INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING

Lesson 2 | Historical and Social Development in Counseling and Psychotherapy

Ancient Roots philosophers challenged

 Philosophical Beginnings (Ancient supernatural explanations of
Greece and Rome) mental distress.
o Philosophers like Socrates, o The 17th century brought early
Plato, and Aristotle explored medical approaches to mental
the human condition, ethics, and illness, focusing on rationality
the nature of the mind. and observation.
o Socratic Method
 Involves a shared dialogue 19th Century Foundations
between teacher and  Moral Treatment Movement
students. The teacher leads o Advocated by figures like
by posing thought- Philippe Pinel in France and
provoking questions, and Dorothea Dix in the U.S., this
the students actively movement emphasized humane
engage by asking treatment of the mentally ill in
questions of their own. asylums.
 The concept of dialogue  Emergence of Psychology
as a tool for self- o Early psychological theories, like
exploration and those of William James and G.
understanding was central Stanley Hall, explored the mind
to Socratic methods. and behavior, setting the stage
o Hippocratic Oath - a code of for therapeutic interventions.
ethics that physicians take when
they become doctors. It includes 20th Century: The Birth of Modern
a promise to help patients, share Psychotherapy
knowledge, and not cause harm.  Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)
o Healing practices often combined o Techniques like free association
physical treatments and mental and dream analysis formed the
support in ancient cultures, basis of early psychotherapy.
influenced by ideas like the o Dreams is the royal road to the
balance of bodily humors. unconscious mind.
 Religious and Spiritual Guidance  Behaviorism
o Ancient religious traditions (e.g., o Figures like John B. Watson and
Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, B.F. Skinner emphasized
and Islam) offered counsel observable behavior and its
through spiritual leaders, rituals, modification through conditioning.
and sacred texts. o Behavior therapy emerged,
focusing on treating phobias,
Medieval and Early Modern Period anxiety, and maladaptive
 Religious Dominance behaviors.
o Mental health issues were often o John B. Watson
seen as manifestations of sin or  Re-defined the
demonic possession. psychodynamic definition
o Clergy provided support, though of Psychology to the one
this was often punitive or based we use now.
on exorcism.  Little Albert experiment
 Rise of Scientific Inquiry o Wolfgang Kohler
(Renaissance)
o Thinkers like Rene Descartes
and the Enlightenment
INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING
Lesson 2 | Historical and Social Development in Counseling and Psychotherapy

 Chimpanzee problem-  Psychodynamic

solving observation o Unconscious behavior
experiment o Sex and aggression
o B.F. Skinner o Early childhood experiences
 Rat in a box experiment  Behaviorism
(food + button o Operant conditioning (reward and
positive/megative punishment)
reinforcement) o Classical (stimulus and response)
o Albert Bandura  Humanistic
 Bobo doll experiment  Trait (or Trait theory)
 Deduced that children learn
through observation and Social Movements and Counseling
imitation  Industrialization and Urbanization
 Humanistic o The 19th and 20th centuries saw
o Influenced by Carl Rogers increased social complexity,
(Person-Centered Therapy) and leading to a need for vocational
Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of guidance and personal
Needs), humanistic approaches counseling.
emphasized empathy, self- o Frank Parsons
actualization, and the therapeutic  “Father of Guidance and
relationship. Counseling”
o Humanism – assumes people are  His work in career
inherently good counseling laid the
o Existentialism – assumes people groundwork for modern
are neither good nor bad, and it is counseling practices.
our choice on how we will be.  World Wars
 Cognitive Revolution o Psychological trauma from WWI
o Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis and WWII highlighted the need for
developed cognitive therapy, mental health services.
focusing on how thoughts o The development of psychological
influence emotions and testing and treatment for soldiers
behaviors. influenced civilian practices.
o Aaron Beck's Cognitive Triad  Civil Rights and Feminism
Model of depression: o The 1960s and 1970s saw the rise
 Negative self-image of multicultural counseling and
 Negative world image feminist therapy, emphasizing
 Negative future image diversity, empowerment, and the
o Albert Ellis’ ABC model sociopolitical context of mental
 A tool used in CBT to help health.
people recognize and o Masculine protest is a concept
change irrational beliefs in psychology that describes a
and behaviors; to help tendency to compensate for
people build resilience to feelings of inadequacy or
adversity. inferiority by acting in an
 A: Activating event aggressive manner.
 B: Behavior/Belief o Melanie Klein
 C: Consequences  “Mother of
Psychoanalysis”
Three Major Waves in Psychology
INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING
Lesson 2 | Historical and Social Development in Counseling and Psychotherapy

 Object Relations Theory o “Father of Philippine

- focuses on how our early Guidance”
relationships with others o Started a psychological clinic
impact our development in 1932 which concerned itself
and how we relate to with cases of student discipline.
others later in life.
 Infant–mother dyad - 21st Century: Modern Counseling and
Klein proposed that infants Psychotherapy
use their early experiences  The Guidance and Counseling Act of
with their mothers as the 2004 (RA 9258)
template for internal object o It established guidance
relations. counseling as a regulated
profession in the Philippines.
Contemporary Developments o The law mandated that
 Integration and Multimodal practitioners must be licensed
Approaches and adhere to ethical standards,
o Modern counselor integrate elevating the field's credibility.
techniques from multiple schools  Mental Health Act of 2018 (RA
(e.g., CBT, psychodynamic, and 11036)
mindfulness-based approaches) o Professionalization of counseling
tailored to individual needs. o Signified a major milestone,
o Karen Horney ensuring access to mental
 “Love can conquer all” health services and integrating
 Theory of Neurotic mental health care into the public
Needs - suggests that health system.
neurotic needs are the
result of unmet basic Pseudo-Scientific Techniques in Counseling
needs, such as love and  Numerology
reassurance, during o It is the predicting of future
childhood. outcomes or events in terms
o Eclectic counseling - a flexible, of luck or unluck numbers.
client-centered approach to  Astrology
therapy that combines different o Associating one's fate with the
techniques and theories to create course of the starts and other
a personalized treatment plan. It's heavenly bodies.
also known as multi-modal or  Graphology
integrative therapy. o Analyzing one's characters in
 Technology and Telehealth terms of one's penmanship
o The digital era has transformed pattern.
access to therapy, with online  Palmistry
counseling and apps expanding o The belief that lines one one's
reach. hand tell the fate and destiny
o Telecounseling is a way to of an individual.
provide counseling services  Physiognomy
remotely, either by phone or o Allied to phrenology, predicts
video chat. personality traits through
facial characteristics, bodily
Counseling Movement in the Philippines structure or muscular set.
 Dr. Sinforoso S. Padilla