INDEX

PAGE
S.NO TOPIC NO
1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 MATERIALS - EXPLANATION 3

3 PROCEDURE 5

4 WORKING PRINCIPLES 6

5 INFRARED WAVES 7

6 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 9

7 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 10

8 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 11

9 SCOPE OF PROJECT 12

10 PHOTO GALLERY 13

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
 INTRODUCTION
Smart street lights can be thought of as street lamps upgraded with a brain. These
lights do more than just glow—they adapt, conserve energy, and improve public
safety. Imagine walking down a street where lights brighten as you pass by, and dim
when the area is empty to save power. They can even report their status, so no more
waiting for broken lights to be noticed and fixed.

A smart streetlight is a public lighting fixture that incorporates technology, such as

cameras, Light dependent Resistors(LDR’s), Infrared Sensors(IR), UltraSound
Sensors and other sensors, to introduce real-time monitoring functionalities. In
addition to enabling cities to provide the proper amount of street light for local
conditions, installing intelligent lighting will help improve citizen satisfaction
regarding security and safety, while bringing municipalities significant savings in
power consumption and lighting system maintenance. Plus, outdoor lighting
infrastructure can serve as a backbone for a number of applications, such as
monitoring weather, pollution and traffic.The technology behind smart streetlights
can vary depending on its features and requirements, but typically, it involves a
combination of cameras and sensors. When implemented on standard streetlights,
these devices can detect movement that enables dynamic lighting and dimming. It
also allows neighbouring fixtures to communicate with each other. If a pedestrian or
car is detected, all surrounding lights will brighten until movement is no longer
captured.
Nowadays municipalities make the transition from traditional lighting to
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from conventional sources of lighting (like Incandescent
bulbs, Sodium lamps, Compact Fluorescent lamps(CFT’s), etc which waste a lot of
energy in the form of heat) in order to save energy and money. Implementation of
smart street lights in LED street lights can exponentially decrease energy
consumption and potentially increase the lifespan of the street lights and therefore
bring down the operating cost to a fraction of what it used to be.
 MATERIALS - EXPLANATION

1. IR Sensor:- The IR sensor or infrared sensor is one kind of electronic

component, used to detect specific characteristics in its surroundings through
emitting or detecting IR radiation. These sensors can also be used to detect or
measure the heat of a target and its motion. In many electronic devices, the
IR sensor circuit is a very essential module.

2. Arduino Uno:- Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, And a reset button. It is
very easy to use and contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

3. Light Emitting Diode (White):- A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current flows through it.
When current passes through an LED, the electrons recombine with holes
emitting light in the process. LEDs allow the current to flow in the forward
direction and block the current in the reverse direction.
4. Connecting wire :- Connecting wire needs to be made up of metals of low
resistivity such as Copper, Silver, etc. They are used to connect the sensors and
the LED’s to the Arduino board.

5. 9v Dc Battery :- The battery must have constant EMF preferably. It is used

to provide power to the Arduino Board, the IR sensors and importantly the LED’s.
The battery is to be connected to the Arduino board with the help of a Barrel plug
adapted. The Arduino board can be replaced by an USB power supply.
 PROCEDURE
The Sensors and the LEDs should be connected to the Arduino board as per the
circuit diagram, to ensure their proper functioning. In case of any error in connection,
the model will fail to work. Once the connection has been done, we must create a
program in the Arduino IDE software, instructing the Arduino board to turn on the
light when the IR sensors do not detect any object and turn on the lights when they
detect an object. We must then place the sensors and the LEDs in the appropriate
place in the model. We must make sure that the orientation of the sensors is such that
it is able to detect the passing object. The sensor should not be pointed toward the
ground or it will yield false positive result , ie. predict that there is a passing object
when there is no real object that is passing by. Similarly the Sensor must not be
vertically upwards as it will then yield false negative result , ie. predict that there is
no passing object when a real object is passing by. Once all this is done our project
model will be ready.

Please be informed that IR sensors cannot detect black objects. This is black surfaces
absorb the emitted IR waves and therefore there is no IR wave that bounces off the
surface of the black objects. Therefore black objects can’t be detected by IR sensors.
This problem can be tackled by the use of Ultrasound sensors whose working
depends upon Ultrasound (ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20
kilohertz. This frequency is the approximate upper audible limit of human hearing in
healthy young adults).

An Ultrasound Sensor
 WORKING PRINCIPLES
The IR sensors function by emitting and detecting Infrared Rays. Infrared rays is a
type of Electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves are produced by alternating
Electric (E) and Magnetic (B) fields. Electromagnetic waves were first discovered by
Heinrich Hertz in the year 1887.

We can write E and B as follows:

E= E0 sin (kz–wt)
B= B0 sin (kz–wt)
Here k is related to the wavelength of the wave by the usual equation
k=2π/λ

Where ω is the angular frequency. k is the magnitude of the wave vector (or
propagation vector). k and its direction describes the direction of propagation of the
wave. The speed of propagation of the wave is (ω/k).

LEDs work on the principle of Electroluminescence. On passing a current through the

diode, minority charge carriers and majority charge carriers recombine at the junction.
On recombination, energy is released in the form of photons. As the forward voltage
increases, the intensity of the light increases and reaches a maximum. Light-emitting
diodes are heavily doped p-n junctions. Based on the semiconductor material used
and the amount of doping, an LED will emit coloured light at a particular spectral
wavelength when forward biased.
 INFRARED WAVES
Infrared radiation (IR), sometimes known as infrared light, is a type of
electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than those of visible light.
Hence, it is undetectable by the human eye, although IR of wavelengths up to 1050
nanometers (nm) from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain
conditions. Infrared light extends from the suggested red edge of the visible spectrum
at 700 nanometers to 1 millimetre.

Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared.
As with all Electromagnetic Radiation, IR carries radiant energy and behaves both
like a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon. Depending on the wavelength
and frequency, infrared is commonly divided into five categories as near-wavelength,
short-wavelength, mid-wavelength, long-wavelength and far-infrared. Infrared waves
can be detected using Thermopiles Bolometer and Infrared photographic film.
Detection of Infrared Radiation is the working principle of Non Contact
Thermometers.
Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules. This band lies adjacent to
the low-frequency or long-wavelength end of the visible spectrum. Infrared waves are
sometimes referred to as heat waves. This is because water molecules present in most
materials readily absorb infrared waves (many other molecules, for example, CO2 ,
NH3 , also absorb infrared waves). After absorption, their thermal motion increases,
that is, they heat up and heat their surroundings.

Infrared lamps are used in physical therapy. Infrared radiation also plays an important
role in maintaining the earth’s warmth or average temperature through the greenhouse
effect. Incoming visible light (which passes relatively easily through the atmosphere)
is absorbed by the earth’s surface and re radiated as infrared (longer wavelength)
radiations. This radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and
water vapour. Infrared detectors are used in Earth satellites, both for military purposes
and to observe growth of crops. Electronic devices (for example semiconductor light
emitting diodes) also emit infrared and are widely used in the remote switches of
household electronic systems such as TV sets, video recorders and hi-fi systems.
 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current flows through it. Based on the semiconductor material used and the
amount of doping, an LED will emit a coloured light at a particular spectral
wavelength when forward biassed. LED works on the principle of
Electroluminescence. On passing a current through the diode, minority charge carriers
and majority charge carriers recombine at the junction. On recombination, energy is
released in the form of photons. As the forward voltage increases, the intensity of the
light increases and reaches a maximum.

Symbol for a LED

Working of a LED

Light-emitting diodes are nowadays a widely used standard source of light in electrical
equipment. It has a wide range of applications ranging from your mobile phone to
large advertising billboards. They mostly find applications in devices that show the
time and display different types of data.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:-
1. Energy efficiency: Smart streetlights use LED technology, resulting in significant
energy savings.
2. Cost savings: They can optimize energy usage and reduce costs by adjusting
lighting levels based on real-time needs.
3. Improved safety: Smart streetlights can incorporate advanced technologies such as
cameras, sensors, and sound detection systems.
4. Reduced light pollution: Flexible and dynamic dimming controls help reduce light
pollution.
5. Remote monitoring and control: Authorities can detect faults, optimize
maintenance schedules, and reduce operational costs.

DISADVANTAGES:-
1. Susceptible to false triggering, leading to energy wastage.
2. Initial installation costs might be relatively high compared to normal street lights.
3. Smart street light may require regular maintenance.
4. Can malfunction due to weather – Automatic street lights may not work properly if
the weather is bad. Things like heavy rain or fog can affect their sensors and cause
them to malfunction.
 SCOPE OF PROJECT
Smart street lights can help monitor traffic flow, parking, pedestrian crossings,
seismic activity, or atmospheric changes. They can be equipped with speakers to alert
people to dangerous situations or conditions, or with cameras to help police solve
crimes or to verify trash collection and other activities.

Lighting accounts for a large share of any city's energy costs and carbon emissions.
According to Signify research, on average it constitutes between 20% and 40% of a
municipality's electricity consumption. By implementing Smart Street light we can not
only reduce the operation cost to a fraction of what it used to be, but also significantly
decrease the amount of energy used, thereby reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gases
which is emitted during the production of Electricity.

Many cities like Singapore, Paris, Madrid, Miami, Jakarta, etc have already
implemented smart street lighting systems and many more have started the
implementation of the system.
PHOTO GALLERY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://coolfiresolutions.com/blog/smart-street-lights/
https://iot-analytics.com/top-10-cities-implementing-connected-streetlights/
https://electricalfundablog.com/smart-street-light-system-architecture-works/
https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/smart-streetlight
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting
https://intelilight.eu/smart-street-lighting/
https://intelilight.eu/smart-street-lighting/