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Theory of Structures For Reading 1

The document outlines the fundamental principles of structural design and planning, emphasizing the importance of stability, strength, and load management in building construction. It categorizes loads into static and dynamic, detailing dead and live loads, and discusses the basic functional requirements of structures, including continuity and redundancy. Additionally, it identifies major types of basic structures and their characteristics, providing a comprehensive overview for architects and builders.

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35 views17 pages

Theory of Structures For Reading 1

The document outlines the fundamental principles of structural design and planning, emphasizing the importance of stability, strength, and load management in building construction. It categorizes loads into static and dynamic, detailing dead and live loads, and discusses the basic functional requirements of structures, including continuity and redundancy. Additionally, it identifies major types of basic structures and their characteristics, providing a comprehensive overview for architects and builders.

Uploaded by

bantiadgerald
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Source of the presentation (pages 1 – 14):

• Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and


Building Construction
- by Barry Onouye with Kevin Kane

Reading Assignment for Asynchronous Class:


Part II – pages 77 to 136
(Structural Patterns, Design Loads, Framing Systems, etc.)

• Reference:
Structural Competency for Architects
– by Hollee Hitchcock Becker
Definitions
• Structure is defined as something made up of
interdependent parts in a definite pattern of
organization.
• The primary function of a building structure is to
support and redirect loads and forces safely to the
ground. Building structures are constantly
withstanding the forces of wind, the effects of gravity,
vibrations, and sometimes even earthquakes.
• A structure, whether large or small, must be stable
and durable, must satisfy the intended function(s) for
which it was built, and must achieve an economy or
efficiency— that is, maximum results with minimum
means.
Structural Design
• Structural design is essentially a process that involves
balancing between applied forces and the materials
that resist these forces.
• Structurally, a building must never collapse under the
action of assumed loads, whatever they may be.
• Furthermore, tolerable deformation of the structure
or its elements should not cause material distress or
psychological harm.
• The architect needs to have a broad general
understanding of the structure with its various
problems and a sufficient understanding of the
fundamental principles of structural behavior to
provide useful approximations of member sizes.
Structural Planning
The general procedure of designing a structural
system consists of the following phases:
• Conceiving of the basic structural form.
• Devising the gravity and lateral force resisting
strategy.
• Roughly proportioning the component parts.
• Developing a foundation scheme.
• Determining the structural materials to be used.
• Detailed proportioning of the component parts.
• Devising a construction methodology.
Loads on Structures

Structural systems, aside from their form-defining


function, essentially exist to resist forces that result
from two general classifications of loads:
1. Static. This classification refers to gravity-type
forces.
2. Dynamic. This classification is due to inertia or
momentum of the mass of the structure (like
earthquakes). The more sudden the starting or
stopping of the structure, the greater the force will be.
Dead Loads
• Dead Loads - loads resulting from the self-weight
of the building or structure and of any permanently
attached components, such as partition, walls, flooring,
framing elements, and fixed equipment,
are classified as dead loads.
• Standard weights of commonly used materials for
building are known, and a complete building’s dead
weight can be calculated with a high degree of certainty.
• The weight of structural elements must be estimated at
the beginning of the design phase of the structure and
then refined as the design process proceeds toward
completion.
Live Loads
• Live Loads - transient and moving loads that
include occupancy loads, furnishings, and storage
are classified as live loads.
• Live loads are extremely variable by nature and
normally change during a structure’s lifetime as
occupancy changes.
• Building codes specify minimum uniform live loads for
the design of roof and floor systems based on a history
of many buildings and types of occupancy conditions.
These codes incorporate safety provisions for overload
protection, allowance for construction loads, and
serviceability considerations, such as vibration and
deflection behavior.
Basic Functional Requirements
The principal functional requirements of a building
structure are:
1. Stability and equilibrium.
2. Strength and stiffness.
3. Continuity and redundancy.
4. *Economy.
5. Functionality.
6. Aesthetics.
*Economy in structure does not just mean frugality. Without
the economy of structure, neither a bird nor an airplane could
fly, for their sheer weight would crash them to earth. Without
economy of materials, the dead weight of a bridge could not be
supported.
Stability and Equilibrium / Strength and
Stiffness
• Primarily, structural design is intended to make the
building “stand up”. In making a building “stand up,”
the principles governing the stability and
equilibrium of buildings form the basis for all
structural thinking.
• Strength and stiffness of materials are concerned
with the stability of a building’s component parts
(beams, columns, walls), whereas statics deals with
the theory of general stability.
• Statics and strength of materials are actually
intertwined, because the laws that apply to the
stability of the whole structure are also valid for the
individual components.
Continuation: Stability and Equilibrium /
Strength and Stiffness
• The fundamental concept of stability and
equilibrium is concerned with the balancing of
forces to ensure that a building and its components
will not move.
• In reality, all structures undergo some movement
under load, but stable structures have deformations
that remain relatively small.
• Strength of materials requires knowledge about
building material properties, member cross-sections,
and the ability of the material to resist breaking.
Also of concern is that the structural elements resist
excessive deflection and/or deformation.
Continuity and Redundancy
• Continuity in a structure refers to a direct,
uninterrupted path for loads through the building
structure—from the roof level down to the
foundation.
• Redundancy is the concept of providing multiple
load paths in a structural framework so that one
system acts as a backup to another in the event of
localized structural failure.
• Structural redundancy enables loads to seek
alternate paths to bypass structural distress. A lack
of redundancy is very hazardous when designing
buildings in earthquake country.
Major types of basic structures:
1. Beam – is a straight member subjected only to transverse loads.
2. Columns – axially-loaded members in compression.
3. Hangers , Suspension Cables – axially-loaded members in tension.
4. Truss – all members axially-loaded (tension or compression)
5. Cables - flexible members stressed in tension by transverse loads.
6. Rigid Frame – built of members connected by rigid joints
capable of resisting moment, shear, and axial forces.
7. Arches – structural type suitable for spanning long distances. Forces
developed within an arch are primarily compressive, with relatively
small bending moments. The efficiency of an arch is determined by the
geometry of its curved form relative to the load intended to be
supported. Arches require foundations capable of resisting large
thrusts at the supports. The three-hinged arch has been used for both
buildings and bridges (sometimes in the form of a trussed arch)
Single-span Frame Free Body Diagram

Site-cast concrete frames


develop rigid connections
naturally, and steel frames
may be formed with special
connections to form rigid
joints.
FBD of Individual Members
Contemporary arch types.
Examples of three-hinged trussed arch
Examples of other Structural systems

• Read: Structural Competency for Architects


– by Hollee Hitchcock Becker

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