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Chapter 1
Bangladesh is located in the center of South Asia, and it has balanced its drive for
27 progress with nature. The Sundarbans, the world's biggest mangrove forest, is far more than a
magnificent biological asset. Our most effective natural catastrophe protection is a home for
innumerable kinds of wildlife, and a lifeline for towns that rely on its resources. This delicate
balance is now under threat as a new advancement force threatens to destroy this natural shield.

As the energy demand in Bangladesh grows stronger due to industrialization, the Rampal
Power Plant, a massive coal-fired project, claims to alleviate the country's energy problem by
19 generating 1,320 megawatts of electricity. However, the plant is only 14 kilometers from the
Sundarbans and has sparked concerns. The project would spoil the air, pollute the water, disrupt
habitats, and upset the delicate balance of the mangrove ecosystem, according to environmental
experts. As the country faces a choice between modernization and preservation, can Bangladesh
afford to risk wasting its natural heritage for the promise of energy security? This inquiry gets to
the heart of the matter, as a closer look at the Rampal Power Plant project uncovers a network of
environmental, social, and ethical issues that are far from resolved.

Image and information courtesy of Daily Industry News

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4
1.1 Background of the Rampal Power Plant Project
In early January 2025, the power sector of Bangladesh is growing with the increasing
electricity consumption as well as additional generation capacity. Average daily power demand
in Bangladesh is estimated to be just over 316 million kilowatt hours (roughly a 7% increase in
demand), driven primarily by the increasing temperatures and greater use of air conditioners in
households [1]. In the long term, it is envisioned that the electricity demand will be 84,858 MW
by 20503 and it is predicted to be 32,659 MW by 2025. The total grid-connected as well as
captive power generation capacity is presently about 26,944 MW [2]. Peak demand is met by this
capacity, but more than 9,000 MW remains in surplus. Yet in practice, actual generation often
fails to match the generation anticipated due to operating difficulties and fuel shortages.

To meet this energy demand The Rampal Power Plant project was initiated. This project
signifies Bangladesh’s transition to coal as one of the main components of its energy mix as the
country’s natural gas reserves fade. Despite the government's goal to produce 10 percent of its
power from renewable sources by 2025, coal is crucial to providing instant power. Of the
Rampal plant, two units have contributed to the national grid as of December 2023. The project
aims to assist in relief from the energy constraints that have caused regular blackouts around the
country.
10 Rampal Power Plant also known as Maitree Super Thermal Power Project is a very big
coal-based thermal power project constructed in Rampal Upazila, Bagerhat District, Bangladesh.
39 With 2 units making a combined power of 660 MW each, this facility is designed to yield a total
of 1,320 MW of electricity. The plant started up commercial operations on December 18, 2022,
and shortly thereafter, the first unit started to feed into the national grid.[3][4]

Key Features
Location: Approximately 14 kilometers north of Santragachi, about 32 kilometers south
12 of Khulna city, and 14 kilometers north of the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, a UNESCO World
Heritage Site.[5].
9 Ownership: Bangladesh India Friendship Power Company Limited (BIFPCL) - a joint
venture between the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) and India's National
Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), is operating the project.[6]

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Construction and Financing: It's costing roughly $2 billion to construct a plant on some
8 1,034 acres of land. The project is financed under India’s Concessional Financing Scheme while
being built by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL).[4].

Of the Rampal plant, two units have contributed to the national grid as of December
2023. The aim of the project is to assist in relief from the energy constraints which have caused
regular blackouts around the country.

1.2 Key Concerns

The significance of the location of Rampal Power Plant is partly because it is near the
Sundarbans. In addition to being ecologically sensitive, this area supports a wide diversity of
wildlife including the endangered ‘Bengal tiger’. Environmentalists and local communities alike
have raised alarms over the plant's construction for violating guidelines that recommend
maintaining coal-based thermal power plants at least 25 kilometers away from ecologically
sensitive areas. The Sundarbans is at potential risk of pollution, habitat destruction and threats to
biodiversity. This project raises some major concerns like -

1. Environmental Concerns: The project has also come at the expense of Sundarbans
ecosystem being criticized. As per the experts, such a coal fired power plant could be
very bad for local air and water pollution and to local flora and fauna
2. Social Concerns: It is also crucial to consider the natural resource-rich Sundarbans
livelihoods that have been disturbed, as well as the displaced residents whose livelihoods
have been over-displaced. Environmental organizations and local activists advocating for
more sustainable development have protested.
3. Economic Concerns: However much the plant serves the growing energy needs of
Bangladesh economically, critics further postulate that it would not be economically
viable in the longest term as reliance on coal would be worse. Prices of coal keep going
up and down in the world markets and calls into question financial viability for coal
imports into the country. This could create an increase in tariffs for consumers to pay for

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their electricity. It is also feared that the obsolescence of technology for coal plants
affects efficiency and denies the long-term economic benefits.

In short, Rampal Power Plant has been dubbed as the power panacea to the energy crisis
in Bangladesh, thus situated beside one of the most environmentally sensitive sites, in this case,
the Sundarbans, raising serious environmental, social, and economic issues that are yet pushing
the flames for debate as to whether it needs to be built or not.

1.3 The aims of this report to include the following:

4 Sustainability of the project: This report evaluates the sustainability of the Rampal
Power Plant project in terms of environmental, social, and economic dimensions; namely, its
contribution to sustainable development and impact on the Sundarbans, people living in the
surrounding vicinity, and the larger energy infrastructure of Bangladesh. Methodology includes a
deep study of risks, environmental impacts, and socio-economic consequences.

Ethics Issues Addressed: The association of the project with professional and ethics as
contained in the NSPE Code of Ethics was appraised in a critical mannerwy highlighting
violations of ethical standards and also examining the obligations of engineers, policymaker, and
stakeholders in ensuring public welfare, Environmental conservation, and sustainable
development..

Exploring Alternatives Recognizing the controversies surrounding the Rampal Power

Plant, this report investigates viable alternatives. This includes evaluating alternative energy
sources, such as renewables, and identifying less ecologically sensitive locations for similar
projects. The goal is to propose solutions that are economically feasible, environmentally
sustainable, and ethically sound.

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Chapter 2

34 The Rampal Coal-Fired Power Plant is one of the great engineering feats that will serve
Bangladesh and demonstrate the country’s capacity to harness any resources necessary to meet
rising energy needs. Originally planned to produce 1320MW of electricity, it forms one of the
biggest thermal power plants in the region for Bangladesh’s energy sector. This is a modern
building that utilises the best technological practices in production. Although it is nestled near
16 the vicinity of the Sunderbans, the location of the power plant plays a crucial role to ensure its
successful operation

2.1 Why the Sundarbans?

The selection of the site in Sundarbans particularly in Rampal Upazila for constructing
the Rampal Power Station has been made considering some strategic reasons mainly related to
logistics and import of coal. The domestic availability of coal in the Bangladesh is not sufficient
enough to fulfill the increasing energy demand of industries as well as growing urbanization
throughout the country. Thus, it is mandatory to import coal and thus Rampal site was chosen
nearby Mongla Port, which is one of the few deep seaports of Bangladesh that can handle the
large ships which import coal from foreign countries.

12 Sundarbans, which is just few kilometers away from the site of the plant proposed here,
provides suitable access to these important communication networks. This geographical
characteristic means that near the project site has Passur River which in turn enables direct
delivery of coal to the power plant due to the minimized transportation costs and time. These
provide waterway accesses which hold a central role in ensuring supply of requirements in
operations of the plant. Furthermore, the support facilities like electrical network besides other
cog facilities made Rampal convenient to integrate a giant thermal power plant.

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2.2 Infrastructure

The complexity of the structure of Rampal Power Plant is due to its capacity and applied
modern engineering technologies that are supposed to cover energy consumption of Bangladesh
and minimize the impact on the environment. There are several features of the plant’s
infrastructure that are necessary to ensure efficient generation of electricity and to address the
problems related to its gigantic construction site.

2.2.1. Supercritical Boiler Technology

Rampal Power Plant has established supercritical steam turbine technology that is among
the most sophisticated methods of power production. Supercritical steam plants are also different
from the normal steam plants that run below the critical point of water that is 374°C at 22 MPa.
This enhances the rates of efficiency in power production since heat transfer inside the turbines is
improved and fuel is also conserved. As noted above, higher pressures and temperatures yield
still more energy out of the coal and therefore enhance efficiency of the plant. This is a
fundamental feature of the design of a plant and plays a significant role in the efficiency with
which electricity is produced greenly and expensively. [14] [12]

2.2.2. Cooling System

An important aspect in the design of the plant is that the plant employs a closed water
cooling system which uses water from the Passur River in cooling the steam that has performed
the power generation function. This system operates by pumping the water to a heat exchanger,
where the steam is cooled so that it can be pumped cycled around again. Closed loop cooling is
preferable over open loop cooling since it does not discharge heated water directly into the water
bodies thus minimizing thermal pollution of the water, control of temperature in water bodies for
the conservation of water. The large visible structures, the cooling towers make this process
possible, by creating space for air to cool the water and keeping the plant running without
straining the river supplies of water. [12] [14]

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2.2.3. Coal Handling Infrastructure

2 Coal handling system is one of the utmost important components of Rampal Power Plant
that is responsible with the transporting of the coal from ships to the plant for combustion. Since
Bangladesh has insignificant quantities of domestic coal, the plant relies on importing coal
through the nearby Passur River to facilitate the transportation of large amounts of coal through
ships. Coal handling infrastructure of the plant can handle 13,000 tons of coal per day
comprising of conveyor belts, crushers and storage facilities. All parts of the system are
automated to lessen human intervention and improve safety, though the engineering that is
necessary to ensure that the coal gets stored, transported, and fed into the boilers is highly
complex. [12]

2.2.4. Power Generation and Transmission System

Two steam turbines, spun by the plant that the plant could generate power from, feed into
generators that will produce electricity. The steam that is made by heating water with a burning
coal in the supercritical boilers of these turbines powers the coal turbines. When the electricity is
generated it is converted to high voltage electricity for long distance transmission. This system of
generating and transmission is completed with the plant’s step-up transformer, turning the
generated electricity from 18kV to 400kV for transmission . Because it then helps the electricity
sent to the national grid with little loss in the energy.[14]

2.2.5. The Environmental Protection Systems.

2 With regard to the Sundarbans, Rampal Power Plant has designed and integrated a
number of environmental protection systems in order to reduce the impact it has on the
environment around, and specifically, on the delicate ecosystem of the Sundarbans. Further, an
advanced flue gas desulfurization (FGD) plant is supplied that remove sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from
exhaust gases when coal is burned. In addition, particulate matter removed from the exhaust is
collected using electrostatic precipitators and no harmful pollutants released into the atmosphere.
[12]

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2.2.6. Plant Facilities Structural Design

Since Rampal Power Plant site plot is on relatively flat land, the sheer size of the plant
and its essential systems of big size leads to big and complex layout. With multiple boiler units,
cooling towers, fuel storage areas and waste disposal systems carefully designed to perform in
the most optimal way within a limited space, the plant provides a wide variety of mechanical
equipment. Future expansion is considered in the structural layout, allowing the increments of
increasing numbers of units or increasing the available units by upgrades if needed. [14]

Other structures supporting the entire plant include steel reinforced concrete foundations,
generator, administrative buildings and worker facilities. Planning for the many extreme loads
and conditions that the plant will experience over its long operational life, is essential to ensure
that the plant operates efficiently with systems designed to handle these loads and
conditions.[14]

2.2.7. Logistics and Transportation Infrastructure are involved.

With the height of coal to the plant’s running, the coal infrastructure that is built around
2 the Rampal Power Plant is for the transportation of the coal and other raw material. Coal to the
plant is loaded onto barges at the nearby Port of Mongla and transported up the Passur River.
Large automated coal silos store the coal, which is distributed to the boilers via conveyer belts.
However, such a continuous supply of fuel for power generation without interruption is critical to
this infrastructure.[12]

Rampal Power Project or in short RPP is a very complex, integrated facility, which has
advanced engineering in their technology and infrastructure. Specifically designed for
continuous high efficiency power generation from super critical boilers to large scale coal
handling systems, the plant is designed as a complete unit. Beyond satisfying Bangladesh’s fast
growing electricity demand, the plant’s structural complexity is important for moving the
country’s energy sector forward.

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2.3 Project Timeline

Dates Events

1 October 25, 2009 The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) announced plans to build a coal-fired
power plant in Rampal in collaboration with the Government of India (GOI).
This was a significant step toward addressing Bangladesh’s energy needs.

1 January 11, 2010 GOB and GOI signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to officially
initiate the power plant’s construction, marking the beginning of bilateral
cooperation.

8 January 29, 2012 BPDB (Bangladesh Power Development Board) and NTPC (National Thermal
Power Corporation) signed another MOU to establish a Joint Venture
Company (JVC) for the plant's implementation.

10 October 31, 2012 Bangladesh India Friendship Power Company Limited (BIFPCL) was formed
and registered as a private limited company to manage the project.

December 2, 2012 The financial closure of the project was declared after BIFPCL secured a $1.6
billion loan from India’s Exim Bank, ensuring the financial backing necessary
to proceed.

1 April 20, 2013 BPDB signed a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and Implementation
Agreement (IA) with BIFPCL to purchase electricity from the plant for the
next 25 years

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1 September 22, 2015 An international tender for the project’s Engineering, Procurement, and
Construction (EPC) contractors was issued, attracting bids from global
companies.

15 January 31, 2016 Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) was awarded the EPC contract,
1 valued at $1.49 billion USD, with a 41-month construction timeline.

May 2017 General Electric was contracted for $40 million USD for steam generation
equipment, contributing to the plant’s power generation system.

August 15, 2022 Unit-I of the power plant was successfully integrated with Bangladesh’s
1 national grid, contributing 91.7 MW of electricity to the grid.

December 23, 2022 The plant's Unit-I began its commercial operations, producing electricity for
the national grid.

October 24, 2023 Trial generation commenced for Unit-II of the Rampal Power Plant, initially
producing 400 MW of electricity during its testing phase.

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2.4 Capacity to the National Grid and Contribution

1 The installed gross capacity of the Rampal Power Plant is 1320 MW with two units at
660 MW each. But the derated (net) capacity of 1234 MW (617 MW per unit) is 6.5 percent less
of the planned (before derogation) capacity (BPDB, 2023). The bulk of the reduction is caused
by technical factors and operational adjustments.

The first unit (660 MW) started on 17 December 2022 which marked the beginning of
the commercial operations of Rampal Power Plant. The second unit (660MW) was brought into
service on March 12, 2024. As of January 2025, the two units are complete, with combined
capacity of 1,320 MW contributing to Bangladesh’s national grid. The addition will do much to
increase the country’s electricity supply, helping to fuel industrial growth and improve energy
access for residents.

The Rampal Power Plant, plays a key role in meeting growing energy needs in
Bangladesh. Its capacity is a major contribution to the national grid, stabilizing and supplying
power to industrial, commercial and residential use. High voltage lines are used to transmit the
generated power and electricity which is distributed efficiently across the country and facilitates
network growth and industrial development.

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Chapter 3
As the previous chapter gave adequate insight into the details of the project work of
Rampal Power Plant, the discussion now moves from the technical aspects of design and
construction to the possible impacts to the environment society and the economy. Large-scale
Infrastructure projects always pose several risks that are likely to affect ecosystems, communities
and the general sustainability of the regions in which the projects are to be implemented.

These issues are further heightened when talking about the Rampal Power Plant because
31 it constructed a plant near the Sundarbans which is a UNESCO site and home to one of the
biggest Mangrove forests in the world. This chapter highlights all the project-related dangers:
environmental abuses, health effects, economic entanglements, and climate impacts, and assesses
the threats’ potential severity. By systematically outlining and describing these risks, this chapter
seeks to give a broad perspective on the possible threats and as such build a framework of
knowledge on which to base decisions and prevention.

3.1 Environmental risk

By putting the Rampal Power Plant so close to the Sundarbans (14kms), it establishes
itself as one of the most environmentally precarious projects in South Asia and perhaps the most
high risk power initiative in South Asia. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Sundarbans is a
massive, complex system of interconnectedness, vital to regional biodiversity and the safety of
millions living along Bangladesh's coast. It is a special mangrove forest, which, through an
elaborate network of rivers and creeks sustains virtually thousands of species, including the
critically endangered Royal Bengal Tiger, estuarine crocodiles, and the even rarer Ganges River
dolphin.

The Sundarbans isn’t just ecologically rich, it’s a natural shield against cyclones and
storm surges, saving coastal populations that are crowded and low to the ground from disasters
that regularly threaten. As any disruption to this delicate balance—a disruption caused by air and
water pollution, increase in shipping traffic and deforestation, among others—puts not only the
very biodiversity at risk but also that of the very communities living and relying on the forest's

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natural services. The Sundarbans’ dense mangrove roots help to prevent soil erosion, balance
water salinity, and allow fisheries to be a source of local economies.

23 Image Courtesy: Daily Sun (https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/244773)

Such a large scale industrial project is being established so close to such a sensitive
ecosystem begs for dire consequences and the question of whether rather long term, generating
energy costs more than the irreplaceable natural resources that would sustain the activities we so
desperately need it for. The potential environmental ramlications are diverse, but the most
immediate consequence is from the power plant's pollution. Coal combustion emissions could
also severely damage air quality; wastewater discharge and thermal pollution will also damage
the health of nearby water bodies and aquatic life. Direct and indirect pollution of such forms
threatens the Sundarbans’ uniqueness and poses a danger to the lives of nearby communities.

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3.1.1 Air pollution caused by the power plant

18 The Maitree coal fired power plant, with a capacity of 1,320 MW, located in the suburb at
Rampal, Bangladesh, is subject to environmental and health controversy. Its emissions are
11 expected to be one of the largest point sources of air pollution in the country, and will impact
33 vast areas of southwestern Bangladesh including the Sundarbans– a UNESCO World Heritage
site. As part of any risk analysis, the causes and severity of the pollution from the plant must be
understood.

Causes of the pollution

7 Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) particulate matter and mercury
16 all come from burning coal, and are the primary sources of air pollution from the Rampal power
plant. These pollutants help both secondary and primary particle formation and degrades air
quality. Ambient levels of NO₂ and SO₂ are elevated by the plant's stack emissions, especially on
days when its impact is most significant.[11]

A large part of the problem is attributed to coal, which contains various amounts of
mercury and other toxic elements. When coal is burned, mercury goes into the atmosphere along
with particulate matter and gases as additional sources of pollution surrounding an area.
Rampal’s emission limits for the key pollutants are significantly higher than global best
practices, mainly because of weak regulatory practices. For example, SO₂ emission limits are
around six times higher than China and NOₓ limits are ten times higher.[11]

A third source of pollution from the plant is poor pollution control technology specified
in the documents of the tender. The pollution reduction systems that are in place are not at
technical state of art levels. Although the plant does have flue gas desulfurization (FGD) but it
does not have other important systems like Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOₓ and
mercury capture (activated carbon injection), which are common in the more advanced coal
plants.[11]

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Severity of the Pollution

Rampal is projected to have grave public health and environmental impacts from the air
4 pollution that it generates. These include SO₂, NOₓ, dust and mercury emissions, which will
increase the risk of stroke, lung cancer and heart and respiratory diseases. In addition, exposure
to these pollutants increases children's respiratory symptoms, and can lead to low birth weight in
babies.

Another aspect of the extent of the severity is the density of population in that area that's
been affected. Rampal is located in south western part of Bangladesh, where a large population
exists, making the health impacts of air pollution easily captured. This amounts to an estimated
1,800 premature deaths and 24,000 babies born under 5 pounds 8 ounces [11].

Also, any mercury released from the plant would create risks to the aquatic ecosystem for
years to come. Fish from the surrounding 70 km² area can be unsafe to consume because
mercury accumulates in the food chain. These toxic deposits will have a disproportionate impact
in a particular wetland and biodiversity hotspot: the Sundarbans. Mercury can be very damaging
to aquatic life and millions of people dependent on fishing livelihoods.

Rampal’s projected emissions are substantially above global standards. For example,
based on the specific pollution control measures that are implemented, emissions of mercury are
forecast to be up to 1,100 kg per year. Even with the best emission control approach mercury
pollution would still result in significant environmental risk. Furthermore, the captured mercury
doesn't leave: rather, it is dumped into coal combustion waste or scrubber wastewater,
exacerbating the waste management challenge.

11 The Rampal coal fired power plant is expected to be the largest source of air pollution in
Bangladesh and will have far reaching negative impacts on human health, air quality and
environment. To make matters worse, this plant is located in a busy area, where emissions will
be particularly bad, and the plant's control technology is inadequate to reduce them to weak
limits. Immediate action is needed to review the regulatory structure for emissions at Rampal to
minimize this risk and protect the Sundarbans and people working near the site.

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3.1.2 Rampal Coal Power Plant water Pollution

Operational practice of Rampal Power Plant (RPP), proximity to Sundarbans, and the use
of the Passur River as key water source are implying severe concern to water pollution of RPP.
According to Donna Lisenby, a coal-fired power plant water pollution expert from Waterkeeper
Alliance, too many critical elements pointed to the plant’s risk of water pollution from coal ash,
from technological practices being inadequate to the handling of coal ash to the huge ecological
disruptions from dredging.

Passur River Water and Lack of Recycling

The Rampal Power Plant does not employ a state of the art Zero water discharge system.
While RPP differs from coal power plants in neighbouring India which require or reclaim water,
it will be totally dependent on the Passur River for its water needs. [15] The water will be used to
7 cool the plant, scrub the flue gas, remove the waste products from the flue gas scrubber, and
dispose of ash from the plant. Not only does this mean depleting water sources, but also exposure
to contaminated conditions when untreated wastewater moving through the plant mixing with
toxic chemicals is likely to flow back into the river, impacting aquatic ecosystems and
communities reliant on the river for drinking water and fishing.

Coal Ash and Ash Pond Risks That Pose Toxicity

Handling coal ash is one of the biggest threats to water quality posed by the RPP. The
plant will pump into its ash pond 422 cubic meters of wet coal ash slurry each day. The slurry is
highly toxic, which includes arsenic, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead, mercury, thallium,
and uranyum. Ash ponds — designed simply to hold waste — are inherently risky [15]. Near to
the Sundarbans — a region prone to flooding and seismic activity — the RPP is more likely to
leak or spill its stock. The Sundarbans could be contaminated by poisonous toxins that escape
from the ash pond in such an event. This could be devastating in the long term having ecological
impact not only on aquatic life but also the people who recreate their lives on the Sundarbans.

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Dredging of the Passur River

In addition, the plant’s operations will require significant dredging of the Passur River
both in the early years and on a continuing basis. 26 kilometers of the riverbed must be dredged
2 in order to allow coal carrying ships access to the plant, with over 34 million cubic meters of
river bottom habitat being removed to do so. It is habitat for a variety of aquatic life including
fish, crustaceans and endangered dolphins. Additionally, each year 1.8 million cubic meters of
riverbed each year will be emptied via annual maintenance dredging. [7]

This dredging is immensely ecological. Removing riverbed habitat will disrupt feeding,
migration and, spawning patterns of aquatic species lowering fish diversity and harvest. The
dredged material dumping into the river and sea will also raise water turbidity which can stop
sunlight penetration from reaching aquatic plants and disrupting the food chain even further.
These changes not only pose a threat to biodiversity of the Passur River, but also to local fishing
communities economically.

Habitat disruption and increased Water Turbidity

It is very likely to drastically increase water turbidity through the disposal of dredged
spoil into the river and surrounding waters. The higher turbidity cuts down light penetration and
the damage is felt in photosynthesis in aquatics plants and water quality in general. But these can
have serious consequences for the ecosystem: they can transform fish habitats, reduce the
amount of prey, and, subsequently, decrease fish populations. Other species, that depend on clear
water for navigation including fish and dolphins, will also be disrupted by changing patterns of
migration. Over time these changes can cause the loss of biodiversity and ecological imbalance
26 in the Passur River and in the surrounding Bay of Bengal. [7]

Operation of the Rampal Power Plant represents a very grave threat to water quality in
the Passur River, as well as to the very fragile ecosystems of the Sundarbans. The environmental
hazards it relies on are complex: it can’t do without river water to drink, and not only is coal ash
disposal toxic, but dredging up the river is environmentally disruptive. Water pollution from the
plant threatens local communities, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of aquatic life with the

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introduction of heavy metals and increased turbidity, and the sobering and far reaching impacts
of such pollution.

3.1.3 Biodiversity Threats posed by the Rampal Power Plant

14 The Sundarbans, the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest and a UNESCO World
Heritage site, is famous for its rich biodiversity supporting over 42 mammal species, 234 bird
species and 51 reptiles, 8 amphibians and more than 200 fish species.[12] Vital for global
biodiversity, this ecological treasure trove is now threatened from a proposed Rampal Power
38 Plant only 14 kilometers away from the forest. Profound and reversible effects of construction
and operation of the plant on this unique ecosystem could have occurred.

Life inside the Sundarbans is delicately balanced depending on very complex interactions
of its mangrove forests, tidal waterways, and wildlife. The Bengal tiger, the Irrawaddy dolphin,
the Ganges river dolphin which are all endangered animals depend on the Sundarbans for their
habitats, foods, and breeding grounds. However, the habitats of the Rampal Power Plant serve as
a direct threat to these vital ecological processes.

Habitat Disruption and Degradation

Destruction of the natural habitats of Sundarbans flora and fauna, including extensive
deforestation, excavation and development of infrastructure, characterizes the construction
phaseRampal of the power plants. Mangrove trees, the Sundari, Keora, Gewa, etc., will, in many
cases, not be there, which serve to stabilize the soil, provide accommodation and food resources
for many species. Destruction of mangrove habitats brings severe adverse effects on herbivores
like deer and other smaller animals dependent on these vegetation types for nourishment.

Habitat loss is not merely taking space but forcing animals such as Bengal tigers, fishing
cats, etc., into human-dominated areas, increasing human-wildlife conflict and also the danger of
poaching. Smaller species, the frogs and insects, will, however, decrease in number as they
contribute highly to the food chains.

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The Ripple Effect of Pollution

Rampal Power Plant creates air and water pollution conditions which threaten to cascade
across the ecosystem. Air Pollution for instance, the emission of these harmful gases such as
6 sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) will be contributing to the formation of acid rain.
Because of this, mangrove roots may be damaged and the soil may be poisoned and the growth
of plants like the Keora tree (one of deer’s main food sources may be adversely affected). Loss
of vegetation cover will have secondary (here referred to as cascading) effects on herbivores and
their predators.

Moreover this plant is designed to discharge the heated waterinto the Passur River and
therefore threatens aquatic life. An increase of just 20–25°F of water temperature will disrupt
fish, shrimp and crab breeding and feeding cycles—essential food sources for other animal
species and local communities.[13] Toxic chemicals such as mercury, cadmium, and arsenic can
also leach into the river and bioaccumulate in fish, damaging fish and their health as well as the
health of humans who depend on that ecosystems.

Increased Maritime Activity

The big threat to Sundarbans’ waterways, which act as essential passages for dolphins
and crocodiles, is growing shipping traffic. This will involve larger ships of much greater
tonnage running up and down these rivers with associated dredging. Dredging of the riverbed
alters the riverbed, smothers aquatic habitats with sediment and disrupts natural water patterns.

Oil spills and coal dust contamination are risks to shipping activities, too. Small spills
could coat up the water’s surface suffocating the life it supports and damaging mangrove roots.
Ship engines produce noise pollution which disturbs breeding behavior and communication in
animals such as the Irrawaddy dolphin, and vibrations which disrupt animals in and out of the
water.

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Cumulative Effects on Wildlife and Ecosystem Health

Constructions, pollution, increased human movement have made Sundarbans a

multi-stressed organism. Though it initially finds itself vulnerable while dealing with the changes
that are occurring all around the globe all brought about by climate change. The forest may
29 eventually reach an ecological tipping point since it has been paired with climate change and the
rising levels of the seas from the beginnig. Species like the masked finfoot and estuarine
crocodile will probably meet extinction because of their small population or sometimes being too
specialized in habitat requirements. It worsens the human communities, too. More than five
hundred thousand people directly or indirectly depend on the Sundarbans for their
livelihood.[12] With the deteriorating health of the forest, the availability diminishes for
resources such as fish, honey, and firewood, threatening the socio-economic stability of such
communities..

15 Rampal Power Plant places a multifaceted threat to the Sundarbans, putting as well its
biodiversity, ecological functions, and cultural significance in danger. The cumulative effects of
habitat destruction, pollution, and increased activity in the waterways might cause an important
drop in the number of populations or lead to the extinction of keystone species, and on this
background, the fragile equilibrium of such an original ecosystem would be disrupted. The
Sundarbans is not only a treasure at the regional level, it is a global heritage, and its protection
becomes a matter of international responsibility. Urgent measures need to be taken to review the
environmental impact of Rampal Power Plant and seek sustainable alternatives that save this
ecosystem for future generations.

4 3.2 Health Risks of the Rampal Power Plant

The experts believe that the Rampal Power Plant was wrongly built near Sundarbans. It
literally raises safety issues for local people and the surrounding community. The major health
threats to these people are air and water pollution brought about by the power plant emissions
along with mercury released by it. This environment and public health hazardous situation will
remain for many years. Here are some major health issues linked with the Rampal Power Plant:

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1. Air Pollution with Its Health Hazards

20 The plant would be emitting harmful pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen
oxides (NO2), and fine particulate matter into the air by the Rampal Power Plant. As a result, the
air quality in the surrounding areas would become poorer, giving rise to various health problems.

● Premature Death: It is expected that Rampal Power Plant will lead to the premature
death of nearly 6,000 persons over the 40 years period of its operation. This accounts for
a couple of deaths a year, amounting to about 150 people who are assumed to die
prematurely. High pollution in the air will eventually cause serious illnesses, which will,
in turn, shorten lives.[9]
● Impacts of Air Pollution on Heart and Lungs: Residents adjoining the power plant will
21 suffer from diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, heart disease, stroke, and even
lung cancer, which are directly associated with airborne pollutants. Increased levels of
harmful particles in the air will make it unbreathable, thus making it unsafe for both
children and adults in the vicinity.
● Low-Weight Birth: The Rampal power plant-induced pollution will probably trigger
about 600 births annually with birth weight more than 2,500 grams. Low-weight
newborns will tend to suffer long-term health debilitation problems such as
developmental disorders and a higher percentage of chronic diseases later.[9]

2. Release of Mercury

2 The Rampal Power Plant will continue to discharge considerable amounts of mercury
into the atmosphere. Mercury is very harmful to the development of the brains of small children.
When mercury passes to the food chain, mainly through fish consumption, serious effects can be
expected for people who depend on fish as their main food source. After estimates, the plant
could possible emit up to 10,000 kgs of mercury throughout its lifespan, contaminating local fish
therefore rendering them unsafe for human consumption.[9]

Moreover, Mercury contamination is likely to affect fish stocks in a 70-sq-km area. Many
local fishing communities depend on fishing for their survival and food, and mercury

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contamination is a health hazard as well as a threat to people's income and livelihood

sources.[10]

3. Overall Environmental Effects

Long-term issues regarding the environment are being associated with the emission from
Rampal Power Plants that are likely to pose health threats to the proximity dwellers. Sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other emissions from the power plant will mix in the atmosphere
with moisture to form acid rain. It negatively impacts plants, water bodies, and soil and causes
adverse effects on local agriculture-the quality of the water would be subsequently
contaminated-and this could endanger the health of people who rely on local farming and fishing
for their day-to-day sources of nutrition and income.

Also rising emissions from the plant could increase the contaminants in the water and
28 thus interfere with local fisheries and wildlife. The health of those who depend on natural
resources for their livelihood, such as fishermen and farmers, would then be affected also as the
ecosystem of the Sundarbans worsens.

4. Impacts on the Public Health Scope

2 The health effects of the Rampal Power Plant are not likely to restrict themselves to the
immediate surroundings of the plant. Obviously, the pollution may soon spread to other parts of
Bangladesh, like the metropolises of Dhaka and Kolkata and so lead to broader public health
concern. Higher levels of pollution can lead to increased levels of respiratory ailments along with
heart diseases and strokes throughout the country. [10] Increased health burden will further build
on the pressure on the healthcare system to treat increased numbers of patients suffering from
illnesses caused by pollution. Some specific population groups, for instance, children, the elderly
and those having pre-existing health conditions are more susceptible to the effect of air pollution
on health. They may get more serious impacts requiring wider use of healthcare services and
having worse quality of life.

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Rampal Power Plant is substantial health risks that may damage the health status of the
subsequent local populations and the great mass of people. Air pollution, mercury promise of the
plant, and the long-term effects on the environment will, in effect, cause early deaths and would
be associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, low birth weight, and the mercury
poisoning of local fish populations. Such potential health risks make it clear that urgent necessity
is emphasized for thorough reevaluation of the Rampal project but also directing energy towards
safer, more sustainable energy solutions for Bangladesh.

3.3 Contribution to Climate Change and Local Impacts

Rampal Power Plant as a coal-fired power stations is thus a major challenge to climate
stabilization and the immediate environment because of its emissions coupled with coal. Its
location very close to the ecologically sensitive areas such as Sundarbans combined with its
inactive contribution to climate change and effects on local ecosystems and communities
amplifies the emission effect from the station. This short paper discusses these issues in a
conjunctural manner and raises their direct as well as indirect effects from the operations of the
plant.

3.3.1 Carbon emissions from coal combustion

It is one of the largest causes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions on earth. The Rampal
Power Plant, which has an annual consumption of 4.7 million tons of coal, would be emitting
approximately 15 million tons of CO₂ resulting from coal combustion. This is among the highest
amounts of emissions generated from one source within Bangladesh, contributing directly to
greenhouse effect implications and enhancement of concentrations of greenhouse gases in
atmosphere.

This level of carbon emissions has serious implications for Bangladesh, which is already
at the major battlefront regarding climate change. Increased cyclone incidences and intensity are
now associated with higher global temperatures, as well as cases of flooding and drought. Daily
plant emission is estimated to be around 3.16 million kilograms of carbon, worsening the global

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and local effort to deal with climate change. These emissions jeopardize the promises made
under the Paris Agreement to reduce carbon outputs and to shift to cleaner energy alternatives.

13 3.3.2 Impact on the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest

The Sundarbans is not just the largest mangrove forest in the world, but also a heritage
site recognized by UNESCO. It acts as a significant carbon sink. The Sundarbans mangroves
sequester a daily average of about 4.2 million kilograms CO₂ from the environment, helping to
mitigate climate change impacts through carbon absorption.

Rampal Power Plant emissions are far greater than the plant's sequestration capacity
6 resulting in an increase in the net CO₂ level. [14] It produces sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen
oxides (NOₓ), besides carbon emissions. Acid rains formed as a result of acid deposits may affect
the mangrove ecosystem in several ways including alteration of soil chemistry, stunted plant
growth, and decreased atmospheric carbon sequestration by the forest. These pollutants further
degrade the biodiversity of the Sundarbans, impacting plant and animal species further
threatened by lost habitats and other anthropogenic pressures.

Thermal pollution created by heating water released into adjacent rivers also disturbs
aquatic ecosystems within the Sundarbans. Higher water temperatures may lead to reduced
oxygen levels, harm fish populations, and eventually upset the delicate balance of this rich
biodiversity. Within this time, such changes will deteriorate the Sundarbans' resilience to act as a
natural buffer against climate-related threats, including increased storm surges and rising sea
levels.

35 3.3.3 Increased Vulnerability to Climate Change

Bangladesh is one of the countries that are classified as vulnerable to climate change
because it is low-lying and will be affected by rising sea levels with more extreme weather
events. Rampal Power Plant multiplies these forms of vulnerability and directs increasing
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere thereby further disrupting the climate.

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Rising temperatures are already threatening agricultural productivity, with erratic rainfall
patterns upsetting farming cycles, thus posing risks to food security for over millions of
Bangladeshis who depend on agriculture for most of their livelihoods. The additional emissions
from Rampal accentuate all these impacts, which are already experienced as more frequent
floods and long-drawn-out droughts.

On top of that, the Sundarbans serve as an ostensible shield against cyclones and tidal
surges, sparing coastal populations from their destructive impacts. But this protection is offset
when the emissions and activities related to the power plant undermine this forest. People who
live around and between the Sundarbans and this power plant are thus more prone to face
disasters that may be caused by climate change and these disasters may lead to deaths,
dislocations, and long-term social and economic repercussions.

3.3.4 Cumulative Environmental Impact

The Rampal Power Project is not a solitary development. The project constitutes part of a
trend of growing industrialization in environmentally delicate regions. Increased shipping traffic
is required to deliver coal at the plant, but this adds to the cumulative environmental
environmental footprint of the facility. There are ships that traverse through the Sundarbans
which disturb aquatic habitats, release oil and wastes in the waterways, and bring about increased
noise pollution, which all harm wildlife. Heavy metals and toxins get into the environment
surrounding the plant because of the coal ash disposal. This effects not only the present pollution
of soil and water but also long-term effects on human health and agriculture productivity. The
emissions, together with the waste disposal and coal transport, amplify the environmental
footprint of the plant, making it a very significant contributor to ecological deterioration in the
region.

2 3.3.5 Local Consequences of Climate Change

The impacts of the Rampal Power Plant on climate change indeed spell doom for the
nearby people. Climate change has things such as rising temperatures and further arbitrary
weather changes that affect agriculture, fisheries, and other kinds of related livelihoods, all of

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which constitute the backbone of the local economy and have immediate effects on income
levels and food security.

There are, however, other critical health risks. Increased air pollution due to the factory
results in higher incidences of respiratory diseases among the local populace. The acid rains
caused by SO₂ and NOₓ emissions further aggravate the quality of water available for
consumption and agricultural activities.

Degradation of the Sundarbans, which are protective barriers against cyclones and floods,
removes these natural defenses within the communities, making them more vulnerable to the
cyclone and flooding incidences and enhancing their economic losses plus increasing
displacement. Thus, the current impacts create more vulnerabilities that add to the difficulty and
cost of adaptation to climate change for Bangladesh.

3.4 Social Risk

Rampal Power Plant has now become one of the focal points of social discontent across
vast sections of society and increasing social risks, particularly among the local communities
24 dependent on the Sundarbans for their livelihoods. These include fishermen, woodcutters, honey
gatherers, and farmers, all of whom are directly affected by the ecological degradation brought
about by the project. The protests are emanating in the demand for government intervention for
fear that the construction of the project will not only destroy the environment but also the way of
life. Polluted environments, declining fish populations, and low agricultural productivity threaten
their survival and push them into poverty.

The protests, which began early in Rampal and Bagerhat, have shown a great number of
local complaints regarding the injury this project-seeking involves to their environment. In July
2011, police interference occurred during a protest against the power plant at Rampal upazila
where the villagers gathered to call up the cancellation of the proposed project for fears of
devastation to Sundarbans owing to the project.[14] These protests signified a great shift, not just
as-the communities relying on natural resources in the area for their livelihoods-began to

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confront both environmental and economic threats posed by the power plant; just made things
worse for two arrested protestors because that only fueled further frustration and disillusionment
with government machinations in this regard.

Since then, there have been national protests over the issue of Rampal Power Plant,
which became highlighted in October 2013 under the movement titled "Save the Sundarbans." At
such events, national mobilizations against the project were observed. Activists,
environmentalists, and common citizens took to the streets in Dhaka and other cities staging
marches and sit-ins against environmental risks and social consequences related to the
project.[14]

International protests have also upticked the voices raising against the project, for
instance, solidarity protests held worldwide in New York City, London, and other cities during
January 2017. This project have also been condemned by international organizations such as
Greenpeace and Sierra Club, who lamented the potential devastation of one of the most essential
ecosystems in the world. At these protests, activists made the argument in favor of global social
hazards attached to this project-the loss of biodiversity in the Sundarbans along with forced
displacement for the local populace would have implications not just for Bangladesh but also for
global climate stability and environmental health.

These protests come in a built sense of deepening betrayal among affected populations.
The Rampal Power Plant is becoming an emblem of industrial encroachment-looking at keeping
development interests above the well-being of local communities. The people have not been
consulted or compensated for the impacts on their community directly; increasing the distrust is
only making matters worse. Growing social dissatisfaction has opened demands for justice,
compensation, and a review of the projects by affected communities.

Social hazards are not only economic and ecological; they also include the cultural
aspect. The Sundarbans is a place of deep cultural significance for the people of Bangladesh. It
would tarnish the identity of the nation, and their emotional and cultural ties to the land would
perish as a consequence of losing this vital ecosystem. Livelihood loss, through the dwindling of
fish stocks and the degrading of agricultural land, is also a loss of culture and shared heritage
rather.

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2 As part of establishing the larger social risks surrounding the power plant, the Rampal
Power Plant project may significantly reflect a gap between government development goals and
people's needs. The augmenting social unrest-from local protests to global campaigns-has
transformed the understanding of this project from a local project case to one that jeopardizes the
wellbeing, livelihoods and cultural integrity of those dependent on the Sundarbans. The
movements thus constituted have become a united force for the global demand for justice in
environment, accountability and a more participatory approach in sustainable development.

3.5 Risk of Losing the Sundarbans: A Mangrove Ecosystem Under Threat

The proposed Rampal Power Plant comes with great repercussions for the Sundarbans, a
world-class mangrove forest. The functions of this ecosystem, unique for its rich diversity of life
and natural defenses against climate-change impacts, could easily be devastated on account of
environmental risks that are consequences of coal-based generation of power. The plant, located
just 14 kilometers away from the forest, poses various threats to this ecologically critical zone.

Life above the Sundarbans is governed completely by the waterways-rivers, canals, and
tributaries that sustain plant, animal, and human life. Coal ash, spillage, and wastewater
discharges will thus threaten these waterways, causing disturbance of aquatic ecosystems and the
temporal filtration capacity of the mangrove. In addition, an amount of coal, which is 12,000
tonnes, would have to be distributed daily through the forest, increasing the chances of an
accident where a single spillage can cause an irreversible effect. The ash left behind after burning
coal, which is enriched in toxic heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, and cadmium, adds
further risk.The dispersal of these substances into air, water and soil may not only destroy the
habitat of Bengal tiger-like wildlife, but also threaten the very livelihoods of thousands who rely
on forest resources.

Although the government has assured the protesters that measure will be taken to protect
the sunderbans Such assurances will not hold even an ounce of salt, given that similar coal-fired
plants have had historical and environmental studies on them that contradict these promises.The
lack of stringency in injunctions and diversions may cause Rampal to lose this natural treasure

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forever, which otherwise acts as a shield against climate change and a haven for biodiversity. The
Sundarbans are torn apart by the Rampal Power Plant threats to the environment and people.
Here under is the risk matrix highlighted

Risk Matrix:

Risk Factor Likelihood Severity Risk Level Reason

Community Medium Low Low Mitigated by public relations

Engagement efforts.

Coal suppy Medium Medium Medium Stable imports essential for

shortage smooth operation.

Technical Medium High Medium Breakdowns may disrupt

Failures operations.

Social unrest Medium High High Protests could delay or disrupt

the project.

Water High High High Major threat to local rivers,

pollution impacting health.

Air pollution High High High Harmful emissions from coal

combustion.

Mecury High High High Mercury contamination in water

emission and soil.

Health Medium High High Pollution impacts local

Hazard population’s health.

Biodiversity Meduim High High Threat to the Sundarbans

Loss ecosystem and endangered
species.

Climate High High High Contribution to global warming

change from emissions.

In as much as these seem to be no more than a few risks listed in the matrix above, the
most critical ones include water pollution, mercury emissions, and biodiversity loss. Among all,
the threat of water and air contamination bears dire consequences to the fragile ecosystem of this

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region. Also, the social unrest fostered by the fears of local communities losing their livelihoods
is a reason for greater potential disruption of project implementation and sustainability in the
2 long run. Finally, the Rampal Power Plant project is a venture of high risk, which could end up
having catastrophic consequences on the environment, society, and health. The importance of
risk that this matrix entails stands to address all critical issues, thereby calling for more
alternative sustainable energy solutions that will not infringe on the unique and irreplaceable
Sundarbans ecosystem.

Chapter 4: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

4.1 Methodology
Rampal Power Plant’s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was completed in compliance
with guidelines established by the Department of Environment of Bangladesh and international
policies including the IFC Performance Standards. The framework utilized a set of basic steps to
provide the project with an exhaustive analysis of its predicted implications to the
environment.[16]

To begin with, the existing environmental, ecological, and social conditions of the Sunarban’s
vicinity and other areas around were evaluated through impact baseline studies. These studies

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were important as they served as baseline for measuring the effect of the project. Following this
was the impact prediction, which sought to ascertain several aspects of the building, operations
and shuttering stages. Both quantitative and qualitative parameters such as emission factors and
the affected parties’ perceptions, respectively, were applied to the assessment of project’s
impacts.
Air and water quality, biodiversity metrics, and emissions of carbon dioxide were considered to
25 be the key metrics. Modeling tools were used to estimate the average dispersion of some air
pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and assess the likelihood of water pollution.
36 The interests of local people, environmental groups, and government representatives were taken
into account in the stakeholder consultations. In terms of environmental compliance the
assessment also involved the level of conformity with the environmental standards set by
Bangladesh and internationally accepted ones. Measures aimed at minimizing negative impacts
and achieving sustainable development goals were worked out.
In this methodology, it can be observed that there is compliance with Course Outcome CO2,
Program Outcome PO(g) with assessment of sustainability and social aspects in engineering
solutions.

4.2 Findings
In the Environmental Impact Assessments, it was revealed that several factors associated with
the Rampal Power Plant could severely degrade the environment. The actions of the company
concerning air pollutants raised eyebrows as it was anticipated to emit NOx, SO2, and particulate
matter, all of which are likely to be above the POPs[17].

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Figure: pollution of power plant with the capacity of Rampal

Not only does this pose a threat for the immediate ecosystem around Sundarbans but also the
human population. But these weren’t the only risks while water pollution was still a significant
concern due to the uncontrolled wastage that was to be disposed of in the nearby water bodies.
Such uncontrolled waste disposal would completely undermine the aquatic ecosystems,
especially the rivers and the canals where Sundarban’s unique biodiversity is subsided. Besides
these realistic sections, coal power plant pollution contaminants and ash were also factors to be
concerned about as they jeopardized the soil and as a result would undermine the agricultural
productivity in nearby regions,”

37 Rampal power plant paints the daunting picture for the Sundarbans which is a designated
UNESCO World Heritage Site by causing air pollution and the discharge of excess water and
coal residues that in theory and practice is expected to pass the 7.9 million tons of greenhouse
gas. All of these threaten biodiversity and lead to loss of homes and habitats for a range of
species which include the Bengal tiger. Over the years such threats further global in nature are
bound to worsen the crisis at hand. By exacerbating climate change all of these factors
complement and/ or lead to the already complicated crisis.

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4.3 Damage Matrix

The Rampal project’s impact matrix provides a detailed analysis of the consequences associated
with the project. People and ecosystems around a 25-kilometer radius are projected to experience
air pollution, which would have a high impact on nature’s diversity. Contaminated water is also a
high risk where its effect would harm the rivers in the Sundarbans. The loss of the ecological
systems not only sounds alarming but also takes a unique high severity level as it will cost
biodiversity. Emissions of greenhouse gasses are contributing to climate change, which is a
wide-ranging systematic risk over a long time period.

Chapter 5: Alternative Solutions

5.1 Was Rampal Power Plant Needed?

The question of whether Rampal power was needed or not has been in debate for many years in
4 many places. According to the proponents of the Rampal Power Plant, it is justified on the
grounds that the increasing energy needs of Bangladesh is a by product of the current pace of
urbanization and industrialisation taking place in the country. It is correct to say that the country
needs more energy to move towards its developmental objectives. However, the analysis in more
detail exposes problems within the already existing grid system. High losses due to transmission
process, obsolete facilities, and over-dependence on non-renewable energy sources compound
the energy gap. Also the risk of the safety of Rampal power plant puts it into question of its
existence too. By analysing these, we can say that solutions of already existing power system
problems would have been more efficient instead of going for Rampal power plant.
Seeking solutions to already existing problematic areas of inefficiencies through grid
enhancement and energy saving approaches may indeed narrow the demand-supply curve or gap
considerably. In addition to that, it can be boosted further by changing the energy mix to include
energy from renewable sources. This analysis satisfies Course Outcome CO2 and Program
Outcome PO(g) requirements by emphasizing the importance of assessing and applying
sustainable engineering practices.

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5.2 Alternative Energy Options

Alternatives to the Rampal Power Plant include renewable energy options. Considering
Bangladesh’s high solar irradiance levels, solar energy has large untapped potential. A solar
power plant with a capacity of 1320 MW would require around 5000 acres of land and has zero
emissions during the operational phase. Similarly, wind energy can be effectively captured in
coastal regions such as Kuakata, where steady winds abound. In addition, micro hydro projects,
though confined in size, can help meet energy requirements in the isolated areas.

22 Figure: Bangladesh’s largest solar park in Gaibandha ready for inauguration[18]

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Figure: Kaptai Hydroelectric Power Plant

We already have power generation stations like the Hydro power plant of Kaptai and the Solar
plant of Gaibandha in place[17][18]. From a comparative perspective, while it may be true that
32 renewable energy geographies have a higher first cost, the net present value of the benefits they
provide in the future in comparison to coal fired power is enormous. The operational cost of
solar and wind power is lower, ensuring fewer negative effects on the environment, and that the
targets for global sustainability are being met. This data underlines the necessity for development
of innovative and sustainable solutions and was justified during the Course Outcome CO2 and
Program Outcome PO(g).

5.3 Alternative Locations

Having relocated the power plants to a less environmentally sensitive area could significantly
minimize its ecological impact. For example, the Khulna Industrial Zone has better infrastructure
and logistical options that minimize the effect on biodiversity. It can also be argued that the
Barisal Coastal Area has logistical benefits while also safeguarding the Sundarbans other
sensitive ecosystems. In this way, moving the electricity generation facility to a different location
can reduce the adverse effects on the environment significantly. Overall, with the aid of these
construction sites, the project is able to withstand energy demands while causing little to no harm
to the surrounding environment which is essential for sustainable development.

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Chapter 6: Ethical Considerations

6.1 Ethical Evaluation Based on NSPE Code

The Rampal project is the center of controversy and almost violates all civil engineering ethics
and sustainability of the society, which the NSPE Code considers the core ideals. The
construction of the plant so close to the Sundarbans poses dangers to the local population who
rely on the ecosystem for their source of livelihood as well. Such cases of irresponsibility in
maintaining environmental and social responsibilities are detrimental to engineering ethics.
These ethical concerns are moreover aggravated by the suggestions of a lack of adequate
non-disclosure of the environmental harm caused by the construction of the new site.

The engineers who are working on the project have a moral duty to help the public and the
environment first. This moral obligation fails in such sense for instance if an engineer decides
not to shift the site of the plant into a more appropriate place which is less sensitive or decides
not to use greener energy sources. Looking at these challenges it becomes clear that there are
ethical boundaries, as mentioned in Program Outcome PO(h), that cannot be crossed.

6.2 Professional Responsibilities

It is an engineers’ special task to be vigilant on the ethical and environmentally sustainable
standards of the projects in question. In the case of the Rampal project, this translates to
performing comprehensive Environmental Assessments, promoting clean energy options, and
developing technologies that reduce the adverse effects on nature. Openness and honesty are also
necessary principles if good relations are to be built with the stakeholders by informing them of
possible risks and plans for dealing with them.

Also, engineers should be the best champions for green technology and policies and ensure that
what they do for the society is for the good of the mother nature. These duties find reference in
the course learning outcomes as CO3 and PO(h) which emphasize on integrity and societal
impact in engineering.

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Lifting these matters of ethical concern would not only help the Sundarbans but help establish a
benchmark for ethical and sustainable engineering practices in Bangladesh. Thus, incorporating
transparency, innovation and stakeholder involvement in the Rampal project could transform it
into a more responsible and environmentally friendly one.

Chapter 7- Socioeconomic impacts:

5 Chapter 7 focuses on CO2(Course outcome 2) -Evaluate the sustainability and impact of the
electrical and electronic engineering solutions in the broader societal and environmental context
7.1: Local economy effect:
7.1.1 - Job Creation and Economic Opportunities
The Rampal Power Plant project aims provide a variety of economic advantages to the local
community. The following table summarizes the direct and indirect economic benefits made
during the building and operational stages.

Type Employment type Number of jobs Wages (per day)

(Approximate)

Construction Temporary (labours) 3000 - 4000 800 - 1000

Operation Permanent 400 - 500 2000 - 3000

(Technical parts)

Induced economy Supporting industries 1000 - 1500 Varies

The economic advantages of large-scale energy projects, such as the Rampal Power Plant, can go
beyond immediate employment creation. Research shows that infrastructure projects have a
multiplier impact, in which initial expenditures encourage secondary economic activity in areas
such as retail, logistics, and hospitality. According to World Bank research, for every direct job
produced in the energy industry, an additional 3-5 indirect employment may be created in related
businesses. This is consistent with the induced economic activity observed in the Rampal Power
Plant's development zone, notably in small companies and services catering to plant personnel
and contractors.

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Wages in the building phase are much higher than the local norm of Tk. 400-500 per day.
However, as Rizwana Hasan of BELA argues, long-term employment is only available to skilled
workers, eliminating unskilled laborers such as woodcutters and honey collectors. A similar
tendency was found in other power plant projects throughout the world, including India's Korba
Thermal Power Plant, where community benefits were restricted to short, low-wage construction
jobs, while long-term operating positions needed sophisticated technical skills (Ghosh et al.,
2014).

7.1.2 - Infrastructure development: Durning this project the local area will have structural
development thus it will improve the socioeconomic condition and lifestyle for this particular
area in Rampal, under district of Bagerhat. It will directly improved transportation networks and
it will also contribute for the development of utility infrastructure like power distribution system.
The project's most major contributions are upgrades to infrastructure such as roads, power
networks, and housing projects. According to the Asian Development Bank (2018), energy
projects boost economic growth by lowering logistical costs and increasing connectivity. Figure
depicts the transportation routes designed for coal supply to the Rampal facility.

Figure- View of project area (Source-Dhaka Tribiune )

Around the plant site, supporting sectors have arisen, such as retail shops, housing, and
transportation services. Studies from similar energy initiatives indicate a 3:1 employment
multiplier impact for indirect jobs. However, the consequences of environmental deterioration
must be considered when pursuing this growth.

7.2 - Long term economy cost:

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7.2.1 - Environmental Remediation Costs: Environmental economists such as Lemly (2018)

argue that coal-fired power plants externalized costs, such as ecological damage and public
health burdens, are rarely included during project development. The environmental harm forecast
for Rampal, including air and water pollution, would most certainly result in large economic
losses. According to Costanza et al.'s (1997) study on the costs of ecosystem service loss in
coal-dependent regions, restoration efforts frequently outweigh the direct income earned by such
programs.
Furthermore, air pollution-related health effects, as measured by the Global Burden of Disease
(GBD) research, result in economic losses through lower labor productivity and higher
healthcare costs. Rampal believes that the anticipated $100 million in yearly damage illustrates
the possibility of a negative cost-benefit balance over time.
Coal-fired power stations have significant environmental recovery costs. An estimated $100
million is required yearly to offset the effects of air and water pollution, habitat loss, and health
implications. Pie chart breaks out the expenses.

Figure-Data for expenses

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Lemly (2018) points out that coal ash from thermal plants includes harmful elements including
arsenic and mercury, which infiltrate into local ecosystems and increase restoration costs.

7.2.2 - Economic dependencies: The significant reliance on imported coal exacerbates

economic vulnerabilities, particularly in Bangladesh, which has low foreign exchange reserves.
According to Sovacool et al. (2020), overreliance on fossil fuel imports raises susceptibility to
global price volatility and trade imbalances, resulting in long-term fiscal issues.
Furthermore, traditional Sundarbans sectors like fishing and eco-tourism are under threat. The
Sundarbans' economic output, estimated at $680 million per year (Chowdhury et al., 2015),
substantially exceeds the Rampal project's planned financial returns.

7.2.3 - Loss of Traditional workers : According to Dhaka Tribiune (2021) Approximately 2200
Non Bangladeshi workers are working for the initial project construction while unemployment is
a big curse for our nation. The Sundarbans, which generates over US$ 680 million yearly from
fishing, honey gathering, and eco-tourism, is facing irrevocable harm from the plant's activities.
The following table summarizes the Sundarbans' economic contributions in several sectors:

Sectror Economic contribution Reference

Coastal protection Tk. 3,881 crore every year as a natural barrier Dhaka Tribune (2017)
against cyclones and storm surges.

Livelihood Support Tk. 1,161 crore yearly from fishing, honey Dhaka Tribune (2017)
gathering, and wood harvesting.

Tourism USD 53 million each year from domestic and World Bank
foreign tourists.

Raw material support Timber, fuelwood, pulpwood, honey, beeswax, SSDC India
fish, crabs, and mollusks

Ecosystem services Nutrient generation, water purification, sediment SSDC India

trapping, and shoreline stability

Agri and acuaculture Supports rice production and shrimp farming in World Bank
the nearby area.

7.3 - Social implications:

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7.3.1 - Community displacement: Land acquisition for infrastructure projects frequently causes
major socioeconomic turmoil. Cernea's (2000) research on the poverty hazards of relocation
identified eight key risks, including landlessness, unemployment, food insecurity, and social
disarticulation. Rampal's forceful purchase of agricultural and aquaculture properties has
disturbed lives, particularly among minority populations who rely on subsistence farming and
traditional customs.
7.3.2 - Health and quality of life: Coal-fired power stations are notorious sources of ambient air
pollution, with particulate matter (PM2.5) causing serious health concerns. Pope et al. (2002)
found a causal relationship between long-term PM exposure and respiratory illnesses. The
Greenpeace (2017) study, which estimated 150 premature deaths annually from Rampal
emissions, is consistent with larger epidemiological data from comparable facilities throughout
the world.

7.3.3 - Cultural and Traditional livelihood loss: The Sundarbans' distinctive ecological and
cultural importance is inextricably linked to the livelihoods of local populations. Turner et al.
(2003) argue that the deterioration of natural capital disturbs not just material lives but also
intangible cultural legacy, resulting in a loss of community identity and resilience.

Chapter - 8 : Sustainability assessment

5 Chapter 8 focuses on CO3(Course outcome 3) -Resolve competing and complex ethical issues
related to the electrical and electronic engineering solutions and professional practices
8.1 - Evaluation criteria-
8.1.1 - Environmental sustainability: The environmental effect of coal-fired power stations is
well established. According to the IPCC (2014), these plants contribute 30% of worldwide CO₂
emissions from energy-related activities. Rampal's predicted daily sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide emissions are consistent with patterns reported in large-scale coal plants in Southeast
Asia, where insufficient pollution controls worsen air quality degradation (Jung et al., 2018).
Thermal pollution from cooling systems, as seen in research on Indian thermal plants (Singh &
Chandra, 2017), endangers aquatic ecosystems, especially in vulnerable places like the
Sundarbans.
The table below shows Daily Emissions from the Rampal Power Plant-

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Pollutant Estimated value

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 142

Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) 85

Particulate matter 50

8.1.2 - Social sustainability: Narain and Krishna (2016) underline the necessity of inclusive
project planning for social sustainability. However, Rampal's restricted public engagement
procedure goes against best practices specified in the Aarhus Convention, which promotes
community participation in environmental decision-making.
8.1.3 - Allignment with the SDG’s : While Rampal helps with energy availability (SDG 7), its
compatibility with larger sustainability goals is dubious. According to UNDP (2019), failing to
reduce carbon emissions and maintain biodiversity directly violates SDGs 13 and 15.
3 SDG 7 : Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss.
8.2 - Recommended mitigation measures:
8.2.1 - Advanced Pollution Control Systems: Technical Solutions and Challenges
17 Advanced pollution control technologies, such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and selective
7 catalytic reduction (SCR), are critical in decreasing hazardous emissions from coal-fired power
plants. Below is a more in-depth review of their effectiveness, implementation issues, and
supporting statistics.
1. Flue gas desulfurization (FGD): Designed to reduce SO₂ emissions from flue gases by up
to 95%. To neutralize SO₂ emissions, a wet scrubbing procedure is often used using a slurry
of lime or limestone.
Performance Data:

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Efficiency: FGD systems can reduce SO₂ emissions by 90-95%. For example, Xu et al.'s
(2020) research of coal-fired facilities in China found an average removal effectiveness of
94.8%.
Energy Consumption: FGD systems require around 1-3% of the power plant's electrical
production to operate.
Cost Data:
Capital costs range from USD 100 to 150 per kilowatt of plant capacity.
Operational costs are from USD 2-4 per megawatt-hour (MWh), depending on plant size and
fuel type (World Bank, 2020).
Challenges:
High Initial Investment: Developing economies sometimes struggle to cover the initial
expenses of building FGD systems.
Waste Management: FGD systems produce byproducts such as gypsum, necessitating extra
waste management infrastructure.
2. SCR serves a specific purpose: Targets NOₓ emissions, decreasing them by 70-90%.
The process involves injecting ammonia or urea into the flue gas stream. A catalyst converts
NOₓ into nitrogen (N₂) and water (H₂O).
Performance Data: SCR systems reduce NOₓ by 70-95% and use high-temperature
catalysts for best performance.
Energy Usage: SCR operations consume around 0.5% of a power plant's electrical
production.
Cost Data: Capital costs range from USD 80 to 120 per kilowatt of plant capacity.
Maintenance and reagent expenditures are between USD 1-2 per MWh.
Challenges:
High operating costs: The use of costly catalysts and reagents (such as ammonia) adds to the
operational strain.
Technological Barriers: Developing countries frequently lack access to modern SCR
technology, which exacerbates compliance concerns.
Here are some statistical data from analysis

Parameter Flue Gas Selective Catalyst Source

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Desulfurization Reduction (SCR)

Emission Reduction 90-95% (Sulfur 70-95% (nitrogen Xu et al, 2020; EPA,

Efficiency Dioxide- SO2) Oxide- NOx) 2021

Energy Consumption 1-3% of the power 0.5% of the power Xu et al, 2020; EPA,
plants electricity plants electricity 2021
output output

Capital costs USD 100-150 per USD 1-2 per MW of Worls bank, 2020
KW of plant capacity plant capacity

Operational costs USD 2-4 per MWh USD 1-2 per MWh Worls bank, 2020

Waste by products Gypsum No significant solid Xu et al, 2020; EPA,

waste minimal 2021
environment impact

Health savings USD 160 billions USD 160 billion EPA, 2021
(U.S. implementation
of FGD and SCR)

Case study:
Study of China's Coal-Fired Power Plants : By 2020, over 90% of China's coal-fired power
stations had installed FGD systems, resulting in a 76% reduction in national SO₂ emissions from
2006 to 2020 (Xu et al.). Similarly, SCR installation attained 83% coverage in coal plants,
30 leading to a 66% reduction in NOₓ emissions during the same time.

6 8.2.2 - Policy recommendation : Enhanced supervision, such as the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) framework in the United States, can help to alleviate some of the long-term
effects. Community assistance measures, such as vocational training programs, can assist
displaced communities in transitioning to alternative livelihoods, as demonstrated by renewable
energy projects in South Africa (Wlokas et al., 2017).

The application of ethical principles to alternative solutions for the Rampal Power Plant problem
requires addressing the key risks and impacts, ethical concerns, and implementing both
immediate and long-term measures that prioritize sustainability, public welfare, and
environmental protection.

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Summary of Findings

Key Risks and Impacts:

● Environmental: The plant threatens biodiversity, including the Sundarbans mangrove

forest, through pollution and habitat destruction.
● Social and Economic: Local communities face displacement, health risks, and disruption
to their livelihoods.
● Climate Risks: Contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating
climate vulnerabilities in coastal areas.

Ethical Concerns:

● Violates principles of public welfare by prioritizing short-term energy gains over

long-term environmental and social sustainability.
● Fails to uphold environmental stewardship, essential to minimizing harm to sensitive
ecosystems.
● Lacks sufficient exploration of sustainable alternatives, contradicting the professional
obligation to provide the most beneficial and least harmful solutions.

Recommendations

Immediate Measures:

1. Cease or relocate harmful activities to minimize further damage to the Sundarbans.

2. Implement strict regulatory compliance and introduce robust environmental safeguards.

Long-Term Measures:

1. Invest in renewable energy alternatives such as solar, wind, or hydro, ensuring they
meet energy demands without significant ecological harm.
2. Relocate industrial projects to less sensitive areas to protect ecological and community
well-being.
3. Enhance stakeholder engagement to address public concerns and uphold transparency
and accountability.

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Future Scope

Research on Alternative Solutions:

● Conduct comprehensive studies on renewable energy feasibility and cost-effectiveness.

● Explore clean energy technologies and locations better suited for large-scale projects.

Continuous Monitoring:

● Establish independent monitoring systems to evaluate environmental and social impacts

of ongoing projects.
● Adapt plans as needed to mitigate unintended consequences and ensure ethical adherence.

Application of Ethical Principles

1. Prioritize Public Welfare:

● Redirect resources to alternative energy solutions that minimize risks to health,

livelihoods, and biodiversity.
● Ensure the well-being of local communities by providing fair compensation and
alternative economic opportunities.

2. Uphold Sustainability:

● Promote renewable energy as a long-term solution aligned with sustainable development

goals.
● Implement conservation measures to protect sensitive ecosystems like the Sundarbans.

3. Responsibility to the Environment:

● Abandon projects that harm ecologically critical areas and seek solutions with minimal
environmental footprints.

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● Commit to the ethical principle of intergenerational equity, ensuring resources are

preserved for future generations.

4. Accountability and Transparency:

● Engage stakeholders in decision-making processes and maintain open communication

about project impacts.
● Ensure that decision-makers adhere to ethical practices, including addressing conflicting
interests responsibly.

5. Justice and Fairness:

● Relocate or redesign projects to avoid disproportionately impacting vulnerable

communities.
● Provide equitable access to energy resources generated by alternative solutions.

6. Professional Integrity:

● Engineers and decision-makers must adhere to their professional responsibility to

innovate and deliver ethical, environmentally sustainable solutions.

By applying these ethical principles, alternative solutions can address the shortcomings of the
Rampal Power Plant project while fostering sustainable, socially responsible, and
environmentally sound energy practices.

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