College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬

Technology ‫المعلومات‬

INTRODUCTION TO THE
MICROPROCESSOR AND
COMPUTER

 Numbering and Coding Systems.

 Inside the Computer.
 Brief History of the CPU.

Chapter 1
CLO1

Microprocessors 503431-3
16 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Objectives of Chapter 1
By the end of this chapter, the student will be
able to:
 Convert between binary, decimal, and
hexadecimal numbers.
 Converse by using appropriate computer
terminology such as bit, byte, data, real
memory system, protected mode memory

Chapter 1 system, Windows, DOS, I/O.

 Detail history of the computer and list
applications performed by computer systems.
CLO1  Provide an overview of the various 80X86 and
Pentium family members.
Microprocessors 503431-3
17 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Objectives of Chapter 1
By the end of this chapter, the student will be
able to:
 Draw the block diagram of a computer system
and explain the purpose of each block.
 Describe the function of the microprocessor
and detail its basic operation.

Chapter 1
CLO1

Microprocessors 503431-3
18 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Some
Some Important
Important
Terminology
Terminology
How much memory?
 a bit is a binary digit that can have the value
0 or 1.
 A nibble is half a byte, or 4 bits.
 A byte is defined as 8 bits.
 A word is two bytes, or 16 bits.
 A kilobyte (KB) is 210 bytes, which is 1024
bytes.
 A megabyte (MB) is 220 bytes or 1024 KB.
 A gigabyte (GB) is 230 bytes or 1024 MB .
 A terabyte (TB) is 240 bytes or 1024 GB.
Microprocessors
503431-3
19 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Internal
Internal Organization
Organization Of
Of
Computers
Computers

The block diagram of a computer system showing the address, data, and control structure.

Microprocessors 503431-3
20 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Inside
Inside the
the Computer
Computer
Two types of memory used in microcomputers
are RAM and ROM.
RAM
 RAM stands for random access memory (called read/write
memory).
 RAM is used by the computer for temporary storage of
programs that it is running.
 RAM is sometimes called volatile memory.

ROM
 ROM stands for read-only memory. It contains programs and
information essential to operation of the computer.
 It is called
503431-3nonvolatile memory.
Microprocessors
21 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Internal
Internal Organization
Organization Of
Of
Computers
Computers
 CPU (Central Processing Unit). Its function is to
execute (process) information stored in memory.
 I/O (Input/Output) Devices. They provide a means of
communicating with the CPU.
 A Bus is a common group of wires that interconnect
components in a computer system. The buses that
interconnect the sections of a computer system
transfer address, data, and control information
between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O
systems.

Microprocessors 503431-3
22 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Internal
Internal Organization
Organization Of
Of
Computers
Computers
 CPU (Central Processing Unit). Its function is to
execute (process) information stored in memory.
 I/O (Input/Output) Devices. They provide a means of
communicating with the CPU.
 A Bus is a common group of wires that interconnect
components in a computer system. The buses that
interconnect the sections of a computer system
transfer address, data, and control information
between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O
systems.

Microprocessors 503431-3
23 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Internal
Internal Organization
Organization Of
Of
Computers
Computers
 The address bus requests a memory location from the
memory or an I/O location from the CPU. If I/O is
addressed, the address bus contains a 16-bit I/O
address from 0000H through FFFFH.
 The data bus transfers information between the
microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space.
Data transfers vary in size, from 8 bits wide to 64 bits
wide in various members of the Intel microprocessor
family.
 The control bus contains lines that select the memory
or I/O503431-3
and cause them to perform a read or write
Microprocessors
24 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Brief
Brief History
History of
of the
the CPU
CPU
 The heart of the computer system is the microprocessor
integrated circuit.
 The microprocessor, sometimes referred to as the CPU is
the controlling element in a computer system.
 The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a
series of connections called buses.

Microprocessors 503431-3
25 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Brief
Brief History
History of
of the
the CPU
CPU
 The microprocessor performs three main tasks for
the computer system:
1. Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems.
2. Simple arithmetic and logic operations.
3. Program flow via simple decisions. Albeit these are simple
tasks, but through them, the microprocessor performs
virtually any series of operations or tasks.

Microprocessors 503431-3
26 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The 4004 Microprocessor
 World’s first microprocessor the Intel 4004.
 A 4-bit microprocessor-programmable controller on a
chip.
 Addressed 4096, 4-bit-wide memory locations.
 The 4004 instruction set contained 45 instructions.
 Main problems with early microprocessor were
speed, word width, and memory size.

Microprocessors 503431-3
27 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The 8008 Microprocessor
 With the microprocessor a commercially viable
product, Intel released 8008 in 1971.
 extended 8-bit version of 4004 microprocessor
 Addressed expanded memory of 16K bytes.

Microprocessors 503431-3
28 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The 8080 Microprocessor
 Intel introduced 8080 microprocessor in 1973.
 first of the 8-bit general purpose microprocessor
 8080 addressed four times more memory.
 64K bytes vs l6K bytes for 8008

Microprocessors 503431-3
29 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The 8085 Microprocessor
 In 1977 Intel Corporation introduced an updated
version of the 8080—the 8085.
 Last 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor
developed by Intel.
 Main advantages of 8085 were its internal clock
generator and system controller, and higher clock
frequency.

Microprocessors 503431-3
30 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The 8086 and 8088
Microprocessor
 In 1978 Intel released the 8086; a year or so later, it
released the 8088.
 Both devices are 16-bit microprocessors.
 8086 & 8088 addressed 1M byte of memory.
 Number of instructions increased.
 Another feature was a 4- or 6-byte instruction cache
or queue that prefetched instructions before they
were executed.
Microprocessors 503431-3
31 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The 80286 Microprocessor
 Intel introduced the 80286 in 1983
 an updated 8086
 Almost identical to the 8086/8088.
 Addressed 16M-byte memory system instead
of a 1M-byte system

Microprocessors 503431-3
32 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The 80386 Microprocessor
 Applications demanded faster microprocessor
speeds, more memory, and wider data paths.
 Led to the 80386 in 1986 by Intel.
 major overhaul of 16-bit 8086–80286 architecture
 Intel’s first practical microprocessor to contain a 32-
bit data bus and 32-bit memory address.

Microprocessors 503431-3
33 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The 80486 Microprocessor
 In 1989 Intel released the 80486.
 Highly integrated package.
 80386-like microprocessor.
 80387-like numeric coprocessor.
 8K-byte cache memory system.

Microprocessors 503431-3
34 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The Pentium Microprocessor
 Originally labeled the P5 or 80586.
 Cache size was increased to 16K bytes from the 8K
cache found in 80486.
 8K-byte instruction cache and data cache.
 Memory system up to 4G bytes.
 Data bus width increased to a full 64 bits.

Microprocessors 503431-3
35 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The Pentium Pro Microprocessor
 A recent entry, formerly named the P6.
 Internal 16K level-one (L1) cache.
 8K data, 8K for instructions
 Pentium Pro contains 256K level-two (L2) cache
 Pentium Pro uses three execution engines, to
execute up to three instructions at a time.
 Pentium Pro can address 4G-byte or a 64G-byte
memory system.

Microprocessors 503431-3
36 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The Pentium II Microprocessor
 Pentium II, released 1997, represents new direction
for Intel.
 Intel has placed Pentium II on a small circuit board,
instead of being an integrated circuit.
 L2 cache on main circuit board of not fast
enough to function properly with Pentium II
 The Pentium II incorporated Intel MMX technology.

Microprocessors 503431-3
37 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The Pentium III Microprocessor
 Faster core than Pentium II
 Pentium III available with clock frequencies
up to 1 GHz.
 Additional FP instructions to support 3D graphics.

Microprocessors 503431-3
38 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The Pentium 4 Microprocessor
 Pentium 4 first made available in late 2000.
 most recent version of Pentium called Core2
 uses Intel P6 architecture
 Pentium 4 available to 3.2 GHz and faster.

Microprocessors 503431-3
39 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The Future Microprocessor
(Itanium)
 This new generation of Intel processor makes use of
a 64-bit organi­zation with the IA-64 architecture.
 The Itanium architecture allows greater parallelism
than traditional architectures.
 128 general-purpose integer and 128 floating-point
registers; 64 predicate registers.
 Many execution units to ensure enough hardware
resources for software.
Microprocessors 503431-3
40 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age

Microprocessors 503431-3
41 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age

Microprocessors 503431-3
42 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The Summary Microprocessor Age
 8080: The world’s first 8-bit general-purpose
microprocessor.
 8086: A far more powerful, 16-bit machine.
 80286: This extension of the 8086 with memory 16-
MByte.
 80386: Intel’s first 32-bit machine,
 80486: Full cache technology and sophisticated
instruction pipelining.

Microprocessors 503431-3
43 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

The
The Microprocessor
Microprocessor Age
Age
The Summary Microprocessor Age
 Pentium: Intel introduced the use of superscalar tech­
niques.
 Pentium Pro: Move into superscalar organization.
 Pentium II: The Pentium II incorporated Intel MMX
technology.
 Pentium III: Additional FP instructions to support 3D
graphics.
 Pentium 4: Additional FP and other en­hancements for
multimedia.
 Itanium: This new generation of Intel processor makes
Microprocessors
503431-3
44 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz
 College of Computers and Information ‫كلية الحاسبات وتقنية‬
Technology ‫المعلومات‬

Brief
Brief History
History of
of the
the
80x86
80x86 Family
Family
8080 8085 8086 8088 80286 80386 80486

bit-8 bit-8 bit-16 bit-16 bit-16 bit-32 bit-32

Year Introduced 74 76 78 79 82 85 89

Physical Memory K 64 K 64 M1 M1 M 16 G4 G4

Internal Data Bus 8 8 16 16 16 32 32

External Data Bus 8 8 16 8 16 32 32

Address Bus 16 16 20 20 24 32 32

Data Types (Bits) 8 8 16 ,8 16 ,8 16 ,8 32 ,16 ,8 32 ,16 ,8

Microprocessors 503431-3
45 Dr. Mohamed Abdelaziz