Lecture 16 Notes

Chapter-4-Rotating electrical machines

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF DC MOTOR

DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. There are
two types of DC motor – brushed motor and brushless DC Motor. Brushed DC
electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by
using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets), and
rotating electrical magnets. Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet or
soft magnetic core in the rotor, and stationary electrical magnets on the motor
housing.

1.2.1 Definition of DC Motor:

DC Motor is electromechanical energy conservation device which convert electrical

energy in to mechanical energy. It is based on the principle of force acting on a
current carrying wire in a magnetic field.

1.3 CONSTRUCTION OF DC MOTOR:

1. Magnetic Frame or yoke

2. Pole core & Pole shoes.

3. Magnetic field or Exciting coils

4 Armature core

5 Armature winding

a) Lap Winding

b) Wave Winding

6. Commutator

7. Brushes.

8. Bearing

9.End ring

10. Shaft.
 Fig.1 DC motor

1.3.1 MAGNETIC FRAME OR YOKE:

It is the outer hollow cylindrical frame to which main poles and inter-poles are fixed
and by Means of which the machine is fixed to the foundation is known as Yoke. The
two main purposes of the yoke are as follows:-

· It supports the pole cores and provides mechanical protection to the inner parts
of the machines.

· It provides a low reluctance path for the magnetic flux.

1.3.2 POLE CORE & POLE SHOES:

The Pole Core and Pole Shoes are fixed to the magnetic frame or yoke by bolts. The
pole Core and shoes are made of thin cast steel or wrought iron laminations. The
functions of pole core and pole shoes are as:

· It supports the field or exciting coils.

· They spread out the magnetic flux over the armature periphery more uniformly.

· It increases the cross-sectional area of the magnetic circuit; as a result, the

reluctance of the magnetic path is reduced.
 Fig.2 pole of dc motor

1.3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS:

Each pole core has one or more field coils (windings) placed over it to produce a
magnetic field. The enameled copper wire is used for the construction of field or
exciting coils. The coils are wound on the former and then placed around the pole
core. When direct current passes through the field winding, it magnetizes the poles,
which in turns produces the flux. The field coils of all the poles are connected in series
in such a way that when current flows through them, the adjacent poles attain opposite
polarity.

Fig.4 field coil

1.3.2 Armature of DC Motor:

The rotating part of the DC machine or a DC Motor is called the Armature. The
armature consists of a shaft upon which a laminated cylinder, called Armature Core is
placed.

1.3.4.1 Armature Core:

The armature core is basically cylindrical in shape and keyed to the rotating shaft. At
the outer periphery of the armature has a groove or slots which accommodate the
armature winding as shown in the figure below:
 Fig.5 armature core of dc motor

The armature core of a DC Motor serves the following purposes.

· It houses the conductors in the slots.

· It provides an easy path for the magnetic flux.

· As the armature is a rotating part of the DC Motor, the reversal of flux takes place
in the core, hence hysteresis losses are produced. The silicon steel material is used for
the construction of the core to reduce the hysteresis losses.

1.3.5 Armature Winding

· The insulated conductors are placed in the slots of the armature core. The
conductors are wedged, and bands of steel wire wound around the core and are
suitably connected. This arrangement of conductors is called Armature Winding. The
armature winding is the heart of the DC Machine.

· Armature winding is a place where the conversion of power takes place. In the
case of a DC Generator here, mechanical power is converted into electrical power. On
the basis of connections, the windings are classified into two types named as Lap
Winding and Wave Winding.

1.3.5.1 Lap Winding:

· In lap winding, the conductors are connected in such a way that the number of
parallel paths is equal to the number of poles. Thus, if a machine has P poles and Z
armature conductors, then there will be P parallel paths; each path will have Z/P
conductors connected in series.

· In lap winding, the number of brushes is equal to the number of parallel paths. Out
of which half the brushes are positive and the remaining halves are negative.

1.3.5.2 Wave Winding:

· In wave winding, the conductors are so connected that they are divided into two
parallel paths irrespective of the number of poles of the machine. Thus, if the machine
has Z armature conductors, there will be only two parallel paths each having Z/2
conductors in series. In this case number of brushes is equal to two, i.e. number of
parallel paths.

1.3.6 COMMUTATOR:

Commutator is the main part of motor which rotate with the armature. it is cylindrical
in shape and is made from a number of wedge-shaped hard drawn copper bars or
segments insulated from each other and from the shaft. The segments form a ring
around the shaft of the armature. Each Commutator segment is connected to the ends
of the armature coils.

Fig.6 commutator of dc motor

It serves the following purposes.

· It connects the rotating armature conductors to the stationary external circuit

through brushes.

· It converts the induced alternating current in the armature conductor into the
unidirectional current in the external load circuit in DC Generator action, whereas it
converts the alternating torque into unidirectional (continuous) torque produced in the
armature in motor action.

1.3.7 BRUSHES:

Carbon brushes are placed or mounted on the Commutator and with the help of two or
more carbon brushes current is collected from the armature winding. Each brush is
supported in a metal box called a brush box or brush holder. The brushes are pressed
upon the Commutator and form the connecting link between the armature winding and
the external circuit.

1.3.8 End Housings:

End housings are attached to the ends of the Mainframe and provide support to the
Bearings. The front housings support the bearing and the brush assemblies whereas
the rear housings usually support the bearings only.

1.3.9 Bearings:

The ball or roller bearings are fitted in the end housings. The function of the bearings
is to reduce friction between the rotating and stationary parts of the machine. Mostly
high carbon steel is used for the construction of bearings as it is a very hard material.

1.3.10 Shaft
The shaft is made of mild steel with a maximum breaking strength. The shaft is used
to transfer mechanical power from or to the machine. The rotating parts like armature
core, Commutator, cooling fans, etc. are keyed to the shaft.

1.4 DC MOTOR WORKING PRINCIPLE:

A machine that converts DC electrical power into mechanical power is known as a

Direct Current motor.

DC motor working is based on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force.

The direction of this force is given by Fleming’s left-hand rule and magnitude is given
by;

F = BIL Newton’s

According to Fleming’s left-hand rule when an electric current passes through a coil
in a magnetic field, the magnetic force produces a torque that turns the DC motor. The
direction of this force is perpendicular to both the wire and the magnetic field.

Fig.7 working principle of dc motor

Basically, there is no constructional difference between a DC motor and a DC

generator. The same DC machine can be run as a generator or motor.

 Working explanation of DC Motor:

Consider a part of a multi-polar DC motor as shown in the figure below. When the
terminals of the motor are connected to an external source of DC supply:
 The field magnets are excited developing alternate North and South poles.
 The armature conductors carry currents.

The armature conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the paper and
the conductors under S-pole carry currents out of the plane of the paper. Since each
armature conductor is carrying current and is placed in the magnetic field,
a mechanical force acts on it.

On applying Fleming’s left-hand rule, it is clear that force on each conductor is

tending to rotate the armature in the anticlockwise direction. All these forces add
together to produce a driving torque which sets the armature rotates. When the
conductor moves from one side of a brush to the other, the current in that conductor is
reversed. At the same time, it comes under the influence of the next pole which is of
opposite polarity. Consequently, the direction of the force on the conductor
remains the same.

 Applications of dc motor:

1. blowers
2. lathe machine
3. machine tool
4. drilling machine
5. rolling mills
6. punches
7. elevators
8. sheers