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Lesson 4 Exploring Agricultural Insights With Anova in Python

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method used to compare means of three or more groups to determine if at least one group mean is significantly different. It includes One-Way ANOVA for one independent variable and Two-Way ANOVA for two independent variables, assessing both main and interaction effects. The process involves formulating hypotheses, calculating variances, computing the F-statistic, determining the p-value, and making decisions based on a significance level.

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32 views9 pages

Lesson 4 Exploring Agricultural Insights With Anova in Python

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method used to compare means of three or more groups to determine if at least one group mean is significantly different. It includes One-Way ANOVA for one independent variable and Two-Way ANOVA for two independent variables, assessing both main and interaction effects. The process involves formulating hypotheses, calculating variances, computing the F-statistic, determining the p-value, and making decisions based on a significance level.

Uploaded by

Saadie Essie
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 4: Exploring agricultural insights with Anova in Python

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is a statistical method used to test differences


between two or more group means to determine if at least one of the group means is
significantly different from the others. It helps in understanding whether any of the
variations in a dataset can be attributed to the differences between groups.

1. Purpose of ANOVA

 Comparison of Means: ANOVA tests the hypothesis that the means of three
or more groups are equal. It assesses if any observed differences in sample
means are greater than what might be expected due to sampling variability
alone.

 Efficiency: Instead of conducting multiple t-tests (which increases the risk of


Type I error), ANOVA allows for simultaneous comparison of multiple
groups.

2. Types of ANOVA

 One-Way ANOVA: Used when comparing the means of three or more


independent groups based on one independent variable (factor). For example,
comparing the test scores of students from three different teaching methods.

 Two-Way ANOVA: Used when comparing the means based on two


independent variables (factors). It can also assess interaction effects between
the factors. For example, comparing test scores based on teaching method and
gender.

3. How ANOVA Works

1. Formulate Hypotheses:

o Null Hypothesis (H0): All group means are equal (no effect).

o Alternative Hypothesis (H1): At least one group mean is different.

2. Calculate Group Means and Overall Mean:

o Compute the mean for each group and the overall mean of all
observations.

3. Calculate Variance:

o Between-Group Variance: Measures how much the group means differ


from the overall mean.

o Within-Group Variance: Measures how much the individual


observations within each group differ from their respective group
means.

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4. Compute the F-Statistic:

o The F-statistic is calculated as the ratio of the between-group variance


to the within-group variance:

5. Determine the p-value:

o Using the F-statistic and the degrees of freedom, determine the p-value
from the F-distribution.

6. Make a Decision:

o Compare the p-value to a predetermined significance level (often α =


0.05):

 If p ≤ α, reject the null hypothesis (conclude that not all means


are equal).

 If p > α, fail to reject the null hypothesis (conclude that there's


no significant difference between the means).

Between-Group Variation aims to assess differences among group


means and test hypotheses about group effects.
Within-Group Variation focuses on the consistency of observations
within groups and quantifies random error.-
It reflects how much the data points in each group differ from their
respective group mean.

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ANOVA Example 1 with calculations
Step 1: One-way Anova data set

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Analysis of the codes for Step 1

Ho = The mean value of all groups is the same or equal.

Ha = the mean values of the group are not equal.

The p-value is a crucial tool in statistics that helps assess evidence against the null
hypothesis

Decision Rule:

 If p ≤ α: Reject the null hypothesis (evidence suggests a significant effect).

 If p > α: Fail to reject the null hypothesis (not enough evidence to suggest a
significant effect).

 Example:

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o In the same study testing the drug’s effectiveness, the researcher
decides to use an alpha level of 0.05.

o This means the researcher is willing to accept a 5% risk of incorrectly


rejecting the null hypothesis (claiming the drug works when it does
not).
Comparison and Decision-Making

 Decision Rule:

o If p ≤ α: Reject the null hypothesis (evidence suggests a significant


effect).

o If p > α: Fail to reject the null hypothesis (not enough evidence to


suggest a significant effect).

 Example in Context:

o Continuing with the drug study:

 Alpha (α): 0.05

 P-Value: 0.03

o Since 0.03 ≤ 0.05, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis, concluding
that there is significant evidence that the drug lowers blood pressure.
Step 2: compute the Degree of freedom

The number of independent pieces of information used to calculate a statistic

Df= n-1

because we are using the sample mean, instead of the population mean, to calculate
the variance.

Df between groups and within groups in order to determine the critical F value.

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Step 3: Sum of the Square Between and Within

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STEP 4: Calculate the Variance Between and Variance Within

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STEP 5: Accept or Reject the Hypothesis.

https://www.stratascratch.com/blog/performing-anova-in-python-for-precision-
agriculture/

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