Layout of the water supply system

Depending upon the layout of various pipes used for

distribution of water, following four are major layout
of distribution system.
 Dead End or Tree System
 Grid Iron System
 Circular or Ring System
 Radial System

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 Dead End or Tree System
 This system contains one main line and several
service pipes branching form it.
 These sub mains can be connected at the both side
of the main line and again other branches start
from these sub mains.
 From branches service connections provided for
individual buildings.
 The diameter of pipe decreases at every tree
branch

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 Dead End or Tree System
 There are no cross connections between branches and
sub-mains.
 Therefore, there are a number of dead ends in this
system.
 This method is suitable for the irregular developed
towns.
 It is the cheapest method and easy in determination of
pipe diameter and valves.
 However, this method can create dead end and
maintenance problem.
 This method of distribution system is not effective
towards the fire demand.

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4
 Grid Iron System
 It is also called reticulated system.
 In this system of layout, the mains, sub-mains and
branches are interconnected to each other.
 Main line runs along the major road through the
center of area.
 From both side of main line sub mains are taken those
are inter connected by branch to the side roads.
 Thus, water will get circulated through the entire
distribution system and the disadvantage of the dead
end system is eliminated.

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 Grid Iron System
 The water does not remain stagnant.
 In this system, only less area is affected during
repairing works.
 During the firebreak, the water can be diverted
towards the affected area from both direction.
 However, the distribution pipe required is longer and
number of valves is more that increases overall cost.
 During the maintenance work, several numbers of
valves have to be closed.
 This system is most convenient system for rectangular
type of settlement with planned development.

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 Circular or Ring System
 This system can be adopted in a well-planned city
 In this system, each locality is divided into numbers of
square or circular blocks and the distribution mains
are laid around the four sides of the block.
 The branches, sub mains etc, are laid in the inner road.
 In this system, every point of the city receives water
form two direction.
 This system is the easier for laying but it involved too
many numbers of valves and pipe lengths.
 The advantages and disadvantages are same as that of
grid iron system.

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Circular or Ring System

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 Radial System
 This method can be adopted if the city settlement is
radial in nature.
 In this system, the water flows from a central reservoir
to the outer periphery.
 The entire city is divided into the various zones and
each of the zones has a central reservoir which
distributes water in the corresponding zone only.
 This system gives very quick and satisfactory water
supply and reliability during the maintenance period.

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Radial System

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Design of Distribution System and
Design Criteria
 Design of distribution system involves hydraulic and
structural design of pipes.
 Hydraulic design means to determine diameter of pipe
that can carry required discharge of water under a
known pressure difference between inlet and outlet
sections.
 To design a distribution system knowledge of pipe
hydraulics , design criteria and design steps is
necessary.

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 Pipe Hydraulics
 To determine size of pipe continuity equation and
Bernoulli’s equation are basic relations that are used.
Q = A × V = constant
A1 × V1 = A2 × V2 = constant
π d21 Τ4 × V1 = π d2 2 Τ4 × V2 = constant

Z1 + P1 Τγ + V 21 Τ2g = Z2 + P2 Τγ + V 2 2 Τ2g + HL

Q
V=π
(d) 2
4

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 Where
 Z= potential head
𝑃
 = Pressure head
ϒ
𝑉 12
 = Velocity head
2𝑔
 hL = head loss

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 Design Criteria
 Velocity, pipe size, pressure and design discharge
are important and mutually linked parameters
that should be chosen tactfully to design
distribution system.

 For efficient and smoothly operating pipelines

these three criteria should be within prescribed
limits.

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 Velocity
 The velocity of flow is most important parameter that
should to neither high nor too low.
 Too low velocity will cause sedimentation in pipelines
that will cause obstructions in flow and clog pipelines.
 Similarly, too high velocity will increase head loss or
loss of energy due to friction.
 Again, it will cause abrasion on interior surface of
pipes and that may damage pipes.
 In an average, the velocity of water in the distribution
mains should not be less than 0.3 m /sec and not more
than 3m/sec.
 Higher velocity is also related with pipe material and
its strength.
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 Pipe size
 Pipes for water distribution are commercially available
in various sizes but not all.
 Determination of suitable pipe size depends on water
demand, pressure to be maintained and cost.
 Theoretical pipe size calculated by using formulas may
not be commercially available size.
 In such case, nearest higher commercially available size
should be recommended and head loss and available
pressure should be calculated for recommended size.
 In Nepal 15,20,25,32,40,50,65,80,100,125,150, 200,250,
300,350,400,450,500,600,700,800,900,1000,
1200,1400,1600,1800,2000,2200,2400,2600,2800,3000
mm are commercially available sizes.

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 Pressure
 The pressure of flow is another important parameter
that should to neither high nor too low.
 If there is too low pressure the water will not be able to
reach up to consumers tap at upstairs and requires
energy to operate pumps.
 Similarly, too high pressure will cause bursting of
normal pipes and demand high rating pressure pipes
that will increase project cost.
 Although the water is supplied to the public with
greater pressure, a lot of it will be lost in the way of
distribution.
 The head losses may occur due to friction in the
pipeline, at the reducers at valves, bends, meter etc.
 Therefore, the net head available at the consumer’s tap
is the head of supply minus all types of losses.
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 Design discharge

 Design discharge is the maximum discharge that

will be carried by pipe section.
 It is based on population to be served by pipe
section and other demands in that area.
 Design discharge should consider peak factor also.
 The main line should contain 3 times the average
demand of the city.
 The service pipe should have 2 times the average
demand of that locality.

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 Design Steps
 Step1- Population Survey
The population of a community to be served by the
proposed water scheme needs to be accurately surveyed.
From which population at the end of the design period is
estimated.
 Step2-Engineering Survey
Engineering survey of the land lying between source and
distribution reservoir as well as complete distribution area
is accomplished with help of survey equipment's available.
 Step3-Map preparation
Detailed maps are prepared showing the positions of roads,
streets, existing underground service lines like electricity,
telephone, sewer lines, existing water lines etc. if exits.

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 Design Steps
 Step4-Tentative Layout
A tentative lay is prepared showing source, intake,
treatment plant, transmission mains, distribution
reservoirs, distribution lines, valves and fittings, fire
hydrants etc. Population to be served by each distribution
line should be marked being based on step 1.
 Step4-Calculation of Design Discharge
Calculate the design discharge that will be carried by
each section of distribution pipe based on population
to be served by pipe section based on population and
other demands. The pipes should be designed to carry
peak demand that is 2 to 3 times more than average
demand. Mark discharge of each pipe section.
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 Design Steps
 Step5-Calculation of Pipe Diameters
On the basis of discharge assume pipe diameters so
that velocity of water flow ranging from 0.6 to 3m/s.
Small velocity should be assumed for small diameter
pipes and vice versa.
 Step6-Calculate Head Loss
Calculate head loss in each section of pipe using
Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams or Manning’s
formula major (friction) head loss and other
formulas for minor head loss.

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 Design Steps
 Step7-Calculate Residual Pressure
Calculate residual pressure and velocity in each pipe
section. If residual pressure and velocity are in
permissible range, the design is correct and if not in
permissible range change pipe diameter and again
start calculation.
If calculated velocity is more or residual head is less
than required then increase the pipe diameter.
If calculated velocity is less or residual head is more
than required then decrease the pipe diameter.

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Pipe Network Analysis
 A ) Branched system
 The branched system is also called tree or dead end system.
it is conventionally designed as follows :
 Determines the population served by the each pipe.
 Knowing the demand and peak factor and population find
discharge to be conveyed through each pipe .
 Assume pipe diameter of each pipe section considering
design criteria.
 calculate the head loss in each pipe section using the head
loss formula(Genrally Hazen-william’s formula is used in
water supply water design)
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Pipe Network Analysis
 check residual pressure and velocity as per design
criteria. Adopt the diameter if pressure and velocity is
within allowable limits otherwise recalcuate changing
the diameter of pipe.
 Looped System :
 looped system consistof pipe loops.
 The loops may contain various pipes in series and
parallel
 There are many methods for analysis and design such
loops but following are the commonly used methods
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Pipe Network Analysis
 a) This method is based on the principle that any
complex pipe system can be replace by a single
hydraulically equivalent pipe of eual head loss for a give
flow.

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Pipe Network Analysis
 Let us consider a loop of pipe network as shown above
 Here AB and BD are in series in portion ABD
 AC and CD are in series in portion ACD
 ABD abd ACD are the parallel abd Q,D,L with suffix represents
discharge diameter and lengthof respective pipes.
 The analysis of this network can be done considering
following two considering the following two hydrolic axioms
 i) Head loss through pipes in series are additive
 ii) Head loss through parallel pipes must be distributed in
such way that the head losses are identical.

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Pope Network Analysis
 pipes in series
 Consider ABD portion with AB and BD pipes in series
and let the equivelent pipe of length Le and diameter De
for these pipes in series. then head loss id additive and
given by.
10.68𝐿 𝑄 1.852
 (Hf )AD = (hf )AB+(hf)BD but hf = 𝑑 4.87 ∗ [𝐶 ] as per
Hazen-william’s formula

𝐿1
Le =d4.87 e ={

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Thank you

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