1.

mi cr
opr ocessorreceivesanyi nt
er ruptsignal f
rom peripher
al(s)whichare
requestingitsservices,itstopsi tscur r
entexecut i
onandpr ogram contr
oli
s
transferredtoasub- routinebygener at
ingCALLsi gnalandafterexecuti
ngsub-
routinebygener ati
ngRETsi gnal againpr ogram controlist
ransfer
redtomai n
progr am fr
om wher eithadst opped.
Whenmi cr
oprocessorr eceivesi nterruptsignals,i
tsendsanacknowl edgement
(INTA)t otheperipheral whichi sr equestingforitsservice.

Whati
sanI
nter
rupt
?
I
nter
ruptisasi
gnalwhichhashighestpr
ior
ityfr
om har
dwareorsoft
war
ewhi
ch
pr
ocessorshoul
dprocessit
ssignalimmediatel
y.
WhatistheDif
fer
enceBetweenHar dwareandSof t
wareI
nter
rupt?

a.Har dwareInterr
upt:
Har dwareI
nter r
uptiscausedbysomehar dwaredevi
cesuchasr equestt
ostar tan
I/O,ahardwaref ai
lureorsomet hi
ngsimil
ar.Hardwar
eint
errupt
swer eint
roduced
asawayt oav oidwast i
ngtheprocessor
’sval
uableti
meinpolli
ngloops,wait
ingf or
ex t
ernalev
ents.
Forexampl e,whenanI /Ooperati
oniscomplet
edsuchasr eadi
ngsomedat ai nto
thecomput erfrom at apedri
ve.

b.SoftwareI nt
errupt:
SoftwareI
nt err
uptisinvokedbyt heuseofI NTinstr
uct
ion.Thi
sev enti
mmedi atel
y
stopsexecut i
onoft heprogram andpassesexecut i
onovertotheINThandler.The
INThandlerisusual l
yapar toftheoper at
ingsyst
em anddeterminestheacti
ont o
betaken.Itoccurswhenanappl icationpr
ogram ter
minatesorrequestscer
tai
n
servi
cesfrom theoper ati
ngsy st
em.
Forexampl e,outputtothescreen, execut
efil
eetc.
Di
ff
erencebet
weenHar
dwar
eInt
err
uptandSof
twar
eInt
err
upt:

SR.
N
Har
dwar
eInt
err
upt Sof
twar
eInt
err
upt
O.

Hardwarei
nter
rupti
sanint
err
upt Soft
wareinter
rupti
stheint
err
uptthat
1 gener
atedfr
om anexter
nal i
sgenerat
edbyanyi nter
nalsy
stem of
devi
ceorhardware. thecomputer.

Itdonotincr
ementt
hepr
ogr
am
2 I
tincr
ementt
hepr
ogr
am count
er.
counter
.
 SR.
N
Har
dwar
eInt
err
upt Sof
twar
eInt
err
upt
O.

Hardwar
einterr
uptcanbe
i
nvokedwithsomeext er
nal
Soft
warei
nter
ruptcanbeinvokedwi
th
3 devi
cesuchasr equestt
ostar
t
thehel
pofI
NTi nst
ruct
ion.
anI/Ooroccurrenceofa
har
dwarefail
ure.

Ithaslowestpri
ori
tyt
han I
thashighestpr
ior
it
yamongal
l
4
softwarei
nter
rupts i
nter
rupt
s.

Hardwareint er
rupti
stri
gger
ed Sof t
wareinter
ruptistri
ggeredby
byexter
nal hardwareandis softwareandconsi der
edoneoft he
5 consi
deredoneoft hewaysto way stocommuni catewi t
hkernelorto
communi catewi t
htheoutsi
de tr
iggersystem cal
ls,especial
l
yduring
peri
pher
als, hardware. errororexcepti
onhandl i
ng.

6 I
tisanasy
nchr
onousev
ent
. I
tissy
nchr
onousev
ent
.

Hardwareinter
ruptscanbe
Soft
wareint
err
uptscanbeclassi
fi
ed
cl
assifi
edint
ot wotypesthey
7 i
ntotwotypestheyare:
1.Normal
ar
e: 1.MaskableInt
errupt
.2.
I
nterr
upt
s.2.Excepti
on
NonMaskabl eInter
rupt.

Keyst
rokedepressionsand
All
syst
em cal
lsar
eexampl
esof
8 mousemov ement sare
soft
warei
nter
rupt
s
examplesofhardwar ei
nter
rupt
.

Ty
pesofI
nter
rupt
s:

1Har dwar
eI nt
errupts:Ifthesi gnal fort hepr ocessorisfrom ext ernaldev i
ceor
hardwarei
scalledhar dwar einter r
upt s.Exampl e:f
rom key boar dwewi llpressthe
keytodosomeact ionthispr essingofkeyi nkey boardwi l
l generateasignal which
i
sgi v
entothepr ocessortodoact ion, suchi nterr
uptsar ecal l
edhar dwarei nt
err
upts.
Hardwarei
nterruptscanbecl assi fi
edi ntotwot ypestheyar e
Maskabl eInterrupt :Thehar dwar einter
ruptswhi chcanbedel ayed
whenamuchhi ghestpr ior it
yinterrupthasoccur r
edt othepr ocessor.
NonMaskabl eI nter r
upt :Thehar dwarewhi chcannotbedel ayedand
shouldprocessbyt hepr ocessori mmedi ately
.
2Sof twareInterrupt s:
Softwareinterruptcanal sodividedi ntotwot y pes.Theyar e
 Nor
 malI
nter
rupt
s:t
hei
nter
rupt
swhi
char
ecausedbyt
hesof
twar
e
i
nstruct
ionsarecal
ledsoftwareinst
ruct i
ons.
Except
ion:unpl
annedinterr
uptswhi l
eexecutingaprogr
am i
scal
led
Excepti
on.Forexample:whil
eexecut i
ngapr ogram i
fwegotaval
ue
whichshouldbedivi
dedbyzer oiscalledaexception.
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofI nt
errupt
sAccordingtoPeriodici
t yofOccurr
ence:

Per
1. iodi
cInt
err
upt
:Ift
hei
nter
rupt
soccur
redatf
ixedi
nter
val
int
imel
i
net
hen
thati
nterr
uptsarecal l
edperi
odici
nterr
upts
2.Aperi
odicInter
rupt:I
ftheoccurr
enceofinter
ruptcannotbepredict
edthen
thati
nterr
uptiscall
edaper i
odici
nterr
upt.
Cl
assi
ficat
ionofInterr
uptsAccordingtotheTempor alRel
ati
onshipwithSyst
em
Cl
ock:

Sy
1. nchr
onousI
nter
rupt
:Thesour
ceofi
nter
rupti
sinphaset
othesy
stem
clockiscall
edsy nchronousint
errupt.I
not herwordsi nt
err
uptswhichare
dependentont hesy stem cl
ock.Exampl e:
t i
merservicethatusest
hesy st
em
clock.
2.AsynchronousI nt
errupt
s:Iftheint
erruptsareindependentornotinphase
tothesy st
em clockiscalledasynchronousi nt
err
upt.

(ur
l=ht
tps:
//www.
geeksf
orgeeks.
org)

2
WhatI
saLat
ch?

Al
atchi
sanel
ect
roni
cdev
icet
hatchangesi
tsout
puti
mmedi
atel
yont
hebasi
soft
heappl
i
edi
nput
.
Onecanusei
ttost
oreei
ther0or1ataspeci
fi
edt
ime.Al
atchcont
ainst
woi
nput
s-SETandRESET,
andi
tal
sohast
woout
put
s.Theycompl
ementeachot
her
.Onecanuseal
atchf
orst
ori
ngonebi
tof
dat
a.I
tisamemor
ydev
ice-j
ustl
i
ket
hef
li
p-f
lop.Buti
tisnotsy
nchr
onous,
andi
tdoesnotwor
kont
he
edgesoft
hecl
ockl
i
ket
hef
li
p-f
lop.

.
Basedontheenablesi
gnal
,theci
rcui
tworksintwostates.Whentheenabl
einputi
shigh,
t
henbotht
heinputsarel
ow,andwhent heenabl
einputi
slow,bot
ht hei
nput
sarehigh.

Whati
saFl
i
p-Fl
op?
Af
li
p-f
lopi
sadi
git
almemor
yci
rcui
tthatst
oresonebi
tofdat
a.Theyar
ethepr
imar
ybl
ocksoft
hemost
sequent
ial
cir
cui
ts.I
tisal
socal
l
edone-
bitmemor
y,bi
nar
y,orabi
stabl
e-mul
ti
vi
brat
or.Fl
i
p-f
lopsactas
memor
yel
ement
sinasequent
ial
cir
cui
t.Youcanobt
aint
heout
puti
nthesequent
ial
cir
cui
tsusi
ngaf
li
p
-
fl
op,
acombi
nat
ional
cir
cui
t,orbot
h.

Af
li
p-f
lopst
ater
epeat
edl
ychangesatanact
ivest
ateoft
hecl
ockpul
ses.Theyr
emai
nunaf
fect
edev
en
whent
hecl
ockpul
sedoesnotst
ayact
ive.Thecl
ockedf
li
p-f
lopspar
ti
cul
arl
yactast
hememor
y
el
ement
soft
hesy
nchr
onoussequent
ial
cir
cui
t-whi
l
etheun-
clockedones(
lat
ches)f
unct
ionast
he
memor
yel
ement
sofasy
nchr
onoussequent
ial
cir
cui
ts.

Di
ff
erenceBet
weenFl
i
p-f
lopandLat
ch
Par
amet
er Fl
i
p-Fl
op Lat
ch

Basi
c Fl
i
p-f
loput
il
izesanedge Lat
chf
oll
owsal
evel
tri
gger
ing
Pr
inci
ple t
ri
gger
ingappr
oach. appr
oach.

Cl
ockSi
gnal Thecl
ocksi
gnal
ispr
esent
. Thecl
ocksi
gnal
isabsent
.

Desi
gned Youcandesi
gni
tusi
ngLat
ches
Youcandesi
gni
tusi
ngLogi
cgat
es.
Usi
ng al
ongwi
thacl
ock.

Fl
i
p-f
lopi
ssensi
ti
vet
othe
Lat
chesar
esensi
ti
vet
otheappl
i
ed
Sensi
ti
vi
ty appl
i
edi
nputandt
hecl
ock
i
nputsi
gnal
-onl
ywhenenabl
ed.
si
gnal
.

Oper
ati
ng I
thascompar
ati
vel
yfastoper
ati
ng
I
thasasl
owoper
ati
ngspeed.
Speed speed.

Youcancl
assi
fyaf
li
p-f
lopi
ntoa
Ausercannotcl
assi
fyt
heLat
cht
his
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ion sy
nchr
onousorasy
nchr
onous
way
.
f
li
p-f
lop.

Fl
i
p-Fl
opswor
kusi
ngt
hebi
nar
y Lat
chesoper
ateonl
yusi
ngbi
nar
y
Wor
king
i
nputandt
hecl
ocksi
gnal
. i
nput
s.

Power
I
trequi
resmor
epower
. I
trequi
rescompar
ati
vel
ylesspower
.
Requi
rement

Anal
ysi
sof I
tisqui
teeasyt
oper
for
m ci
rcui
t
Anal
yzi
ngt
heci
rcui
tisqui
tecompl
ex.
Ci
rcui
t anal
ysi
s.
Ty
peof
Fl
i
p-f
lopper
for
msSy
nchr
onous Lat
chper
for
msAsy
nchr
onous
Oper
ati
on
oper
ati
ons. oper
ati
ons.
Per
for
med

Fl
i
p-f
lopsar
ecompar
ati
vel
ymor
e
Robust
ness Lat
chesar
ecompar
ati
vel
ylessr
obust
.
r
obust
.

Theoper
ati
onr
eli
esont
he
Theoper
ati
ondependsont
hepr
esent
Dependency pr
esentandpasti
nputbi
tsal
ong
andpasti
nputal
ongwi
tht
hepast
ofOper
ati
on wi
tht
hepastout
putandcl
ock
out
putbi
nar
yval
ues.
pul
ses.

Al
atchcannotser
veasar
egi
steras
Af
li
p-f
lopi
scapabl
eofwor
king
Usageasa t
her
egi
sterr
equi
resf
urt
heradv
anced
asar
egi
sterasi
tcont
ainscl
ock
Regi
ster el
ect
roni
cci
rcui
ts(
EC)
.Ti
meal
so
si
gnal
sini
tsi
nput
.
pl
aysanessent
ial
rol
eher
e.

Ty
pes J-
K,S-
R,D,
andTFl
i
p-f
lops. J-
K,S-
R,D,
andTLat
ches.

Ar
eaRequi
red I
trequi
resmor
ear
ea. I
trequi
rescompar
ati
vel
ylessar
ea.

Theyconst
it
utet
hebui
l
ding User
scanut
il
izet
hesef
ordesi
gni
ng
Uses bl
ocksofmanysequent
ial sequent
ial
cir
cui
ts.Butt
heyar
est
il
l
ci
rcui
tssuchascount
ers. notgener
all
ypr
efer
red.

Af
li
p-f
lopcheckst
hei
nput
s.I
t
Thel
atchr
espondst
othechangesi
n
I
nputand onl
ychangest
heout
putatt
imes
i
nput
scont
inuousl
yassoonasi
t
Out
put def
inedbyanycont
rol
signal
li
ke
checkst
hei
nput
s.
t
hecl
ocksi
gnal
.

Af
li
p-f
lopi
ssy
nchr
onous.I
t Al
atchi
sasy
nchr
onous.I
tdoesnot
Sy
nchr
oni
cit
y
wor
ksbasedont
hecl
ocksi
gnal
. wor
kbasedont
het
imesi
gnal
.

Fl
i
p-Fl
opsst
aypr
otect
edagai
nst Thel
atchesar
eresponsi
vet
oany
Faul
ts
anyf
aul
t. occur
ri
ngf
aul
tsont
heenabl
epi
n.

(ur
l=ht
tps:
//by
jus.
com )