Electrical Machines I

UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 1 :- INDUCTION MACHINES

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Power Stages
 Electrical Machines I
Power Stages
 Electrical Machines I
Power Stages
Rotor Copper loss and Power transferred across air gap PG
PG = 3 E1 I2’ Cosθ2 = 3 I2’Z2’I2’ (R2’/s)/Z2’

PG = 3 I2’2 R2’/s =3 I2’2R2’/s

But Rotor copper loss = 3 I2’2R2’=3 I22R2

Therefore PG = Rotor copper loss / s

Hence Rotor Copper loss = s PG

 Electrical Machines I
Relationships
Mechanical power developed and Power transferred
across air gap

Pm= PG–3 I2’2R2’= PG -s PG = (1-s) PG

M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 1 :- INDUCTION MACHINES

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Expression for Electromagnetic Torque
 Electrical Machines I
Expression for Electromagnetic Torque
Speed of rotor is
ω = (1-s) ωs

Electromagnetic Torque developed is

(1-s) ωsT=Pm= (1 –s) Pg

Te= Pg /ωs={3 I2’2R2’/s}/ωs

 Electrical Machines I
Expression for Electromagnetic Torque
 Electrical Machines I
Expression for Electromagnetic Torque

Computational Procedure for a given slip is to calculate

PG= 3 I2’2R2’/s = 3 I12Rf

T = 3 I12Rf/ωs
 Electrical Machines I
Torque – Slip Characteristics
We find Thevenin’s Equivalent of exact equivalent circuit shown
below
 Electrical Machines I
Torque – Slip Characteristics
 Electrical Machines I
Torque – Slip Characteristics
 Electrical Machines I
Torque – Slip Characteristics
I2’2= VTH2/ { (RTH+R2’/s)2+(XTH+ X2’)2}

T= (3/ωs) I2’2(R2’/s)

={(3/ωs) VTH2(R2’/s)} / [(RTH+R2’/s)2+(XTH+X2’)2]

 Electrical Machines I
Torque – Slip Characteristics

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4a8ae7627b80d01526f0129a2648b289
 Electrical Machines I
Power Stages

1. Motoring Mode:-0 ≤s ≤1

2. Generating Mode: s <0

3.Braking Mode: s>1

M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 4 :- INDUCTION MACHINES

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Torque Slip Characteristics

.https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg4a8ae7627b80d01526f0129a2648b289
 Electrical Machines I
Maximum Breakdown Torque
 Electrical Machines I
Maximum Breakdown Torque
 Electrical Machines I
Maximum Breakdown Torque
 Electrical Machines I
Maximum Breakdown Torque
 Electrical Machines I
Torque – Slip Characteristics
 Electrical Machines I
Expression for Starting Torque
 Electrical Machines I
Expression for Torque (Approximate Eq Circuit)
 Electrical Machines I
Approximate Equivalent Circuit

B
 Electrical Machines I
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
 Electrical Machines I
Expression for Electromagnetic Torque
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 2 :-Circle Diagram

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Circle Diagram
 Electrical Machines I
Circle Diagram
I= V/Z,

SinƟ = XL /Z

Therefore I = V SinƟ/XL

This is the equation of circle in polar form with diameter = V/XL

where V and XL are fixed.

Similarly the locus of current I1 in approximate equivalent circuit

is a circle as I1 = Io + I1 ’ but with shifted origin
 Electrical Machines I

No Load Test

Sl No Voltage Vo Current Io Power Po

Vo =rated Voltage per phase

Io = No load current
= average of ammeter readings
Po=Power input under no load conditions
The no load current in an induction motor is about 30-40%
of full- load current.
 Electrical Machines I
Blocked Rotor Test
 Electrical Machines I

Blocked Rotor Test

Sl No Voltage VBR Current IBR Power PBr

VBR =reduced Voltage per phase

I BR = Blocked or short circuit current = average of

ammeter readings

PBR =Power input under “blocked rotor “conditions

 Electrical Machines I
Initial Calculations
Cosøo = Po /(√3 Vo I o ), Find øo

Cosøsc = PBR/(√3 xVBRx IBR), Find øsc

I scn = (Vrated/VBR ) x IBR,

where Iscn is the short circuit current with normal rated voltage
applied.

Wscn = (Vrated/VBR) 2 x WBR

Where Wscn is the power consumed by induction motor when rated

voltage is applied during blocked rotor test.
 Electrical Machines I
Steps for Construction
1. Select a suitable current scale.

1. Keep the graph sheet in landscape type.

1. Draw X axis and Y axis respectively.

4. Label X axis as X and Y axis as V.

5. Label origin as O.

6. Draw I o at an angle of øo measured from voltage axis.

7. Mark the tip of I o as A- the virtual origin or shifted origin

 Electrical Machines I
Steps for Construction
8. Draw from point A line parallel to x axis.

9. Draw I scn at an angle of øsc measured from voltage axis. Let

us label tip of I scn as S.

10. Join AS. This is the output line. Draw perpendicular bisector
of AS and extend it. It will intersect AB at C.

11. With CA as radius draw a semi circle passing through A’ and

Point S.

12.From point S draw a vertical line SL to meet the Line AB at L

and extend it meet OX at M.
 Electrical Machines I
Steps for Construction
Now LM represents constant losses

13. We will fix point K on SL. For wound rotor machine equivalent
rotor resistance R2 ’ can be determined.

Line SL can be split into two parts such that SK/KL = R2 ’/R1
For Squirrel cage rotor machines Find stator copper loss using

I scn 2 R1 .

Rotor copper loss = Total copper loss – stator copper loss.

Now split SK such that SK/ KL = Rotor Copper loss/ Stator Copper
loss
 Electrical Machines I
Steps for Construction
If the data for stator copper loss and rotor copper loss is not
available then we assume Stator copper loss = rotor copper loss=
SK =KL

14.Measure SM and divide Wscn by it to get Power Scale.

Therefore Power Scale = Wscn / SM

15. For the given power rating of the machine divide it by Power
Scale.

Therefore Power rating of the machine in terms of watts or kw /cm

is SH= Power Rating/ Power scale
 Electrical Machines I
Steps for Construction
16. Extend line SM upwards and mark a length SH on it.

17. From point H draw a line parallel to output line.

It Meets the semicircle at point P. Join OP.

18. Measure OP and multiply it by current scale to get rated current.

19. From point P draw a vertical line PEFGD.

Then PD =Power input, PE= power output

EF=Rotor copper loss, FG =Stator copper loss

 Electrical Machines I
Steps for Construction
20. Then
Efficiency =PE/PD
Power factor = Cosø = Cos (angle VOP)
Slip = PF/EF,
Starting Torque = SK x (Power Scale)in synchronous watts
Rated Torque = PF x (power Scale in synchronous watts

21. To find Maximum torque draw tangent to the circle diagram

parallel to the Torque line. Let the point of tangency be Q.

22. From Point Q draw a vertical line perpendicular to OX.

It meets the torque line at R.
Tmax= QR x Power scale in synchronous watts
 Electrical Machines I
Steps for Construction
23.To find Maximum power output draw tangent to the semicircle
such that it is parallel to the output line.

Let the point of tangency be U. From U draw a vertical line such

that it is perpendicular to X Axis.

Let UV cut the output line at T.

Therefore
Maximum power output = UT x Power Scale
 Electrical Machines I
Steps for Construction
V
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 4 :-Circle Diagram

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
Draw the circle diagram of a 20 h.p., 400-V, 50 C/s, 3-phase, 4 pole,
Y connected, induction motor from the following
data (line values) :-
No load test :- 400 V, 9A, Cosφ =0.2.
Blocked rotor test :- 200 V, 50 A, Cosφ =0.4
From the diagram find (a) the line current and power factor (b)
maximum horse power ( c) Maximum torque
(d) Rated electromagnetic torque (e) Slip at maximum torque
(f) Efficiency (g) slip at rated conditions (h) starting torque.
Assume stator copper loss = rated copper loss.
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
Draw the circle diagram of a 20 h.p., 400-V, 50 C/s, 3-phase, 4 pole,
Delta connected, induction motor from the following
data (line values) :-
No load test :- 400 V, 9A, Cosφ =0.2.
Blocked rotor test :- 200 V, 50 A, Cosφ =0.4
From the diagram find (a) the line current and power factor (b)
maximum horse power ( c) Maximum torque
(d) Rated electromagnetic torque (e) Slip at maximum torque
(f) Efficiency (g) slip at rated conditions (h) starting torque.
Assume stator copper loss = rated copper loss.
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 4 :-Tests to Determine Circuit-Model Parameters

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I

Tests to Determine Circuit Parameters

* Necessity of testing

Losses Temperature Circuit

raise Parameters

Performance Conformance
Indices With Design
Electrical Machines I

Classification of Tests
Tests

No load Tests Blocked Rotor Test Voltage

Ratio
Test
Stator
Resistance Core Loss
Measurement Measurement
 Electrical Machines I

Tests
Stator Resistance Measurement

Sl No Voltage V Current I Resistance R

Rs = 1.5 R1
Wheatstone Bridge Method
Multimeter
V- I Method
 Electrical Machines I
Tests
Voltage Ratio test

Applicable For Slip ring Induction motor

Rotor circuit is kept open

Rated Voltage applied to stator windings

 Electrical Machines I
Core loss measurement
 Electrical Machines I

Core Loss Measurement

Sl No Voltage Current Power
1 100 %
2 90 %
3 80 %
4 70 %
5 60 %
6 50 %
7 40 %

No load Test
Electrical Machines I

Core loss measurement

Electrical Machines I
Core loss measurement
Power input at no-load (P0) provides losses only as the shaft
output is zero. These losses comprise,

P0 (no-load loss) = Pc1 + Pi + Pwf

Pc1 --- stator copper loss

Pi --- iron/core loss

Pwf --(windage and friction loss) or rotational losses

 Electrical Machines I
No Load Test
 Electrical Machines I
Method
Sl No Voltage Vo Current Io Power Po

Vo =rated Voltage per phase

Io = No load current
= average of ammeter readings
Po=Power input under no load conditions

The no load current in an induction

motor is about 30-40% of full- load current.

 Electrical Machines I
Blocked Rotor Test
 Electrical Machines I

Method
Sl No Voltage VBR Current IBR Power PBR

VBR =rated Voltage per phase

IBR = Blocked Rotor current

= average of ammeter readings

PBR=Power input under “blocked rotor “conditions

Electrical Machines I
Approximate Equivalent Circuit

Io
 Electrical Machines I
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
From NL test

√3 Vo Io Cos (θo) = Po

Cos(θo) = Po/ (√3 Vo Io)

θo = Cos -1(Po /(√3 Vo Io)

Iw = Io Cos (θo), Im = Io Sin(θo)

Ro = Vo(Phase)/ Iw (phase), Xo = Vo (phase)/ Im (phase)

Electrical Machines I
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
From B.R Test

ZBR = VBR(phase value) / IBR (phase value)

RBR = (PBR/3)/ IBR2

XBR =√ [(ZBR2 –(RBR 2)]

RBR = R1 + R2’ and XBR = X1 + X2’

M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I

Starting of cage motor

At starting s=1, the load resistance with respect to

approximate equivalent circuit shown in fig 1,

will be zero since R2’{(1/s)-1} = 0

 Electrical Machines I

Starting of cage motor

Electrical Machines I

Starting of cage motor

R1s

Is
 Electrical Machines I

Starting of cage motor

* Therefore at the time of starting short circuit

conditions prevail.

* Motor draws 5 to 6 times full load current.

* In comparison to starting current, exciting current

is smaller hence exciting branch is neglected.

* Starting Torque Tst =(3/ωs) Is2 R2’

 Electrical Machines I

Starting of cage motor

* Assumption
Ifl = I2’fl

Therefore Tfl = (3/ωs)Ifl2 R2’/sfl

Hence
Tst/ Tfl =( Is/Ifl )2 sfl
 Electrical Machines I
Starting of cage motor
DOL Starting:-
Ist = Isc = V/Zsc
Let Isc =5 (Ifl) and full load slip =0.04
Then

Tst/ Tfl = (5)2 x 0.04 =1

For very large value of starting current equal to 5 times full load
current
starting torque = full load torque
So motor ha to accelerate quickly from rest otherwise motor may
get overheated and get damaged.
Electrical Machines I
Starting of cage motor
To protect the supply systems , regulators will
impose heavy penalty against such type of short
time peaks.

Therefore this type of starting is advised for motors

of low power rating.
 Electrical Machines I

Classification

Reduced Voltage Starting

Stator Impedance starting Auto transformer

Y-Δ Starting Rotor Resistance Starting

 Electrical Machines I

Stator impedance Starting

Applied Voltage across
induction motor gets
reduced to xV
Therefore

Ist = x V/Z
= x Isc

Tst/ Tfl = x2 (Isc/Ifl)2sfl

M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Auto Transformer Starting
 Electrical Machines I

Auto Transformer Starting

Current drawn from supply

Isline =x (xIsc) =x2 Isc

Therefore

(Tst/Tfl) =x2 (Isc/Ifl)2 sfl

 Electrical Machines I
Auto Transformer Starting

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STARTER-FIG-1-compressor.jpg
Electrical Machines I
Y-Δ Starting of cage motor
 Electrical Machines I
Y-Δ Starting of cage motor
For direct delta starting
Starting phase current
Is =V/Zsc
Starting line current
Is (delta) =√3 V/Zsc
In case of star starting
Starting line current = Starting phase current
Therefore
Is(star) = V/(3½ Zs) = (1/3½ ) Isc
Is star/Is delta =1/3
 Electrical Machines I
Y-Δ Starting of cage motor

Ts (star) / Tfl = ( 1/3) (Isc/Ifl)2 sfl

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S9YpPH9QeNk/XCzXdJPSdyI/AAAAAAAAAPg/7PEqjjgspospt9VwTEePGyG68Y3PvJ
DkQCEwYBhgL/s1600/3-Simple-Manual-Star-Delta-Starter
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
Electrical Machines II
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I

Rotor Resistance Starting

 Electrical Machines I

Rotor Resistance Starting

Rext’ =(Ne1/Ne2)2Rext

Is = V/{Rext’ +R2’)2+X2’2}0.5

Ts = (3/ωs) {V2 (R2’+ Rext’) / [(R2’ +Rext’)2 +X2’2]}

Maximum Starting occurs at
Slip s=(R2’+Rext’)/X2’
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 4 :- INDUCTION MACHINES

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Problems
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 4 :- INDUCTION MACHINES

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Problems
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
W
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
Exact Equivalent Circuit
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 4 :- INDUCTION MACHINES

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Problems
 Electrical Machines I
Problems
A 25 h.p., 6 pole, 50 c/s, 3 phase, slip ring induction motor runs at
960 rpm on full load with rotor current per phase of 35 A. Allowing
250 W for copper losses in the short circuiting gear and 1000 W for
mechanical losses, find the resistance per phase of the rotor
winding. (0.153 Ω)
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Solution
 Electrical Machines I
Problem
An induction motor has an efficiency of 0.9 when the load is 50
h.p.At this load, the stator copper and rotor copper loss each
equals the iron loss. The mechanical losses are one-third of no
load loss. Calculate the slip. (0.312)
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT 4 :- INDUCTION MACHINES

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control of Cage Rotors
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control of Cage Rotors
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
Employing a series/parallel connection of phase groups of individual
phases, the phases can themselves be connected in star/delta
resulting in two-speed operation with the three types of torque-speed
characteristics.
These connections are designated as constant-torque, constant-
horsepower and variable-torque and are illustrated in 1, 2, and 3
respectively.
In each of these figures, let
V = line-to-line voltage
I = allowable conductor current
ηl, ηh = respective efficiencies of LS and HS connections
cos φl, cos φh = respective power factors of LS and HS connections.
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
 Electrical Machines I
Speed Control from Stator side
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I

UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT4:-THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
Electrical Machines I
Problem
Electrical Machines I
Solution
Under Maximum torque Condition, Motor stalls
R2’ = 0.07Ω.

Ns =120 f/P = 120x50/8 = 750 rpm

S = (750 – 630)/ 750 = 0.16

S=R2’/X2 ‘,
Therefore X2 =0.07/0.16 = 0.4375 ohms.
At starting, if torque is to be maximum then
R2’+ Rext’= X2’,
Rext ‘=0.4375 – 0.07 = 0.367 ohms
Electrical Machines I
Problem
Electrical Machines I
Solution
S1 =0.03
Full load speed N1 = 0.97 Ns
Full load speed N2 = 0.97 Ns/2 =0.485 Ns
S2 = (1- 0.485) = 0.515
T = (3/ωs) {(V12 R2’/s)/[(R2’/s)2 + X2’2]
Let V1 be supply voltage and after reduction let the voltage be xV1
Te1 =Te2
(3/ωs) {(V12 R2’/s1)/[(R2’/s1)2 + X2’2] =(3/ωs) {(x2V12 R2’/s2)/[(R2’/s2)2 + X2’2]
(R2’/s1) / [ (R2’/s1) 2 + X2’2]= (x2 R2’/s2)/[(R2’/s2)2 + (X2’)2]
(R2/s1) / [ (R2/s1) 2 + X22]= (x2 R2/s2)/[(R2/s2)2 + (X2)2]
(0.015/0.03)/[(0.015/0.03)2+0.092) = x2(0.015/0.515)/[(0.015/0.515)2 +0.09 2]
1.9732 =3.2408 x2, x=0.78 = 78%
% Reduction in voltage = 22%
Electrical Machines I
Solution
Z2 = R2/s2 + j X2 = (0.015/0.515) + j 0.09 = 0.0291 + 0.09
=0.0945 ∟72.082
Power factor = Cos (72.082) = 0.307
Electrical Machines I
Problem
Electrical Machines I
Solution
Ns =120 x50/6 =1000 rpm

S1 = 0.04, S2 = 0.2

Neglecting stator impedance and rotor reactance

Tefull = (R2/s1)/{R2/S1)2} ={ (R2 +Rext)/s2)}/{[(R2+Rext)/S2)2]}

s1/R2 =s2/ (R2 +Rext)

0.04/0.2 = 0.2 /(0.2 + Rext)

0.2 +Rext = 1, Rext =0.8 ohms

Electrical Machines I
Problem
Electrical Machines I
Solution
a) S1 =( Ns-N) /Ns = (1000 -935) /1000 =0.065
Rotor input 1 = Mechanical power1= 5 x746/(1-s1)
=5x746/(0.935)= 4000 W = 4kW
S/r input 1 = Rotor input 1 + stator losses = 4 + 0.4 =4.4 kW

b) S2 = (1000 – 750)/1000 = 0.25

Rotor input 2 = 6 x746/.75 =5.968 kW
Stator input 2 = 5.968 + 0.8 = 6.78 kW
Electrical Machines I
Problem
An 8 pole 50 c/sec, induction motor has a full load slip of 2.5
% and a maximum torque of twice the full load torque. Find
the value of slip and speed corresponding to maximum
torque. Also find the value of starting torque in terms of
maximum torque.
Electrical Machines I
Solution
Tfl/Tmax = 2asf/ {a2 + sf2}

1/2 =2ax0 .025/ (a2 + 0.0252), (a2 + 0.0252) =0.1a

a2 + 0.0252 - 0.1a=0, a=0.0933,or 0.00667

a=0.0933 = smaxT
Speed at maximum torque = Nsx(1-0.0933) =750 x(1-0.0933)
= 680.25rpm
Tst/Tmax = 2a/(1+ a2)= 0.184
Electrical Machines I
Problem
A 4 pole, 50 c/s, 3 phase induction motor has rotor resistance
and reactance of 0.03 ohms and 0.12 ohms /phase
respectively. What is the value of the speed at which
maximum torque occurs. Find the amount of external rotor
resistance per phase to be inserted to obtain 75% of
maximum torque at starting. By What percentage will this
reduce the current and what will be the power factor at stand
still.
Electrical Machines I
Solution
Ns =120f/P = 120 x50/4 =1500 rpm
Slip at maximum torque = a = R2/X2 =0.03/0.12 =0.25
Speed at maximum torque = 1500 x (1-0.25) =1125 rpm
Tst/Tmax = 2a/(1+ a2)
0.75 = 2a/(1+ a2), 1+a2 =2a/0.75, 1+a2 -2.66 a =0
a =2.206, 0.45315
When a = 2.206
(R2 +Rext) / X2 ) =2.206, Rext =0.2347 ohms,
When a = 0.45315,
(R2 +Rext) / X2 ) = 0.054, Rext =0.024 ohms
Without additional resistance
I2st = E2/ (R2 + j X2 ) = E2 /( 0.03 + j 0.12) , |I2st| =8.0906 E2
Electrical Machines I
Solution
With a total resistance of 0.2647 ohms
I2st = E2/ (R2 + Rext+ j X2 ) = E2 /( 0.2647 + j 0.12) ,
|Istnew1| =3.456 E2
With a total resistance of 0.054 ohms
I2st = E2/ (R2 +Rext+ j X2 ) = E2 /( 0.054 + j 0.12) , |Istnew2|
=7.6 E2
Change in current in first case ={(8.09-3.45)/8.09} x100
=57.35%
Change in current in second case ={(8.09-7.6)/8.09} x100
=6.05%
Power factors are 0.91 or 0.41
Electrical Machines I
Problem
Electrical Machines I
Solution
a) When V2= V1
At 40 c/s
I2st40 = V1/ (R2’2 + X2’2)0.5
At 50 Hz X2’50 = (50/40) X2’
I2st50 = V2/ {(R2’2 + X2’2 x25/16)}0.5
I2st50/ I2st40 ={ V2/ (R2’2 + X2’2 x25/16)}0.5 /[V1/ (R2’2 + X2’2)0.5]
R2’≪ 𝐗𝟐′ 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐑𝟐’.
Therefore
I2st50/ I2st40 = (V2/X2’)(25/16)0.5 / [V1/X2’]
= (X2’) /[X2’x( 25/16)0.5] =0.8
Tmax40 =(3/(2ωs)) V12/X2’
Tmax50 =(3/(2ωs)) V22/(5/4) X2’
Tmax50 / Tmax40 = 0.8
Electrical Machines I
Solution
Tmax50 / Tmax40 = 0.8
Tst40 = (3/ωs) { V12 R2’/ [R2’2 + X2’2]
Tst50 = (3/ωs) { V22 R2’/ [R2’2 + X2’2x25/16]
Tst50/ Tst 40 =16/25= 0.64

b) If the starting currents are to be equal

Ist50/Ist40 = (V2/V1 ) x 1/(25/16)0.5
V2/V1 = 5/4 =1.25
Tst50/Tst40 =1= [{(V22)/(5/4)2X2’2 }/{(V1)2/X2’2}
V2/V1 =5/4 =1.25
Electrical Machines I
Problem
A 3 – phase, 208 V induction motor is having a synchronous
speed of 1200 rpm at 1140 rpm when connected to 215 V
line driving a constant torque load. Calculate the speed if
the voltage to 240 V.
Electrical Machines I
Solution
Slip at 215 V is s1 = (1200 -1140) /1200 =0.05

When the voltage changes to 240 V, load torque and rotor

resistance remain constant.

s2 = s1 (V1/V2)2 =0.05 ( 215/240) 2= 0.04

New Value of speed = Ns (1-s2) =1152 rpm

M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I

UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT4:-THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
Electrical Machines I
Problem
Electrical Machines I
Problem
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT3 :-SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I

Introduction
Power requirement :-
* For industries, residential buildings, offices, rural areas are
small.
Hence single phase supply is used.

* Single phase a.c motors and fractional kW

Motors are used in fans, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, mixers,
washing machines, kitchen equipment's etc
Electrical Machines I

Introduction

* These motors are simple in construction but complex

in analysis.

* Design of such type of motors is complex and

done by trial and error method till desired
prototype is obtained.

* These motors are manufacture in large quantities

*Hence even a small increase in efficiency results in

large saving in power and reduces cost.
 Electrical Machines I

Operating Principle
* Unlike a 3 phase induction motor , single phase
induction motor is not self starting

* This can be explained on the basis of following

theories.

(i) Cross field theory.

(ii) Pulsating field theory.

 Electrical Machines I

Pulsating Field

Figure 1
Electrical Machines I

Pulsating Field

* Single phase stator winding

* Winding is distributed in space.

* Fundamental mmf is the dominant

Component

* Space Harmonic mmf is ignored

 Electrical Machines I

Pulsating Field
*Stator winding carries sinusoidal current and
produces sinusoidally distributed mmf whose
peak value varies with respect to time
Let mmf at any angle Ɵ (measured from axis)be

F = FpeakCosƟ----------(1)
But
Fpeak= FmaxCos(ωt)----------(2)
From Equations(1) and (2) we get

F = FmaxCosƟ Cos(ωt)-------(3)
 Electrical Machines I
Pulsating Field

Equation(3) can aso be written as

F= (1/2)Fpeak Cos(Ɵ-ωt)+ (1/2)Fpeak Cos(Ɵ+ωt)

Ff = Forward field = (1/2) Fpeak Cos(Ɵ -ωt)

Fb = Backward field = (1/2) Fpeak Cos(Ɵ+ωt)

Electrical Machines I
Pulsating Field

Winding axis

Fmax

1/2 Fmax 1/2 Fmax

Figure 2
Electrical Machines I

Pulsating Field

These two fields have equal magnitude but rotate in

opposite direction and cancel each other.
This is shown in figure 2.
Electrical Machines I

Rotor with respect to two fields

Ff=(1/2) Fmax Fb=(1/2) Fmax

Ns Ns

Rotor

Figure:-1
Electrical Machines I

Rotor with respect to two fields

With respect to figure 1

Slip with respect to forward field is

sf = (Ns-N)/Ns=s

Slip with respect to backward field is

sb=(Ns-(-N))/Ns = {2Ns-(Ns-N) }/Ns =2-s

Thus there are two fields of equal magnitude but

rotating in opposite direction.
Electrical Machines I

Torque-Speed characteristics
* Under stationary conditions N=0, slip=1 the two fields move
past the rotor at same slip s=1.

* The two fields have same strength and produce equal torques
but in opposite direction and hence cancel each other.

* Hence net torque is zero and the single phase Induction motor
is not self starting.
Electrical Machines I

Torque-Speed characteristics
• Also the two fields induce emf's in the stator which balances
the applied voltage if stator impedance is small.

• If the rotor is made to run with speed of N rpm in the direction

of forward field, the two slips are s and (2 –s).

• For normal operation (2 –s)>> s, as a result backward field

currents are much larger but of lower power factor.
 Electrical Machines I

Torque-Speed characteristics

• The corresponding rotor mmf in presence of stator impedance

causes the backward field mmf to be greatly reduced.

• On the other hand low slip forward field induces currents of

smaller magnitude but of larger power factor in the rotor which
leads to enhancement of forward flux wave.

* Reduction in backward field and strengthening of forward field is

slip dependent and increases as the slip reduces.
Electrical Machines I

Torque – Speed Characteristics

* For speeds very close to synchronous speed the strength of
forward field is many- many times greater than backward field.
* Hence there is a net running torque.
* The two fields must always induce net emf in the stator
winding so as to balance the applied voltage.

* Weakening of one field and strengthening of another leads to

torque speed characteristics similar to torque-speed
characteristics of athree phase induction motor.
Electrical Machines I

Torque – Speed Characteristics

*Forward field and the associated rotor's Backward reaction
field and similarly backward Reaction field and associated
forward reaction field of rotor move in opposite direction causing
a relative speed difference of 2Ns.

* This produces second order harmonic leading to noisy operation,

Electrical Machines I

Torque – Speed Characteristics

https://www.google.com/search?q=torque+speed+characteristics
+of+single+phase+induction+motor&tbm=isch&ved
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT4 :-SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I

Phase Split Motors

• If Ff> Fb, then forward field is greater than backward field and net
starting torque is produced.

*This is how single phase induction motor is made self starting.

*Especially with capacitance starting, we can make backward field

completely zero at a particular speed.

* Such operation is possible at a particular speed

which can be optimally selected.
 Electrical Machines I

Phase Split Motors

 Electrical Machines I

Resistance Phase Split Motors

* The difference in the R/X ratio causes auxiliary winding
current Ia to lead main winding current Im by an angle α as
shown in phasor diagram in fig 1(b).

The fields created by two currents have phase difference α

thereby constituting unbalanced field system which
results in production of torque.

• The torque-speed characteristic is shown in Figure 1(c).

*Atspeed no the centrifugal switch opens disconnecting the

auxiliary winding and motor runs with main winding.
 Electrical Machines I

Resistance Phase Split Motors

*Auxiliary winding is designed for short time rating while main
winding is designed for continuous use.

* Phase angle α is within 30°.

 Electrical Machines I

Resistance Phase Split Motors

*Applications:-
It has low starting current and moderate starting torque.

• It is used for easily started loads like fans, saws, grinders,

blowers, centrifugal pumps, office equipment, washing machines
etc.

* Available in the range 1/20 to 1/2 kW.

Electrical Machines I
Circuit Model:-Capacitor phase Split
Electrical Machines I
Circuit Model:-Capacitor phase Split

Fig 2 Capacitor phase split motor

Electrical Machines I
Circuit Model:-Capacitor phase Split
*The problem of poor starting torque in resistance phase split is
solved by connecting a capacitor in series with the axillary winding
there by phase shift of 90°is achieved.

• The auxiliary winding gets disconnected after starting.

• The circuit diagram is shown in figure 2(a).

• It is also called capacitor start motor .

*The value of capacitor is so chosen that α=90°

Electrical Machines I
Circuit Model:-Capacitor phase Split

• Characteristics is shown in fig 2(c).

• The capacitors used are of short time rating.

• Electrolytic capacitors are used because of high VAR rating.

* Typical value of capacitance of capacitor is 250 micro farads.

Electrical Machines I
Circuit Model:-Capacitor phase Split
• This motor has a high starting torque and hence is used for
hard starting loads, such as

Compressors,
Conveyors,
Pumps,
Certain machine tools
Refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, etc.

• It is the most commonly used induction motor and is available

up to sizes as large as 6 kW.
Electrical Machines I
Two Value Capacitor Motor

Fig 3: Two Value Capacitor Motor

https://www.eeeguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Split-phase-Motor-6.jpg
Electrical Machines I
Two Value Capacitor Motor

Fig 3: Two Value Capacitor Motor

https://www.eeeguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Split-phase-
Motor-6.jpg
Electrical Machines I
Two Value Capacitor Motor
*Circuit diagram for two value capacitor motor is shown in
figure3(a) where two capacitors are used.

*The two value capacitor motor uses two Capacitors, one for
starting of shorter time duty and another of continuous duty
which is also called run capacitor.

*Run capacitor improves the performance characteristics which is

shown in figure 3(d)
Electrical Machines I
Two Value Capacitor Motor
*Figure 3(b) and (c) shows the phasor diagrams when α> 90°and
when start capacitor is disconnected α = 90°

The start capacitor has larger value of capacitance and is of

short time duty while run capacitor is of continuous duty and has
smaller value of capacitance.
Electrical Machines I
Two Value Capacitor Motor
• It combines the advantages of capacitor-start and permanent-
capacitor motors.

• It is used for hard to start loads.

• It gives a high power factor and efficiency under Running

conditions.

* Typical applications are refrigerators, compressors and stockers

M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030
Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A

M.N.Viswanath
Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
UE21EE351A
UNIT4 :-SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

M.N.Viswanath

Associate Professor,
Department of EEE
 Electrical Machines I
Problems

* A single Phase,373 W, 4 pole, 220 volts, 50 Hz, induction motor

is running at a speed of 1440 rpm. Determine slip due to forward
field as well as backward field. If the motor draws a full load
current of 2.5 A at power factor 0.75 then determine efficiency and
shaft torque.

Solution:- Ns =120f/P =120 x50/4 =1500 rpm

Forward slip = (1500 -1440)/1500 =0.04
Backward slip = 2-s =1.96
Power input =220 x2.5x0.75 =412.5W
Efficiency=(373/412.5)X100 =90.42%
Shaft Torque = 373 x60/ (2x∏x1440) =2.47 Nm
Electrical Machines II
Problems

The main and auxiliary winding impedances of a 60 Hz,220 V,

capacitor-start single-phase induction motor are:
Main winding Zlm = 3 + j 3
Auxiliary winding Zla = 7 + j 3
Determine the value of
(i) line current under running conditions.
(ii) line current under Starting conditions.
 Electrical Machines II
Problems
The main and auxiliary winding impedances of a 50 Hz, capacitor-
start single-phase
induction motor are:
Main winding Zlm = 3 + j 2.7
Auxiliary winding Zla = 7 + j 3
Determine the value of the capacitor to be connected in series
with the auxiliary winding to achieve a phase difference of
α= 90° between the currents of the two windings at start. Also
find starting and running currents if supply voltage is 230 V.
 Electrical Machines II
Problems
The main and auxiliary winding impedances of a 50 Hz, capacitor-
start single-phase
induction motor are:
Main winding Zlm = 3 + j 2.7
Auxiliary winding Zla = 7 + j 3
Determine the value of the capacitor to be connected in series
with the auxiliary winding to achieve a phase difference of
α= 90° between the currents of the two windings at start. Also
find starting and running currents if supply voltage is 230 V.
 Electrical Machines II
Solution
 Electrical Machines II
Solution
M.N. Viswanath
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

[email protected]
+9880697030