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Syntax

The document explains tree diagrams and parse trees, which illustrate the hierarchical structure of sentences, including the roles of subjects, predicates, and objects. It also covers parts of speech, word formation processes, and the distinction between deep and surface structures in syntax. Additionally, it introduces transformational rules that modify sentence structures from active to passive forms.

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alazouffahad3
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3 views

Syntax

The document explains tree diagrams and parse trees, which illustrate the hierarchical structure of sentences, including the roles of subjects, predicates, and objects. It also covers parts of speech, word formation processes, and the distinction between deep and surface structures in syntax. Additionally, it introduces transformational rules that modify sentence structures from active to passive forms.

Uploaded by

alazouffahad3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tree Diagrams show hierarchical

structure of sentences. 1

S
6. Parse Trees NP (Noun Phrase)
Art (The)
N (dog)
Example of sentence parsing:
Subject : The doer of the VP (Verb Phrase)
"The dog chased the cat."
action (e.g., She, The dog). V (chased)
NP (Noun Phrase)
Art (the)
Predicate What is said about the
subject (e.g., is running, eats pizza). 1. Sentences structure N (cat)

Object : The recipient of the


action (e.g., the ball, a cake) Word Formation:
Derivation: Add prefixes/suffixes (e.g., happy
unhappy).
Compounding: Combine two words (e.g.,
Parts of Speech book + store = bookstore).
Inflection: Modify words for tense, number, etc.

SYNTAX
. Nouns: People, places, things (e.g., John, car). xig Categories?
• Verbs: Actions or states (e.g., run, is). 2. Grammar 5. Lexical Rules walk walked
.Adjectives: Describe nouns (e.g., big, happy). Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, etc.
• Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other Lexical Relations:
adverbs (e.g., quickly, very). Synonymy: Similar meanings (e.g., big, large).
• Conjunctions: Connect clauses (e.g., and, but). Antonymy: Opposite meanings (e.g., hot, cold).
• Prepositions: Show relationships (e.g., in, on). Polysemy: A word with multiple related
• Tenses: Present, Past, Future (e.g., l eat, I ate, meanings (e.g., bank as a financial institution vs.
I will eat river bank

:Deep Structure Parse Tree


Represents the underlying meaning of a
sentence A visual representation
Example: The boy is reading the book of a sentence's structure.
:Surface Structure
The actual spoken or written form of the
sentence 3. Deep and Surface Structures 4. Syntactic Analysis Nodes represent words and
grammatical categories.
after transformations
Example: The book is being read by the boy
Transformational Rules: Example of a basic sentence
Change deep structure to surface structure S (Sentence)
active to passive, question formation NP (Noun Phrase)
Det (Determiner) + N (Noun)
VP (Verb Phrase)
V (Verb) + NP (Object)

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