cases are they likely to contradict each
other in staring the same fact ? Do you think that statement of B is true ? ( 30% , yes but Sometimes )
14. A problem in mathematics is given to 4 students A , B , C , D . Their chances of solving the problem , respectively , are
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1 1 1 2
, , and . What is the probability thatt
3 4 5 3
13
(a) at least one of them will solve the problem ? ( )
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(b) at most one of them solves the problem ? ( )
90

Type-3 | Random Variable, Mean, Variance

 1
1. Find the binomial distribution for which mean is 4 and variance 3. ( B  16,  )
 4
2. For 6 trials of an experiment , let X be a binomial variate which satisfies the relation 9 P  X  4   P  X  2  . Find the
1
probability of success . ) (
4
3. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement ) from the first six positive integers . Let X denote the larger of
14 14
the two numbers obtained . Find the expected value and variance of X . , ) (
3 9
4. Three cards are drawn successively from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards . Find the probability distribution of number of red
cards . Hence , find the mean of the distribution .

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Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
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3
X 0 1 2 3 Mean 
2
4 13 13 4
P X 
34 34 34 34

1 4
4. Find the mean of binomial distribution B  4,  . ( )
 3 3
5. From a lot of 10 bulbs , which includes 3 defective , a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn with replacement at random . Find the
X 0 1 2
probability distribution of the number of defective bulbs . 49 42 9
P X 
100 100 100
6. An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls . Two balls are randomly drawn , without replacement . Let X represent the number of
black balls drawn . What are the possible values of X ? Is X a random variable ? If yes , find the mean and variance of X .
4 50
X 0 1 2 Mean  Variance 

a
7 147
20 20 2
P X 
42 42 42

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7. A die is thrown three times. Let X be ‘the number of twos seen’. Find the expectation of X. (0.5)
8. Two biased dice are thrown together. For the first die P(6) =1/2 , the other scores being equally likely while for the second die,

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P(1) = 2/5 and the other scores are equally likely. Find the probability distribution of ‘the number of ones seen’.

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( )

9. Two cards are drawn simultaneously ( or successively without replacement ) from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards . Find the
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mean , variance and standard deviation of the number of kings . ( , , )
221  221 2 221
10. An unbiased coin is tossed n times . Let the random variable X denote the number of times of times the head occurs . If
P  X  1  P  X  2  and P  X  3 are in AP , find the value of n . (n  7)
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11. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards . Find the Find the probability
distribution of number of aces and hence find the mean of the distribution .
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X 0 1 2 Mean 
3
144 24 1
P X 
169 169 169
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11. Two cards are drawn successively without replacement from a well shuffled deck of cards. Find the mean and standard variation
of the random variable X where X is the number of aces. (Mean 2/13 , S.D. = 0.377)
12. Two numbers are selected at random ( without replacement ) from positive 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 . Let X denote the larger of the
17 14
two numbers obtained . Find the mean and variance of the probability distribution of X . ( , )
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13. Explain why the experiment of tossing a coin three times is said to have binomial distribution.
3
14. If X is the number of tails in three tosses of a coin, determine the standard deviation of X. ) (
2
15. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards . Find the Find the mean , variance
of the number of red cards . ( 1, 0.49 )
16. A discrete random variable X has the following probalility distribution :
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2
P X  C 2C 2C 3C C 2C 7C 2  C

1
Find the value of C . Also find the mean of the distribution (C  ,3.66 )
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Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
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17. In a dice game, a player pays a stake of Re1 for each throw of a die. She receives Rs 5 if the die shows a 3, Rs 2 if the die shows
a 1 or 6, and nothing otherwise. What is the player’s expected profit per throw over a long series of throws? (0.50)
18. Three cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards . Find the probability distribution
3
X 0 1 2 3 Mean 
4
of the number of spades . Hence find the mean of the distribution . 27 27 9 1
P X 
64 64 64 64

3 3
19. Determine variance and standard deviation of the number of heads in three tosses of a coin . ( , )
4 2
20. In a game , a man wins a rupee for a six and loses a rupee for any other number when a fair die is thrown . The man decided
91
to throw a die thrice but to quit as and when he gets a six . Find the expected value of the amount he wins/ loses . ( )
54
21. Suppose 10,000 tickets are sold in a lottery each for Re 1. First prize is of Rs 3000 and the second prize is of Rs. 2000. There are
three third prizes of Rs. 500 each. If you buy one ticket, what is your expectation. (Rs 0.65)
22. Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of a pair of dice and hence find its mean and variance.

a
1 5
X 0 1 2 3 Mean  Variance 
2 12

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125 75 15 1
P X 
216 216 216 216

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23. A pair dice is thrown 4 times . If getting a doublet is considered a success , find the probability distribution of number of
successes . Also find the mean and variace of this distribution .
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X 0 1 2 3 4 Mean  Variance 
3 9
625 500 150 20 1
P X 
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1296 1296 1296 1296 1296
24. An unbiased coin is tossed 4 times . Find the mean and variance of the number of heads obtained . ( 2,1 )
25. Out of a group of 30 honest , 20 always speak trutth . Two persons are selected at random from the group. Find the
probability distribution of the number of selected persons who speak the truth . Also find the mean of the distribution . What
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X 0 1 2 Mean 
3
value described in this question . 9 40 38
P X 
87 87 87
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26. Three numbers are selected at random ( without replacement ) from the first six positive integers . Let X denote the larger of
the three numbers obtained .Find the probability distribution of X . Also , find the mean and variance of the distribution .
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X 3 4 5 6 Mean  Variance 
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6 18 36 60
P X 
120 120 120 120
27. Find the probability distribution of the maximum of the two scores obtained when a die is thrown twice. Determine also the

mean of the distribution. ( )

28. An urn contains 4 red and 6 black balls . Four balls are drawn at random without replacement from urn . Find the probability
0 X 1 2 3 4
distribution of number of white balls . 1 8 3 4 1
P X 
14 21 7 35 210
29. In a group of 50 scouts in a camp , 30 are well trained in first aid techniques while the remaining are well trained in hospitality
but not in first aid . Two scouts are selecred at random from the group . Find the probability distribution of the number of
selected scouts who are well trained in first aid . Find the mean of the distribution . Write one more value that is expected

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Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
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6
X 0 1 2 Mean 
5
from a well trained scout . 38 120 87
P X 
245 245 245

30. A biased die is such that P(4) = 1/10 and other scores being equally likely. The die is tossed twice. If X is the ‘number of fours
seen’, find the variance of the random variable X. (0.18)
31. The random variable X can take only the values 0, 1, 2. Given that P(X = 0) = P (X = 1) = p and that E(X2) = E[X], find the value of
p. (1/2)
32. A die is tossed twice. A ‘success’ is getting an even number on a toss. Find the variance of the number of successes. (1/2)
33. There are 5 cards numbered 1 to 5, one number on one card. Two cards are drawn at random without replacement. Let X
denote the sum of the numbers on two cards drawn. Find the mean and variance of X. (Mean = 6, Variance = 3)

Type-4 | Bernoulli Trial

4
35  5 
1. Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die . (   )

a
18  6 
2**. How many times must a man toss a fair coin so that the probability of having at least one head is more than 80% ? ( n  3 )

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3. Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective eggs . Find the probability that there is

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at least one defective egg .

Ten coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting at least 8 heads? (7/128)
9
( 1    )
10
 
10

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5. The probability of a man hitting a target is 0.25. He shoots 7 times. What is the probability of his hitting at least twice?
(4547/8192)
6. On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers ( out of which one is correct ) for each of the five questions ,
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what is the probability that a candidate would get four or more correct answers just by guessing ? ( )
243
7. In 3 trials of a binomial distribuion , the probability of exactly 2 successes is 9 times the probability of 3 successes . Find the
1
probability of success in each trial . ( )
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8. A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backward with probability 0.6 . Find the probability that at the end of 5
72
steps, he is one step away from the starting point . ) (
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9. A lot of 100 watches is known to have 10 defective watches. If 8 watches areselected (one by one with replacement) at
8
9
random, what is the probability that there will be at least one defective watch? (1    )
 10 
10**. A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained .Find the probability of obtaining the third six in the sixth
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throw of the die . ( )
23328
11. An experiment succeeds twice often as it fails . Find the probability that in the next six trials there will be at least four
496
successes . ( )
729
12. Find the probability that in 10 throws of a fair die a score which is a multiple of 3 will be obtained in at least 8 of the throws .
201
( )
310
13. A die is thrown 5 times. Find the probability that an odd number will come up exactly three times. (5/16)
5
14. In a hurdle race , a player has to cross 10 hurdles . The probability that he will clear each hurdle is . What is the probability
6
510
that he will knock down fewer than 2 hurdles ? ( )
2  69
15. If a fair coin is tossed 10 times , find the probability of

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Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
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105
(a) exactly six heads ( )
512
193
(b) at least six heads ( )
512
53
(c) at most six heads ) (
64
16. A factory produces bulbs. The probability that any one bulb is defective is 1/50 and they are packed in boxes of 10. From a
single box, find the probability that
10
 49 
(i) none of the bulbs is defective (  )
 50 
45(49)8
(ii) exactly two bulbs are defective ( )
(50)10

59(49)9
(iii) more than 8 bulbs work properly ( )
(50)10

a
17. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game if he gets a total of 6 and B wins if she gets a total of 7. It A starts the
game, find the probability of winning the game by A in third throw of the pair of dice. (775/7776)

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Type-5 | Bayes Theorem and Total Probability Theorem
1.

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An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers . The probabilities of their
accident are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively . One of the insured persons meets with an accident . What is the probability

that he is a car driver ?

3
(
)

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2. A car manufacturing factory has two plants , X and Y . Plant X manufactures 70% of cars and plant Y manufactures 30% , 80%
of the cars at plant X and 90% of the cars at plant Y are rated of standard quality . A car is chosen at random and is found to
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be of standard quality . What is the probability that it has come from plant X ? ) (
83
3. A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 5 times . He throwns a die and reports that it is number greater than 4 . Find the
3
probability that it is actually a number greater than 4 . ( )
7
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4. In a factory which manufactures bolts , machines A, B and C manufacture respectively 25% , 35% and 40% of the bolts . Of
their outputs , 5,4 and 2 percent are respectively bolts . A bolts is drawn at random from the product and is found to be
28
defective . What is the probability that it is manufactured by the machine B ? ) (
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5. A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1, A2 and A3. They are sold as a mixture where the proportions are 4:4:2
respectively. The germination rates of the three types of seeds are 45%, 60% and 35%. Calculate the probability
(i) of a randomly chosen seed to germinate (0.49)
(ii) that it will not germinate given that the seed is of type A3, (0.65)
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(iii) that it is of the type A2 given that a randomly chosen seed does not germinate. (0.314)
6. Three machines E1, E2, E3 in a certain factory produce 50% , 25% and 25% , respectively , of the total daily output of electric
tubes . It isknown that 4% of the tubes produced one each of machine E1 and E2 are defective , and that 5% of those pro
duced on E3 are defective . If one tube is picked up at random from a day’s production , calculate the probability that it is
17
defective . ) (
400
7. In answering a quation on a MCQ test with 4 choices per question , a Student knows the answers , guesses or copies the
1 1 1
answer . Let be the probability that he knows the answer , be the probability that he guesses and that he copies it .
2 4 4
3
Assuming that a student , who copies the answer , will be correct with the probability , what is the probability that the
4
2
student knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly ? ) (
3
8. In a class, 5% of the boys and 10% girls have an I.Q of more than 150. In the class 60% of the students are boys and girls . If a

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Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
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3
students is selected at random and found to have an I.Q of more than 150. Find the probability that student is a boy . ( )
7
9. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times . He throws a die and reports that it is a six . Find the probability that it is
3
actually a six . ( )
8
10. Of the students in a college , it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars . Previous year results report that
30% of all students who reside in hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their annual examination . At
the end of the year , one students is chosen at random from the college and he has an A grade , what is the probability that
9
the student is a hostlier ? )(
13
11. A bag contains 4 white and 3 red balls, another bag contains 3 white and 7 red balls . One ball is drawn at random from one
40
of the bags and it is found to be white . Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag . (
)
61
12. In a group of 400 people , 160 are smokers and non - vegetarian , 100 are smokers and vegetarian and remaining are non-
smokers and vegetarian . The probabilities of getting a special chest disease are 35% , 20% and 10% respectively . A person is

a
selected from the group at random and is found to be suffring from the disease . What is the probability that the selected
28

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person is a smoker and non- vegetarian ? What value is reflected in this question ? ( )
45
13. If a machine is correctly set up , it produces 90% acceptable items . If it is incorrectly set up , it produces only 40% acceptable

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items . Past experience shows that 80% of the set ups are correctly done . If after a certain set up , the machine produces 2

acceptable items , find the probability that the machine is correctly setup . (
81
85
)

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14. A doctor is to visit a patient . From the past experience , it is known that the probabilities that he will come by train , bus ,
3 1 1 2
scooter or by other means of transport are respectively , , and . The probabilities that he will be late are
e
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10 5 10 5
1 1 1
, and . if he comes by train , bus and scooter respectively , but if he comes by other means of transport , then he
4 3 12
3
will be late . When he arrives , he is late . What is the probability that he comes by train ? ) (
22
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15. If 5% of men and 0.25% of woman have grey hair . A grey haired person is selected at random . What is the probability of this
20
person being male ? Assume that there are equal number of males and females . ( )
21
16. Given three identical boxes I, II and III , each containing two coins . In box I , both coins are gold coins , in box II , both are
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silver coins and in the box III , there is one gold and one silver coin . A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin .
2
If the coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also of gold ? (
)
3
17. An urn contains 3 red and 5 black balls . A ball is drawn at random, its colour is noted and returned to the urn . Moreover , 2
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additional balls of the colour noted down , are put in the urn and then two balls are drawn at random (without replacement)
1
from urn . Find the probability that both the balls drawn are of red colour . ( )
8
18. Bag I contains 4 red and 5 black balls and Bag II contains 3 red and 4 black balls . One ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II
and then two balls are drawn at random ( without replacement ) from bag II . The balls so drawn are both found to be black
25
.Find the probability that the transferred ball is black . ( )
37
19. Suppose a girl throws a die . If she gets a 5 or 6 , she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of heads . If she gets 1,
2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin two times and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly two head , what is
4
the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3, or 4 with the die ? ( )
7
20. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls . Two balls is transferred at random from Bag I
to Bag II and then a ball is drawn from Bag II . The ball so drawn is found to be red in colour . Find the probability that the
4
transferred balls were both black . ( )
17

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21. In a set of 10 coins , 2 coins are with heads on both the sides . A coin is selected at random from this set and tossed five times
8
. If all the five times, the result was heads , Find the probability that the selected coin had heads on both the sides . ( )
9
22. Bag I contains 5 red and 4 white balls and a Bag II contains 3 red and 3 white balls . Two balls are transferred from Bag I to the
Bag II and then one ball is drawn from the bag II . If the ball drawn from the bag II is red , then find the probability that one
20
red ball and one white ball are transferred from the bag I to the bag II . ) (
37
23. A card from a pack of 52 card is lost . From the remaining cards of the pack , two cards are drawn and are found to be both
11
spades. Find the probability of the lost card being a Spade . (
)
50
24. There are three coins . One is a two headed coin , another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is
also a biased coin that comes up tails 40% of the times . One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed , it shows
4
heads , what is the probability that it was the two headed coin ? ( )
9
25. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and Bag II contains 4 red and 5 black balls . One ball is transferred from Bag I to Bag II

a
and then a ball is drawn from Bag II . The ball so drawn is found to be red in colour . Find the probability that the transferred
15

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ball is red . ) (
31
26. There are three coins . One is a two headed coin , another is a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is

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an unbiased coin . One of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed , it shows heads , what is the probability that it was

the two headed coin ?

20
47
(
)

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27. Suppose you have two coins which appear identical in your pocket. You know that one is fair and one is 2-headed. If you take
one out, toss it and get a head, what is the probability that it was a fair coin? (1/3)
28. Assume that the chances of a patient having a heart attack is 40% . It is also assumed that a meditation and yoga course
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reduce the risk of heart attack by 30% and prescription of centain drug reduces its chances by 25% . At a time a patient can
choose any one of the two option with equal probabilities . It is given that after going through one of the two option the
patient selected at random suffers a heart attack . Find the probability that the patient followed a course of meditation and
14
yoga ? State which method is more beneficial for the patient . ( )
29
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29. By examining the chest X ray, the probability that TB is detected when a person is actually suffering is 0.99. The probability of
an healthy person diagnosed to have TB is 0.001. In a certain city, 1 in 1000 people suffers from TB. A person is selected at
random and is diagnosed to have TB. What is the probability that he actually has TB? (110/221)
30. A bag A contains 4 black and 6 red balls and bag B contains 7 black and 3 red balls . A die is thrown . If 1 or 2 appears on it,
ne

then bag A is chosen , otherwise bag B . If two balls are drawn at random the selected bag, find the probability of one of
22
them being red and another black . ( )
45
31. Suppose that the reliability of a HIV test is specified as follows: Of people having HIV, 90% of the test detect the disease but
Vi

10% go undetected . Of people free of HIV, 99% of the test are judged HIV-ive but 1% are diagnosed as showing HIV+ive .
From a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV +ive . What is the probability that the person actually has HIV ?
10
(
)
121
32. A bag X contains 4 white and 2 black balls, while another bag Y contains 3 white and 3 black balls. Two balls are drawn at
random from one of the bags and were found to be one white and one black . Find the probability that the balls were drawn
9
from bag Y . ( )
17

Type-6 | Special Type (Very Important)

1. In a hockey match both teams A and B scored same number of goals up to the end of the game , so to decide the winner ,
the referee asked both the captains to throw a die alternately and decided that the team, whose captain gets a six first , will
be declared the winner . if the captain of team A was asked to start , find their respective probabilities of winning the match
6 5
and state whether the decision of the referee was fair or not . ( P  A win   , P  B win   , No )
11 11
2. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately , till one of them gets a total of 10 and wins the game . Find their respective

Prepared By: MATHEMATICS

Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)
 11

12 11
probabilities of winning, If A starts first . ( P  A win   , P  B win   )
23 23
3. A and B throw a pair of die turn by turn . The first to throw sum 9 is awarded a prize . If starts the game, show that the
9
probability of A getting the prize is .
17
4. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them gets a number greater than four and wins the game. If A starts the game ,
2
what is the probability of B winning ? ( )
5

Type-7 | Miscellaneous

1. A letter is known to have come either from TATA NAGAR or from CALCUTTA. On the envelope, just two consecutive letter TA
are visible. What is the probability that the letter came from TATA NAGAR. (7/11)
2. A car manufacturing factory has two plants, X and Y. Plant X manufactures 70% of cars and plant Y manufactures 30%. 80% of
the cars at plant X and 90% of the cars at plant Y are rated of standard quality. A car is chosen at random and is found to be of

a
standard quality. What is the probability that it has come from plant X? (56/83)
3. A bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 9 white and 7 black balls. A ball is transferred from the first bag
to the second and then a ball is drawn at random from the second bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is white.

em b
(85/153)
4. In a bulb factory Machine A, B and C manufacture manufacturer 60% , 30% and 10% bulbs respectively . 1% , 2% and 3% of

a d om
the bulbs produced respectively by A, B and C are found to be defective . A bulb is picked up at random from the total

production and found to be defective . Find the probability that this bulb was produced by machine A .
2
5
) (

y
5. Three machines E1, E2, E3 in a certain factory produce 50%, 25% and 25%, respectively, of the total daily output of electric
tubes. It is known that 4% of the tubes produced one each of machines E1 and E2 are defective, and that 5% of those produced
on E3 are defective. If one tube is picked up at random from a day’s production, calculate the probability that it is defective.
ac Lo
(0.0425)
6. Suppose that 6% of the people with blood group O are left handed and 10% of those with other blood groups are left handed
30% of the people have blood group O. If a left handed person is selected at random, what is the probability that he/she will
have blood group O? (9/44)
7. In a factory which manufactures bolts , machines A, B and C manufactures respectively 30% , 50% and 20% of the bolts . Of
their outputs 3, 4 and 1 percent respectively are defective bolts . A bolts is drawn at random from the product and is found to
Un et

11
be defective . Find the probability that this is not manufactured by machine B . ( )
31
8. An urn contains m white and n black balls. A ball is drawn at random and is put back into the urn along with k additional balls
ne

of the same colour as that of the ball drawn. A ball is again drawn at random. Show that the probability of drawing a white ball
now does not depend on k.
9. There are three urns containing 2 white and 3 black balls, 3 white and 2 black balls, and 4 white and 1 black balls, respectively.
There is an equal probability of each urn being chosen. A ball is drawn at random from the chosen urn and it is found to be
white. Find the probability that the ball drawn was from the second urn. (1/3)
Vi

10. Three bags contain a number of red and white balls as follows:
Bag 1 : 3 red balls, Bag 2 : 2 red balls and 1 white ball Bag 3 : 3 white balls.
The probability that bag i will be chosen and a ball is selected from it is i/6, i = 1, 2, 3. What is the probability that
(i) a red ball will be selected? (ii) a white ball is selected? ((i)7/18 , (ii)11/18)

11. Refer to Question above. If a white ball is selected, what is the probability that it came from (i) Bag 2 (ii) Bag 3
((i) 2/11, (ii) 9/11)
12. A bag contains (2n + 1) coins. It is known that n of these coins have a head on both sides where as the rest of the coins are fair.
A coin is picked up at random from the bag and is tossed. If the probability that the toss results in a head is 31/42 , determine
the value of n. (10)
13. Bag I contains 3 black and 2 white balls, Bag II contains 2 black and 4 white balls. A bag and a ball is selected at random.
Determine the probability of selecting a black ball. (7/15)
14. A box has 5 blue and 4 red balls. One ball is drawn at random and not replaced. Its colour is also not noted. Then another ball
is drawn at random. What is the probability of second ball being blue? (5/9)
15. There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white balls while the other contains 4 black and 3 white balls. A die is
thrown. If it shows up 1 or 3, a ball is taken from the Ist bag; but it shows up any other number, a ball is chosen from the second
bag. Find the probability of choosing a black ball. (11/21)

Prepared By: MATHEMATICS

Er. Vineet Loomba (IIT Roorkee)