SS3 FIRST TERM ICT E-NOTE

NETWORKING
NETWORK TOPOLOGY, DEVICES AND INTERFACE
CABLES AND CONNECTORS
INTRODUCTION OF WORLD WIDE WEB
DATABASE & DATABASE ORGANISATION
GRAPHIC INTRODUCTION TO COREL DRAW
BASIC PROGRAMMING

Week 1

Topic: Networking

Contents:

 Definition of Networking
 Types of Networking

Networking

Networking is the construction, design, and use of a network, including the

physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router, and so forth), the selection and
use of telecommunication protocol and computer software for using and
managing the network, and the establishment of operation policies and
procedures related to the network.

A computer network can be defined as a collection of interconnected

computers in such a way that they share resources. A computer
system only referred to a group of the computers and hardware components
interconnected by communicating channels that allow sharing of resources
and information. It is the practice of interfacing two or more computing
devices with each other for the purpose of sharing data. Computer networks
are built with a combination of hardware and software. Technically, If at least
one process in one computer can send or receive data to/from at least one
process residing on a remote computer, then two machines are said to be a
network.

A computer network is a set of connected computers. Computers on a

network are called nodes. The connection between computers can be done
via cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or wirelessly through radio
waves. Connected computers can share resources, like access to the
Internet, printers, file servers, and others. A network is a multipurpose
connection, which allows a single computer to do more.

It is this network that evolved to become what we now call the internet.

Networks are used to:

 Facilitate communication via email, video conferencing, instant

messaging, etc.
 Enable multiple users to share a single hardware device like a printer
or scanner
 Enable file sharing across the network
 Allow for the sharing of software or operating programs on remote
systems
 Make information easier to access and maintain among network users

Types of Networks

There are many types of networks, including:

 Local Area Networks (LAN)

 Personal Area Networks (PAN)
 Home Area Networks (HAN)
 Wide Area Networks (WAN)
 Campus Networks
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
 Enterprise Private Networks
 Internetworks
 Backbone Networks (BBN)
 Global Area Networks (GAN)
 The Internet

There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks

can be characterized by their size as well as their purpose.

The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy
and the number of computers that are part of the network. Networks can
cover anything from a handful of devices within a single room to millions of
devices spread across the entire globe

Some of the different networks based on size are:

 Personal area network, or PAN

 Local area network, or LAN
 Metropolitan area network, or MAN
 Wide area network, or WAN

In terms of purpose, many networks can be considered general purpose,

which means they are used for everything from sending files to a printer to
accessing the Internet. Some types of networks, however, serve a very
particular purpose. Some of the different networks based on their main
purpose are:

 Storage area network, or SAN

 Enterprise private network, or EPN
 Virtual private network, or VPN

ASSESSMENT

1. Define networking
2. Define computer network
3. What are networks used for?
4. List 6 types of network
5. List the types of network based on their main purpose.
6. List the types of network based on their size.

Week 3

Topic: Network Cables and Connectors

Network Cable

Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one
network device to another. There are several types of cable which are
commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a network will utilize only one
type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types. The type of
cable chosen for a network is related to the network’s topology, protocol,
and size. Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and
how they relate to other aspects of a network is necessary for the
development of a successful network.

The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks and other
related topics.

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable
 Cable Installation Guides
 Wireless LANs
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Coaxial Cables

Invented in the 1880s, “coax” was best known as the kind of cable that
connected television sets to home antennas. Coaxial cable is also a standard
for 10 MbpsEthernet cables.

When 10 Mbps Ethernet was most popular, during the 1980s and early
1990s, networks typically utilized one of two kinds of coax cable
– thinnet (10BASE2 standard) or thicknet (10BASE5). These cables consist
of an inner copper wire of varying thickness surrounded by insulation and
another shielding. Their stiffness caused network administrators difficulty in
installing and maintaining thinnet and thicknet.

Fibre Optics Cable

Instead of insulated metal wires transmitting electrical signals, fiber optic

network cables work using strands of glass and pulses of light.

These network cables are bendable despite being made of glass. They have
proven especially useful in wide area network (WAN) installations where long
distance underground or outdoor cable runs are required and also in office
buildings where a high volume of communication traffic is common. Two
primary types of fiber optic cable industry standards are defined – single-
mode(100BaseBX standard) and multimode (100BaseSX standard).

Twisted Pair Cable

Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single
circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out
electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources; for instance,
electromagnetic radiation from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and
crosstalk between neighboring pairs. In balanced pair operation, the two
wires carry equal and opposite signals and the destination detects the
difference between the two. This is known as differential mode transmission.
Noise sources introduce signals into the wires by coupling of electric or
magnetic fields and tend to couple to both wires equally. The noise thus
produces a common-mode signal which is cancelled at the receiver when the
difference signal is taken.

Straight Through Cable

Straight through cables are used to connect different devices like Switch to
PC. Switch to Router. Router to Switch etc. Straight-through cables are used
when each end of the communication transmits and receives on different
pairs.

Cross Over Cable

In a cross over the cable, the send and receive wires are “crossed over”,
meaning the wires are opposite on each end. This allows two PCs to talk to
each other, has it connects the send of one computer to the receive of the
other. Hence, the cross over cables are used to connect similar devices like
PC to PC , Router to Router, Switch to Switch, Hub to Hub etc.

Roll Over Cable

Roll over cables are used to connect to the console port of the device. It gets
the name rollover because the pin outs on one end are reversed from the
other, as if the wire had been rolled over and you were viewing it from the
other side.

Transmission Pins
Devices that transmit on 1,2 and receive on 3,6
1) PC
2)Router
3)Wireless Access Point AP
4) Networked printers
Devices that transmit on 3,6 and receive on 1,2
1)switch
2)bridge
3)hub

Guidelines to Installing Cable

When running cable, it is best to follow a few simple rules:

 Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of slack.
  Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is brand new, it
may have problems that will be difficult to isolate later.
 Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other
sources of electrical interference.
 If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the cable with
cable protectors.
 Label both ends of each cable.
 Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same location together.

ASSESSMENT

1. What is a network cable?

2. List the guidelines that must be observed when installing a network
cable.
3. List some examples of network cables

Week 4

Topic: INTRODUCTION TO WORLD WIDE WEB

THE INTERNET

Internet is defined as a global electronic communication network. It is one of

the largest networks that link trillions of computers all over the world. You
can access this network via communication devices and media such as
modems, cable, telephone lines and satellite.

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that

use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion
devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to
global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies.

The internet offers many conveniences at your fingerprints. You can send
messages to others, meet new friends, bank, invest, shop, fill prescription,
file taxes, take online courses, play games, listen to music or watch a movie
on the internet, the advantage of the internet is that you can use it from a
computer anywhere in the world.
Success today in the business world requires knowledge of the internet.
Without it, you are missing out on a tremendous source for goods, services,
information and, communication.

Here are some of the things one can do on the internet.

 Banking called E-banking 0r Internet Banking

 Invest
 Shop for goods and services
 Watch movies
 Download and listen to music
 Access Educational material e.g. Passnownow.com
 Access source of entertainment and leisure, such as online games,
magazines or vacation planning guide
 Access other computer and exchange files, share and edit document
with other in real time
 Provide information, photographs or audio or video clips

HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

The history of the internet begin with the following

1. ARPANET: The US defense department created a project called

Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) in late 1960s, which was to
work as network that would allow scientist and military personnel to
exchange information in war scenario without disruption in
communications. The network was connected in a way which ensured
that if one section of the network was damage, the remaining
computer on the network would still be able to communicate with each
other. This network was called ARPANET. By 1984, ARPANET had more
than 1,000 individual computers linked as hosts.
2. NSFNET: In 1986, the national science foundation (NSF) connected its
huge network of five supercomputer centre called NSFNET, to
ARPANET. They used the technology developed for ARPANET to allow
universities and schools to connect to each other. By 1987, NSFNET
could no longer handle the amount of information that was being
transferred. The national science foundation improved the network to
allow more information to be transferred. This configuration of complex
came to be known as the internet. Most of the people accessing the
internet till late 1980s were scientist and researchers. In the early
1990s, many companies started to offer access to home users. This
allows anyone with a modem and a computer to access the internet.

3. WORLD WIDE WEB: The World Wide Web was created in the early
1990s by European organization for nuclear research. The goal of
WWW was also to allow researchers to work together on projects and
 to make project information easily accessible. The first publicly
accessible website was created in 1991. By the mid 1990s, over 30
million people had access to the internet. Reach this huge market,
most big companies created their own sites on the World Wide Web or
provide information about their products. Now there are thousand
companies on the web.

Basic Terminologies

Internet – A global network connecting millions computers. As of 1998, the

Internet has more than 100 million users worldwide, and that number is
growing rapidly. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data,
news and opinions. Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the
Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is
independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and
which local services to make available to the global Internet community

ISP – Short for Internet Service Provider, a company that provides access to
the Internet. For a monthly fee, the service provider gives you a software
package, username, password and access phone number. Equipped with a
modem, you can then log on to the Internet and browse the World Wide Web
and USENET, and send and receive e-mail.

Browser – Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and
display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Netscape Navigator
and Microsoft Internet Explorer

Domain name – A symbolic name for a computer, that can be translated by a

nameserver into a computers formal numeric Internet address (IP address).
Domain names let users reference Internet sites without having to know the
numerical address.

URL – URLs make it possible to direct both people and software applications
to a variety of information, available from a number of different Internet
protocols. Abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator, the global address of
documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.

HTTP – Short for HyperText Transfer Protocol, the underlying protocol used
by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and
transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in
response to various commands.
Website – A site (location) on the World Wide Web. Each Web site contains a
home page, which is the first document users see when they enter the site.
The site might also contain additional documents and files. Each site is
owned and managed by an individual, company or organization.

HTML – Short for HyperText Markup Language, the authoring language used
to create documents on the World Wide Web. Hypertext, for easy navigation
among resources (e.g. HyperText Markup Language or HTML, a standard
format for describing the structure of documents for transmission of
hypermedia documents).

Homepage – The main page of a Web site. Typically, the home page serves
as an index or table of contents to other documents stored at the site.

IP address – The numerical Internet protocol address of a computer on the

Internet. Every computer on the Internet has a unique numerical address.

Intranet – An Intranet is a collection of services that use an Internet as the

underlying communications technology, designed to support business
operations and applications. Basically just another buzzword, like enterprise
computing, and mission-critical applications.

Java – A programming language, developed by Sun Microsystems, designed

specifically for use in applet and agent applications. Java programs can only
run under a Java interpreter, which is designed to eliminate the risk of a
rogue Java applet damaging the local computer.

Javascript – A scripting language developed by Netscape Inc. Javascript

program listings can be included within an HTML document, and are then
executed by the Web browser when the document is loaded. A similar
scripting language, known as VBScript, has been developed by Microsoft.

Robots – On the World Wide Web, a program that autonomously searches

through trees of hypertext documents, retrieving files for indexing (or other
purposes). Also called a worm.

Router – A computer that determines, on a local basis, which route packets

will take en route to their destination.

TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the basic

communication protocol that is the foundation of the Internet. All the other
protocols, such as HTTP, FTP, and Gopher, are built on top of TCP/IP.

WEB PAGE
Web page is an electronic document on the World Wide Web. A web page
consists of a HTML file in a particular directory on a particular machine ( and
in thus identification by a URL) a vast amount of information is provided by
these web pages. The information may include graphics, sounds, or even
movies. Usually, a web page contains links to other pages as well

WEBSITE

A website is a collection of web pages. Most websites have a home page as

their starting point, which frequently has a table of contents for the site.
Users need a web browser and a connection to access a website.

HOME PAGE

Home page is the first page retrieved when accessing a website. It serves as
a table of contents for the rest of pages on the site and offers links to other
websites. For example, a company’s welcome page typically includes the
company logo, a brief description and links to the additional document
available on that site.

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is a unique identifier used to locate a

resource on the internet. It is also referred to as a web address. URLs consist
of multiple parts -- including a protocol and domain name -- that tell a web
browser how and where to retrieve a resource.

HYPERLINKS

Web pages contain highlighted text or image, called hyperlinks, that connect
to other pages on the web. A hyperlink allows you to easily move through
vast amount of information by jumping from one web page to another. You
can select a hyperlink to jump to a web page located on the same computer
or on a computer across the city, country or world. You can easily identify a
text hyperlink in a web page because it appears underlined and in color.

WEB SERVER

A web server is a computer on the internet that stores web pages. A web
page is available for other people to view, when it is stored in the web
server.

WEB BROWSER
A web browser is a software program that allows you to access and view web
pages. The web browser software is built on the hyperlinks, which allows
users to point and click with a mouse in order to jump from one document to
another in whatever order the desire.

ASSESSMENT

1. Define Internet.
2. List 5 examples of things that can be done on the internet.
3. Describe the history of the internet.
4. What is a web server?
5. What is the full meaning of HTTP?

Week 7 & 8

Topic: Graphic Introduction to Corel Draw

CorelDRAW is a vector illustration program. Images are displayed on the

computer screen as pixels. How the program treats the pixels is determined
by whether the image is defined as a vector or a bitmap. A bitmap file
defines the position, color and size of each pixel. A vector program defines a
line of pixels and treats them as a single object. To change an object in a
bitmap, you must change all the pixels, so if a red box on a blue background
needs to be smaller, you have to re-create a smaller red box and change the
pixels where the box was to the blue background. When you have a vector
image, you redefine the size and location of the lines. Each object is
independent of the others and can be manipulated as needed. To make your
work easier, Corel Corporation has added a few bitmap manipulation tools in
DRAW and includes its bitmap manipulation program, CorelPhotoPaint, when
you purchase CorelDRAW.

CorelDRAW is one of the most powerful and versatile illustration programs on

the market today, on any platform. In this class, I cannot teach you all you
can do with this program. I can only show you how to use the tools and
effects included in the program. What you do with CorelDRAW is limited only
by your imagination, time, and budget. In my personal experience, I have
seen projects ranging from fine art frescoes to silk-screened T-shirts to laser
engraved stainless steel parts. Your use may be as ordinary as a flyer for a
garage sale or as complex as the annual report for a Fortune 500 company.
From desktop publishing to fine art, CorelDRAW gives you the tools. I can
only teach you the skills to use them. The talent, inspiration and effort come
from you.
1. When CorelDRAW is loaded, a new section is created on the Start
Menu . To open DRAW, click the Start button from the Taskbar .
This opens the Windows Start menu.
2. Select Programs from the list.
This activates the Programs panel. Programs are contained in groups,
but rather than being initially displayed in a group window, each group
is listed.

3. Find the Corel section and select CorelDRAW 12.

This opens up the program with the CorelDRAW welcome screen. If you
have used the program before, you may have turned off this screen.

4. Choose Open Graphic or use the Open command on the File

menu .
New Graphic creates a new, one page document. Open Last
Edited opens the last document you had open. The splash screen will
show the names of the files over the icon. The Template icon allows
you to access many professionally created templates you can then
modify for your own projects. The CorelTutor gives you a brief
overview of how to use the program and What’s New? shows you all
the improvements from Version 11. Designer.com connects you to the
Corel Designer.com web site where you can find many helpful areas. If
you clear the check from the box in the lower left corner, you will not
see this graphic but will open a new file when you open the program.
5. Direct the Explorer to your hard drive and the folder where you saved
the class files.
6. Choose the file Open 1st.cdr .
If the Panose Screen appears listing fonts that are not loaded, click
the OK button. This utility allows you to load fonts for a document
when you open the document. You must have the Font Navigator utility
loaded and active for the fonts to install automatically.
7. Window Components
The various window components in CorelDraw are: • Title bar • Menu
bar • Property bar • Tool bar (Standard) • Tool box • Rulers • Drawing
page • Drawing window • Colour palette • Docker • Status bar •
Document navigator • Navigator
The CorelDRAW Window.

Window Components

A – Standard You can customize this or any other Toolbar or create

Toolbar additional Toolbars.

The Property Bar is dynamic. Property options change

depending on what you are working on. This enables you
B – Property Bar
to access commands that are specific to the current tool
or feature you are using.

C – Main Tool Box The main tools you will use are accessed from this bar.

The Rulers show the current mouse cursor location as you

D – Rulers
move in the work area.
 The Color Palette by default is located to the right of the
work window. Like the Toolbars, it can also be relocated.
E – Color Palette
You can choose from a preset palette of colors, or use a
specific color system such as Pantone Spot Colors.

The Status Bar is used to give you information about

F – Status Bar cursor movements or symbol properties such as the fill or
size.

The Page Selector is used to add and move between

G – Page
pages. When a file contains multiple pages, individual
Navigator
page tabs appear to the right of the Page Selector bar.

Dockers allow access to effects, styles, colors, and many

other features of CorelDRAW. They can be floated or
H – Docker Tabs
“docked” at the side of the window. When closed, they
are accessible through a vertical tab.
Tool Overview
The Toolbox is located in the left portion of the window and contains all the
drawing and editing tools necessary to create objects for an illustration. Tools
containing a small triangle in the corner produce a Flyout. Flyouts contain
additional tools, or tool options and are explained below in the order they
appear on the default screen. Flyouts are described following the Tool
Overview.

Pick Tool Selects objects or groups of objects. Once selected, you

can use the Pick Tool of move, stretch, scale, rotate, and
skew objects.

Shape Tool
Reshapes objects. Objects are reshaped by moving
nodes, lines, and control points.

Zoom Tool Changes the current view of the drawing. You can also
select magnification options from the Property Bar in the
Zoom mode.

Freehand Tool
Draws lines and curves. You can also use this tool to
trace bitmaps.

Smart Drawing Converts the freehand strokes you draw to basic shapes
Tool and smoothed curves.

Rectangle Tool
Draws rectangles and squares. Squares are created by
using the Control key while drawing.

Ellipse Tool
Draws ellipses and circles. Circles are created by holding
down the Control key as you draw.

Graph Paper Tool

Draws a collection of boxes that simulates a sheet of
graph paper.

Perfect Shapes A collection of objects which you can add to your

Tool
drawing. They include such things as arrows, stars, talk
bubbles, and flow chart symbols.

Text Tool
Adds either Artistic or Paragraph text to your drawing.

Interactive Blend The Blend Tool allows you to merger objects together
Tool through a series of steps. The flyout gives access to
several more interactive tools that are described on the
following pages.

The Eyedropper Tool allows you to select a color within

Eyedropper Tool an object, especially a bitmap, and allows you to apply
that color to another object. You can also capture the
color for a customized palette. The flyout gives access to
the paint bucket that applies the color.

Outline Tool Sets the outline style of an object or a line. This includes
the line type, ends, color, and weight. The flyout gives
quick access to some changes.

Fill Tool Assigns the fill style of any object. Fills are only visible on
closed objects. The flyout gives access to control dialogs
for each type of fill.

Interactive Fill Tool

Allows you to apply Fountain fills (gradients) using the
mouse. The flyout gives access to the Mesh fill Tool.

ASSESSMENT

1. What is corel draw and what can it be used for?

Week 9 & 10

Topic: Basic Programming

BASIC Programming

In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC
language at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.

B – Beginners

A – All purpose

S – Symbolic

I – Instructional

C – Code

Basic Arithmetic Expressions

Basic arithmetic expressions and algebraic expressions are similar with little
different examples of basic arithmetic expressions. Arithmetic expressions
are composed of a combination of constants, variables, operation symbols,
and functions. An expression may be very simple or quite complex, but it will
result in a single value. Whether an expression is simple or complex, the
calculations must be performed in a specific order. To ensure the computer
will correctly evaluate and calculate arithmetic expressions, you have to
learn to code them using the rules of BASIC. In order to use arithmetic
expressions efficiently, you must be able to evaluate and convert
conventional mathematical expressions into proper BASIC expressions.

I = {P*R*T}/100

Basic arithmetic expressions and their algebraic expressions

ALGEBRAIC BASIC ARITHMETIC

EXPRESSION EXPRESSION
B+D B+D
A–B A–B
B C B/C
D2 D ᶺ2
C + B÷D C + B* D
B=BxH B – B* D
P = ax – bx + c/2 P = a*x – b*x + c/2
a(b-d)3 ÷ d+1 a* {b-d}3/d+1
B – (-a+b) 2a B = {-a+b}/2*a
b – 5bc -3b
2
SQR {b} ᶺ c -5* b* – 3b
(b +c) +d Sin b {b+c} + d/Sin {b}
Arithmetic Basic
Sign Name
Expression Expression
{} 14 + 2 {14 + 2} Bracket
Of ½ of 5 5*2 Exponential
/ 24 ÷ 4 24/4 Division
x 6x5 6*5 Multiplication
+ 2+3 2+3 Addition
– 3–2 3–2 Subtraction
√ √16 SQR {16} Square root
Parentheses Rule

There are cases where the precedence rule may cause a problem. For
example:

The BASIC expression LET Y = A/B+ C would produce undesired results,

because A would be divided by B and the result added to C. The solution to
this problem is in the use of parentheses. If we let parentheses override the
order of precedence (but maintain the order of precedence within the
parentheses), the result will be satisfactory. Now let’s examine the previous
example using parentheses.

Example:

Using parentheses

With the parentheses, B is added to C and the sum of this operation is

divided into A, giving the correct result.

Sometimes more than one set of parentheses may be needed to tell the
BASIC language in what order to execute the arithmetic operations.

Example:

Parentheses inside parentheses

The BASIC expression to accomplish this would be:

For this expression to give us the correct results, A and B must be added
first, then the sum divided by C, and finally that result is squared. When
parentheses within parentheses are used, the innermost parentheses will be
evaluated first. Addition has a lower precedence than either division or
exponentiation; therefore, A + B must be in the inner parentheses. Division
has a lower precedence than exponentiation, so (A+B)/C also must be
enclosed in parentheses, ((A+B)/C), to ensure it is performed next.

The important thing to remember is the parentheses maybe used to over-

ride the normal order of precedence. The parentheses rule says:

. Computations inside parentheses are performed first.

. If there are parentheses inside parentheses, the operations inside the

inner pair are performed first.

SUMMARY

Simple problems can be solved with BASIC by using only two or three
instructions. These are the END, PRINT and LET statements. To use these
effectively, you must know how they work and what rules must be followed
in using them.

The END statement, which must be the last statement in every BASIC
program, has two functions. It indicates to the compiler that there are no
more BASIC statements for it to translate and it terminates execution of the
program.

The PRINT statement is used to instruct the computer to output something

either on the terminal or the printer. The standard print line in BASIC is
divided into print zones or fields of 16 spaces each.

The two punctuation marks used in PRINT statements are the comma and
semicolon. A comma used as a separator in a PRINT statement causes
standard spacing and a semicolon causes packed spacing.

Information enclosed in quotation marks in a PRINT statement will be printed

exactly as it appears in the program.

The LET statement can be used to assign a constant value to a variable

name, a variable to a variable name, or the results of an expression to a
variable name. The equal sign in a LET statement does not indicate algebraic
equality, rather it means be assigned the value of. The value assigned by a
LET statement is stored in the computer’s memory; therefore, it can be
referenced by its variable name.
Both the PRINT and LET statements may contain expressions with arithmetic
operations. These arithmetic operations must be specified by the appropriate
operation symbol. Should you forget to include the symbol, the computer will
not insert it for you, but will give you an error message.

Constants and variables are used to refer to numeric values or character

strings. A constant is a whole or decimal number or character string whose
value does not change. A variable name is an arbitrary name you select and
you and the computer use to refer to a value stored in the computer’s
memory. This value may vary during execution of the program, but can
contain only one value at a time.

ASSESSMENT

1. What is the full meaning of BASIC?

2. What is the parenthesis rule?