*A femtocell is a small, low-power cellular fails. *ZigBee Coordinator: The ZigBee network server.

*Sigfox: Also operates in

base station typically used to improve indoor coordinator is the central device in a ZigBee unlicensed bands and offers a similar range
mobile phone coverage. *two examples of network. It initializes the network, manages but with lower data throughput compared to
public cloud. - Amazon Web Services (AWS) device joining, and stores information about LoRaWAN. Sigfox focuses on very low power
and Microsoft Azure. *full form of MQTT is- the network, ensuring communication consumption, making it suitable for devices
Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. between all connected devices. that send small amounts of data infrequently.
*Scalability refers to the ability of an IoT *A smart irrigation system uses IoT devices It uses a simplified protocol with a single
system to handle a growing amount of work or like soil moisture sensors, weather data gateway to handle all communication.
its potential to accommodate growth. inputs, and automated water valves to - In summary, LoRaWAN offers more flexibility
*RFID modules are used for wireless optimize water usage in agriculture. Sensors and higher data rates, while Sigfox excels in
identification and tracking of objects using placed in the soil measure moisture levels, simplicity and energy efficiency.
radio waves. *modulation technique is used sending data to a central controller. Based on
in Bluetooth is- Frequency Hopping Spread this data and weather forecasts, the controller *GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
Spectrum (FHSS).*A private cloud is a cloud decides when and how much to water the enhances GSM networks with packet-
computing environment dedicated to a single crops. The system ensures efficient water switched data capabilities, enabling services
organization, offering greater control and use, reducing waste and improving crop yield. like internet access.*Architecture
security compared to public clouds. -[Include a diagram showing sensors in the Components:- Mobile Station (MS): The
*Home automation using IoT involves field, a central controller, weather data inputs,
user's device, which accesses GPRS
connecting various household devices to the and automated irrigation valves.] services. - Base Station Subsystem (BSS):
internet, allowing remote control and Includes BTS and BSC, managing radio
monitoring of home systems such as lighting, *GSM (Global System for Mobile communication and handovers. -Serving
heating, and security. Communications) is a standard for mobile GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Handles data
networks providing voice and data services. packet delivery, mobility management, and
*A scatternet is a network of multiple *Visitor Location Register (VLR)Temporarily session management. -Gateway GPRS
interconnected piconets in Bluetooth, where stores information about subscribers currently Support Node (GGSN): Connects the GPRS
devices from different piconets share data and in the service area of an MSC, aiding in call network to external IP networks, routing data
communication. *RFID systems can be routing and service delivery. *Home Location to and from the internet.-GPRS Backbone
limited by their range, interference from metal Register (HLR): A database that contains Network: Interconnects SGSNs and GGSNs,
and liquids, and the potential for security permanent subscriber information, including facilitating data transfer within the GPRS
vulnerabilities.*Frequency reuse is a account status, service profiles, and location network.*Explanation:The MS sends data to
technique used in cellular networks to improve information for billing and authentication. the BSS, which forwards it to the SGSN. The
efficiency by reusing the same frequency *Equipment Identity Register (EIR): Stores SGSN manages the session and routes data
channels in different cells separated by information about mobile equipment identities to the GGSN. The GGSN interfaces with
sufficient distance to avoid interference. to check and control the use of stolen or external networks, enabling internet access.
*Star Topology: In a ZigBee star topology, all unauthorized devices.*Authentication Centre This architecture allows efficient data
devices communicate with a central (AUC): Provides authentication and transmission and supports mobile internet
coordinator. This topology is simple and easy encryption data to ensure secure services.
to set up, ideal for small networks with communication and prevent fraud.
minimal data traffic. *Tree Topology: The tree *The Z-Wave transport layer ensures
topology has a hierarchical structure with a reliable data transmission between devices
central coordinator and multiple routers. Each within a home automation network. It handles
router can have its own child devices, forming the segmentation and reassembly of data
a tree-like structure. This topology allows for packets, ensuring that large messages are
more devices and extends the network's split into manageable pieces and correctly
range. *Cluster Tree Topology: Similar to the reassembled at the destination. The transport
tree topology, but with multiple coordinators layer also implements error detection and
forming clusters. This increases the correction mechanisms to maintain data
robustness and scalability of the network. integrity. It uses an acknowledgment system
to confirm the successful receipt of messages,
and if an acknowledgment is not received, the
message is retransmitted. This layer also
supports secure communication by encrypting
data, protecting it from unauthorized access
and tampering. *type of RFID tag uses battery-Active RFID
tags. *name of the topology not supported
by Zigbee network. - Bus topology.
*M2M communication Machine-to-Machine
*LoRaWAN* vs *Sigfox are both Low Power communication refers to the direct exchange
Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies of data between devices without human
designed for IoT.*LoRaWAN: Operates in intervention.*two challenges faced while
unlicensed bands, supports long-range implementing IoT.- Security concerns and
*Mesh Topology: In a mesh topology, communication (up to 15 km in rural areas), interoperability issues. *Secure connectivity
devices are interconnected, allowing data to and provides high capacity with the ability to in IoT ensures that data transmitted between
be relayed through multiple paths. This handle millions of messages. It uses a star-of- devices is protected through encryption and
enhances network reliability and coverage, as stars topology with gateways relaying secure protocols. Secure data storage
devices can find alternative routes if one path messages between end devices and a central involves safeguarding data at rest using
encryption and access control mechanisms to Segment: Comprises GPS receivers that
prevent unauthorized access.*Disadvantages process satellite signals to determine the
of Zigbee.- Limited data transfer rate (up to user's location, velocity, and time.
250 kbps) and short range (up to 100 meters),
making it unsuitable for applications requiring *advantages of wireless communication.
high-speed data or long-range - Wireless communication offers mobility,
communication. ease of installation, and the ability to cover
large areas without physical infrastructure
*Sources of GPS errors include atmospheric constraints. It supports flexible and scalable
delays, multipath effects, satellite clock networking, making it ideal for diverse
inaccuracies, and ephemeris errors (errors in applications from personal devices to
satellite orbital information). *Classes of industrial automation.*Compare wired and
GPRS devices. Class A devices support wireless communication.-*Wired
simultaneous voice and data services, Class Communication:- Reliable and stable
B devices can switch between voice and data connections.- Higher data transfer rates.
but not use both simultaneously, and Class C - Requires physical cabling, which can be
devices can use either voice or data services, costly and difficult to install.- *Wireless
but not both at the same time. *“Handoff” in Communication:- Offers mobility and ease of
cellular telephony system. Handoff, or installation.- Generally lower data rates and
handover, refers to the process of transferring more susceptible to interference.- Ideal for
an ongoing call or data session from one cell remote and mobile applications.
or base station to another without interruption
as a user moves through the coverage area. *M2M (Machine-to-Machine):- Focuses on
*explain architecture of smart home direct communication between devices.
system.- A smart home system includes - Typically used in industrial and business
various IoT devices like smart thermostats, applications.- Often limited in scope to specific
security cameras, smart lights, and appliances tasks or processes.- *IoT (Internet of
connected via a central hub or controller. Things):- Encompasses a broader ecosystem
These devices communicate through Wi-Fi, of interconnected devices.- Includes
Zigbee, or Z-Wave protocols.- *Central Hub: consumer, industrial, and infrastructure
The brain of the system, connecting and applications.- Supports advanced analytics,
controlling all smart devices.- *Smart Devices: cloud integration, and extensive data
Sensors, lights, locks, and appliances that can exchange.
be remotely controlled and automated.
- *Communication Protocols: Wireless
technologies (Wi-Fi, Zigbee) enabling device
communication.- *User Interface: Mobile apps
or voice assistants allowing users to monitor
and control the system remotely.

*Bluetooth:- Short-range communication (up

to 100 meters).- Higher data transfer rates (up
to 3 Mbps).- Primarily used for direct device-
to-device communication.- Common in
consumer electronics like headphones,
keyboards. *Zigbee:- Longer range in mesh
networks (up to several kilometers) - Lower
data transfer rates (up to 250 kbps).
- Designed for low-power, low-data-rate
applications.- Common in home automation
and industrial control.*three segments of
GPS.- *Space Segment: Consists of satellites
orbiting the Earth, transmitting signals with
precise time and orbital information.- *Control
Segment: Ground-based stations that monitor
and manage the satellites, ensuring their
proper operation and accuracy.-*User