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Research On Raw Data

Raw data, also known as primary data, refers to unprocessed data collected from a source, which has not been cleaned or analyzed. It can contain errors and is essential for generating information through processing and analysis. Advocates for open data emphasize the importance of sharing raw data for societal advancements and informed decision-making.

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46 views7 pages

Research On Raw Data

Raw data, also known as primary data, refers to unprocessed data collected from a source, which has not been cleaned or analyzed. It can contain errors and is essential for generating information through processing and analysis. Advocates for open data emphasize the importance of sharing raw data for societal advancements and informed decision-making.

Uploaded by

9o6i8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Generating data

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Primary data" redirects here. For data that has been created at the time
under study, see Primary source.

This article needs additional citations


for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed.
Find sources: "Raw
data" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
(December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove
this message)

Look up raw data in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The two columns to the right of the left-most


column in this computerized table are raw data.

Raw data, also known as primary data, are data (e.g., numbers,
instrument readings, figures, etc.) collected from a source. In the context
of examinations, the raw data might be described as a raw
score (after test scores).

If a scientist sets up a computerized thermometer which records the


temperature of a chemical mixture in a test tube every minute, the list of
temperature readings for every minute, as printed out on a spreadsheet or
viewed on a computer screen are "raw data". Raw data have not been
subjected to processing, "cleaning" by researchers to remove outliers,
obvious instrument reading errors or data entry errors, or any analysis
(e.g., determining central tendency aspects such as
the average or median result). As well, raw data have not been subject to
any other manipulation by a software program or a human researcher,
analyst or technician. They are also referred to as primary data. Raw data
is a relative term (see data), because even once raw data have been
"cleaned" and processed by one team of researchers, another team may
consider these processed data to be "raw data" for another stage of
research. Raw data can be inputted to a computer program or used in
manual procedures such as analyzing statistics from a survey. The term
"raw data" can refer to the binary data on electronic storage devices, such
as hard disk drives (also referred to as "low-level data").

Generating data

[edit]

Data has two ways of being created or made. The first is what is called
'captured data',[1] and is found through purposeful investigation or
analysis. The second is called 'exhaust data', [1] and is gathered usually by
machines or terminals as a secondary function. For example, cash
registers, smartphones, and speedometers serve a main function but may
collect data as a secondary task. Exhaustive data is usually too large or of
little use to process and becomes 'transient' or thrown away. [1]

Examples

[edit]

In computing, raw data may have the following attributes: it may possibly
contain human, machine, or instrument errors, it may not be validated; it
might be in different area (colloquial) formats; uncoded or unformatted; or
some entries might be "suspect" (e.g., outliers),
requiring confirmation or citation. For example, a data input sheet might
contain dates as raw data in many forms: "31st January 1999",
"31/01/1999", "31/1/99", "31 Jan", or "today". Once captured, this raw
data may be processed stored as a normalized format, perhaps a Julian
date, to make it easier for computers and humans to interpret during later
processing. Raw data (sometimes colloquially called "sources" data or
"eggy" data, the latter a reference to the data being "uncooked", that is,
"unprocessed", like a raw egg) are the data input to processing. A
distinction is made between data and information, to the effect that
information is the end product of data processing. Raw data that has
undergone processing are sometimes referred to as "cooked" data in a
colloquial sense.[dubious – discuss] Although raw data has the potential to be
transformed into "information," extraction, organization, analysis, and
formatting for presentation are required before raw data can be
transformed into usable information.

For example, a point-of-sale terminal (POS terminal, a computerized cash


register) in a busy supermarket collects huge volumes of raw data each
day about customers' purchases. However, this list of grocery items and
their prices and the time and date of purchase does not yield much
information until it is processed. Once processed and analyzed by
a software program or even by a researcher using a pen and paper and
a calculator, this raw data may indicate the particular items that each
customer buys, when they buy them, and at what price; as well, an
analyst or manager could calculate the average total sales per customer
or the average expenditure per day of the week by hour. This processed
and analyzed data provides information for the manager, that the
manager could then use to help her determine, for example, how many
cashiers to hire and at what times. Such information could then
become data for further processing, for example as part of a
predictive marketing campaign. As a result of processing, raw data
sometimes ends up being put in a database, which enables the raw data
to become accessible for further processing and analysis in any number of
different ways.

Tim Berners-Lee (inventor of the World Wide Web) argues that sharing raw
data is important for society. Inspired by a post by Rufus Pollock of
the Open Knowledge Foundation his call to action is "Raw Data Now",
meaning that everyone should demand that governments and businesses
share the data they collect as raw data. He points out that "data drives a
huge amount of what happens in our lives… because somebody takes the
data and does something with it." To Berners-Lee, it is essentially from this
sharing of raw data, that advances in science will emerge. Advocates
of open data argue that once citizens and civil society organizations have
access to data from businesses and governments, it will enable citizens
and NGOs to do their own analysis of the data, which can empower people
and civil society. For example, a government may claim that its policies
are reducing the unemployment rate, but a poverty advocacy group may
be able to have its staff econometricians do their own analysis of the raw
data, which may lead this group to draw different conclusions about the
data set.

See also

[edit]

 Standard score

References

[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c Kitchin, Rob (2014). The Data Revolution.


United States: Sage. p. 6.

Further reading

[edit]

 Give Us the Data Raw, and Give it to Us Now - the blog post from
Rufus Pollock that inspired Tim Berners-Lee

 Tim Berners-Lee Gives the Web a New Definition

Categories:

 Data types

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