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Cs403 midterm notes by sonu

Database Management Systems (Virtual University of Pakistan)

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DATA BASE IMPORTANT QUESTION AND VUCAB

STUDENT ID : MC180402118
MIT DEPARTMENT 2ND SEMESTER
CS403 A file processing system has interdependent data and programs, while a database system keeps data and programs independent

What are major differences between traditional file processing

system and database?
Answer: The main differences are of data sharing, data
independence, data integrity and controlled redundancy.
Question: What is the difference between data and information?
Answer: Data is raw collection of facts and figures collected from a
specific environment. Once we process the data using different
methods the data is converted into useful information.
Question: What is data consistency?
Answer: Data consistency means that the changes made to
different occurrence of data should be controlled and managed in
such a way that all the occurrences have same value for any specific
data item.

Data : Data can be describe as "Collection of raw facts and

figures".

Data Definition Language (DDL) : A descriptive language that

allows the DBA or user to describe and name the entities required

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for the application and the relationships that may exist between the
different entities.
Data dictionary : The description of data is known as data
dictionary."Centralized repository of information about data such
as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format".
Data Independence : Data Independence means that upper levels are
unaffected by changes to lower levels.
Data Model : An integrated collection of concepts for describing
data, relationships between data and constraints on the data in an
organization.
Data warehouse : A repository where data from multiple
databases is brought together for more complex analysis.
Database : A shared collection of logically related data( and a
description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of
an organization.
Database Schema : The overall description of the database is called
database schema.
DBMS : A software system that enables users to define, create and
maintain the database and provides controlled access to this
database.
Degree : The Degree of a relation is the number of attributes it
contains.
Domain : A domain is the set of allowable values for one or more
attributes.
Durability : Durability ensures that any transaction committed
to the database will not be lost. Durability is ensured through the

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use of database backups and transaction logs that facilitate the

restoration of committed transactions in spite of any subsequent
software or hardware failures
Enterprise : An enterprise is an organization that utilizes
computers and applications. In general use, enterprises refer to
businesses/organizations that operate on a large scale. Applications
that are designed for these organizations are often referred to as
enterprise applications.
Enterprise constraints : Additional rules specified by the the users
or database administrators of a database.
Entity : An entity is a single object about which data can be
stored. It is the "subject" of a table. Entities and their
interrelationships are modeled through the use of entity-relationship
diagrams.
Entity integrity : in base relation, no attribute of a primary key
can be null.
Entity-Relationship Diagram : An entity-relationship diagram is a
specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships between
entities in a database.
External View :The User's view of the database. This level describes
that part of the database that is relevant to particular user.
File-based System : A collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users such as the production of reports.
Each program defines and manages its own data.
Foreign Key : An attribute or set of attributes within one relation
that matches the candidate key of some (possibly the same) relation.

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Functional Dependency : A functional dependency occurs when one

attribute in a relation uniquely determines another attribute. This
can be written A -> B which would be the same as stating "B is
functionally dependent upoN A.

USE FULL LINKS

http://www.oracle.com/index.html
Description:

URL: http://www.sitepoint.com/article/sql-server-2000-database
Description: A stepwise approach of using SQL server 2000. Good site fo

URL: http://www.sqlcourse.com/
Description: Interactive Online SQL Training for Beginners

The tools that we will be studying are

a manipulation language (SQL) and a DBMS (SQL Server).

SQL (Structured Query Language)

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What is SQL?

SQL (pronounced "ess-que-el") stands for Structured Query Language.

SQL is used to communicate with a database. According to ANSI
(American National Standards Institute), it is the standard language for
relational database management systems. SQL statements are used to
perform tasks such as update data on a database, or retrieve data from a
database. Some common relational database management systems that
use SQL are: Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Access, Ingres, etc.
Although most database systems use SQL, most of them also have their
own additional proprietary extensions that are usually only used on their
system. However, the standard SQL commands such as "Select",
"Insert", "Update", "Delete", "Create", and "Drop" can be used to
accomplish almost everything that one needs to do with a database. This
tutorial will provide you with the instruction on the basics of each of
these commands as well as allow you to put them to practice using the
SQL Interpreter.

DEFINITION

WHAT IS DATA BASE ?

data base is a shared collection of logically related data that is stored

tomeet the requirements of different user of an organization.

Def 1: A shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the

information needs of multiple users in an organization. The term
database is often erroneously referred to as a synonym for a “database
management system (DBMS)”. They are not equivalent and it will be
explained in the next section.
A collection of related information about a subject organized in a useful
manner that provides a base or foundation for procedures such as
retrieving information, drawing conclusions, and making decisions.

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A Computerized representation of any organizations flow of information

and storage of data.
What is database management system explain?

A database management system (DBMS) is system software for

creating and managing databases. The DBMS provides users and
programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve, update and
manage data

What is a database management system and give examples?

Some DBMS examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft

Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper,
and FoxPro. Since there are so many database management systems
available, it is important for there to be a way for them to communicate
with each other.

What is difference between DBMS and Rdbms?

Key Difference between DBMS and RDBMS: The key difference is

that RDBMS(relational database management system) applications
store data in a tabular form, while DBMS applications store data as
files. ... In a RDBMS, the tables will have an identifier called primary
key. Data values will be stored in the form of tables.

What is DBMS advantages and disadvantages?

Although the database system yields considerable advantages over

previous data management approaches, database systems do carry
significant disadvantages. For example: 1. Increased costs. one of
Advantages: Data Integrity, Data Security, Data Sharing, Data Independence, Scalability, Controlled Data
Redundancy
Disadvantages: Complexity, High Initial Cost, Performance Issues, Risk of Data Breach,

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the disadvantages of dbms is Database systems require sophisticated

hardware and software and highly skilled personnel.

Is SQL a DBMS?
No, SQL (Structured Query Language) is not a DBMS. Instead, SQL is a language used to interact with and manage data in a DBMS. It allows users to
create, retrieve, update, and delete data stored in a database
DBMS means Database Management System, which is a concept and a
set of rules that all or major Database Systems follows.
... DBMS products like SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, IBM DB2, etc
uses SQL as a standard language. SQL language used in these tools is
very common and have similar syntaxes.

What is difference of data and information?

Data are simply facts or figures — bits of information, but

not information itself. When data are processed, interpreted, organized,
structured or presented so as to make them meaningful or useful, they
are called information. Information provides context for data.

What is difference between data and information in DBMS?

Data vs. Information - Differences in Meaning. Data are simply facts

or figures — bits of information, but not information itself.
When data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or presented
so as to make them meaningful or useful, they are
called information. Information provides context for data.

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What is the importance of database?

A database management system is important because it manages data

efficiently and allows users to perform multiple tasks with ease.
A database management system stores, organizes and manages a large
amount of information within a single software application

Database : A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of

programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the
data stored in the database.
The DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the
database. The database structure itself is stored as a collection of files,
So, we can access the data in those files through the DBMS.
The DBMS receives all application requests and translates them into the
complex operations required to fulfill those requests. The DBMS hides
much of the database’s internal complexity from the application
programs and users.
Advantages :
1. Improved data sharing
2. Improved data security
3. Better data integration
4. Minimized data inconsistency
5. Improved data access
6. Improved decision making
7. Increased end-user productivity
The advantage of data base are :-

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• Reduced data redundancy

• Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
• Greater data integrity and independence from applications
programs
• Improved data access to users through use of host and query
languages
• Improved data security
• Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
• Facilitated development of new applications program

Disadvantages :
1. Increased costs
2. Management complexity
3. Maintaining currency
4. Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles.

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