Objective of Lecture week4:- (Chapter3)

• Determinants and their properties, Reduction to triangular form, Trace of Matrix.

• Adjoint of matrix, Cofactor Expansion and inverse of Matrix.
• Crammer’s Rule to solve system of equations.
• Optional (Area of triangle, area of parallelogram, volume of parallelopiped)

After studying this lecture, You are desired to do

Home Work: Do Questions 8-16 of Exercise 3.1, Questions 1-7, and 24-28 of
Exercise 3.2,Questions 1-5, 7, 9-12 of Exercise 3.4,Questions 1-7 of Exercise
3.5,following link is extremely helpful in this regard.
https://www.slader.com/textbook/9780132296540-elementary-linear-algebra-with-
applications-9th-edition/196/

Chapter 3:Determinants
Throughout this chapter, when we use term “Matrix”, we mean
“Square Matrix.”
Certain important numbers (scalars) are associated with each
matrix 𝑨 = [𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] for exampleTrace of matrix and Determinant.
𝒏×𝒏
𝒏

𝑻𝒓(𝑨) = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏𝒏 = ∑ 𝒂𝒊𝒊

𝒊=𝟏
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
▪ The determinant of a 2×2 matrix, 𝑨 = [𝒂 𝒂 ], is the
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐
numberdet(𝑨)=|𝑨|= 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟏
▪ For a 1×1 matrix, say, A=[a11], we define det (A)=a11.
 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
▪ The determinant of a 3×3 matrix, 𝑨 = [𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ], is the
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
number

How formula for 3×3 determinant is attained? (very easy)

 Exercise 3.1
Question No. 11(c) Evaluate

𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎
Solution: 𝒅𝒆𝒕 ([ ]) = | | Expand with 𝑹𝟏
𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟒
= 𝟎 |𝟐𝟎𝟎| − 𝟎 |𝟎𝟎𝟎| + 𝟎 |𝟎𝟐𝟎| − 𝟑 |𝟎𝟐𝟎|
𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟎𝟒
= −𝟑 |𝟎𝟐𝟎| Expand with 𝑹𝟏
𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟐
= −𝟑 (𝟒 | |) = −𝟑(𝟒 (−𝟏𝟐)) = 𝟏𝟒𝟒.
𝟔𝟎
Question 14:

𝒕 − 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
Solution 14: | −𝟐 𝒕 −𝟏 |Expand with C2
𝟎 𝟎𝒕 + 𝟏
Take care of sign with entry 𝒂𝟐𝟐 = 𝒕
 𝒕−𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒕| | = 𝒕(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏)
𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟏
𝒕 − 𝟏𝟎 𝟏
Solution 16: Given | −𝟐 𝒕 −𝟏 | = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒕(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎𝒕 + 𝟏
Either 𝒕 = 𝟎 OR (𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟏 ⟹ 𝒕 = ±𝟏.

An Important property (3.5.1):-

If each element of any row (or column) consists of two or more terms, then
the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more determinants.
𝒂𝟏 + 𝒙𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒙𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
|𝒂𝟐 + 𝒚𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 | = |𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 | + |𝒚𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 |
𝒂𝟑 + 𝒛 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝒛 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑

𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑

Explanation of Theorem 3.6:- Let 𝑨 = [𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
 Matrix 𝑩 is obtained from matrix 𝑨 using row operation 𝑹𝟏 +
𝒌𝑹𝟑 ,Then
𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟏𝒂𝟏𝟐 + 𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 + 𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝑩=[ 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ], Now consider
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟏𝒂𝟏𝟐 + 𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 + 𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑩) = | 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 |Using property 3.5.1=
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟏𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝒂𝟑𝟑
|𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | + | 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | taking 𝒌 common from 𝑹𝟏
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
= |𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | + 𝒌 |𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 |Property two rows are identical.
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
= |𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 | + 𝒌(𝟎) = 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑

Example of Theorem 3.7:-

𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟗 −𝟔
𝟎−𝟕−𝟓 𝟕 𝟑
|𝟎 𝟎 𝟖 𝟓 𝟎 | = 𝟑(−𝟕)(𝟖)(−𝟒)(𝟏𝟎) = 𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟎
| |
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟒−𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟎
 Exercise 3.2
Question No:

𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝟒
𝟑 𝟐−𝟒−𝟐 𝟏 𝟐−𝟓−𝟔
Solution: consider | |=| | 𝑹𝟐 − 𝑹𝟏
𝟐 𝟑−𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑−𝟏 𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟖−𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟏𝟖−𝟒 𝟔
𝟏 𝟐−𝟓−𝟔 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟓−𝟔 𝑹 − 𝟐𝑹
𝟐 𝟏
𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝟒 𝟎 −𝟒 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝑹 − 𝟐𝑹
= −| | 𝑹𝟏𝟐 = − | | 𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟑−𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟗 𝟏𝟐
𝑹𝟒 − 𝟏𝟏𝑹𝟏
𝟏𝟏𝟖−𝟒 𝟔 𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝟓𝟏 𝟕𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟓−𝟔 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟔
𝟎 −𝟏 𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 −𝟗−𝟏𝟐
= +| | 𝑹𝟐𝟑 = (−𝟏) | |Take (-1) common from 𝑹𝟐
𝟎 −𝟒 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝟎 −𝟒 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟔
𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝟓𝟏 𝟕𝟐 𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝟓𝟏 𝟕𝟐
𝟏𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟔 𝟏𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟔
𝟎𝟏 −𝟗 −𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝟑 + 𝟒𝑹𝟐 𝟎𝟏 −𝟗 −𝟏𝟐
= −| | = −| | 𝑹 − 𝟑𝑹𝟑
𝟎𝟎−𝟐𝟓−𝟑𝟐 𝑹𝟒 + 𝟏𝟒𝑹𝟐 𝟎𝟎−𝟐𝟓−𝟑𝟐 𝟒
𝟎𝟎−𝟕𝟓−𝟗𝟔 𝟎𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
= 𝟏(𝟏)(−𝟐𝟓)(𝟎) = 𝟎; using property of triangular form.
Solution: consider
𝒂𝟏 + 𝟐𝒃𝟏 − 𝟑𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒃𝟐 − 𝟑𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟑 + 𝟐𝒃𝟑 − 𝟑𝒄𝟑
| 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 |
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝟐𝒃𝟏 𝟐𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝟑 −𝟑𝒄𝟏 −𝟑𝒄𝟐 −𝟑𝒄𝟑
= |𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | + | 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | + | 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | Using property 3.5.1.
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
= |𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | + 𝟐 |𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | − 𝟑 |𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 |since two rows are identical.
𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑 𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑
= 𝟑 + 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟑(𝟎) = 𝟑.

Solution: consider
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟒𝒂 − 𝟐𝒂 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 −𝟐𝒂𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
|𝒃𝒄 𝟏 𝒃𝒄 𝟐 𝟒𝒃𝟑 − 𝟐𝒃𝟐 | = |𝒃𝒄 𝟏 𝒃𝒄 𝟐 𝟒𝒃𝟑 | + |𝒃𝒄 𝟏 𝒃𝒄 𝟐 −𝟐𝒃𝟐 | Using property 3.5.1.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝒄𝟑 − 𝒄𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ( )𝒄𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 −( )𝒄𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝟑
= 𝟒 |𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟑| − 𝟐 |𝒄𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐|
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝟑 𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹𝒐𝒘 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝟒 ( ) |𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟑 | − 𝟐 ( ) |𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 |
𝟐 𝒄 𝒄 𝒄 𝟐 𝒄 𝒄 𝒄 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹𝒐𝒘 𝟑
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟒 ( ) (𝟒) − 𝟐 ( ) (𝟎) = 𝟖 Since column 2 and column 3 are same.
𝟐 𝟐
Example:Using properties of determinants show
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
| (𝒄 + 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝒂 | = (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒃 − 𝒄)(𝒄 − 𝒂)(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒃
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
Solution: 𝑳. 𝑯. 𝑺. = | (𝒄 + 𝒂)𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝒂 | = | 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒄 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝒂 |
(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒃

𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
= | 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝒂 | 𝑪𝟏 − 𝟐𝑪𝟑 = |𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝒂 | 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒃
𝟏𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
= (𝒂𝟐 𝟐
+𝒃 +𝒄 𝟐)
|𝟏𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝒂 | Taking (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) common from 𝑪𝟏 .
𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒃
(Alternate approach: You can expand above determinant using column1)
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝑹 − 𝑹𝟏
= (𝒂𝟐 𝟐
+𝒃 +𝒄 𝟐)
|𝟎𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒂 − 𝒃𝒄 | 𝟐
𝑹 − 𝑹𝟏
𝟎 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝒃 − 𝒃𝒄 𝟑

𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
= (𝒂𝟐 𝟐
+𝒃 +𝒄 𝟐)
|𝟎 − (𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒃 + 𝒂) 𝒄(𝒂 − 𝒃)|
𝟎 −(𝒂 − 𝒄)(𝒄 + 𝒂)𝒃(𝒂 − 𝒄)

𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒄) |𝟎−(𝒃 + 𝒂) 𝒄 |by taking common (𝒂 − 𝒃) from 𝑹𝟐 and
𝟎 −(𝒄 + 𝒂) 𝒃
(𝒂 − 𝒄) from 𝑹𝟑 .
−(𝒃 + 𝒂) 𝒄
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒄) | | Expand with 𝑪𝟏
−(𝒄 + 𝒂) 𝒃
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒄)[−𝒃(𝒃 + 𝒂) + 𝒄(𝒄 + 𝒂)]
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒄)[−𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝒄]
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒄)[𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝒄 − 𝒂𝒃]
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒄)[(𝒄 − 𝒃)(𝒄 + 𝒃) + 𝒂(𝒄 − 𝒃)]
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒂 − 𝒄)[(𝒄 − 𝒃)(𝒄 + 𝒃 + 𝒂)]
= (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )(𝒂 − 𝒃)(𝒃 − 𝒄)(𝒄 − 𝒂)[(𝒄 + 𝒃 + 𝒂)] = 𝑹. 𝑯. 𝑺.

Question 25: (b) Do yourself( Hint: Similar to Question2 or create zeros under
first leading 1 and expand with Column1)
Question 26:

Solution: Hint: Put det(A)=0---(1), A will be singular for all values of t found
by solving (1). For all other values of t found in (1) the matrix will be
nonsingular.
𝒕 𝟎𝟎𝟏
𝒕 𝟎𝟏
𝟎 𝒕 𝟎𝟎
| | = 𝒕 |𝟎 𝒕 𝟎| 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑹𝒐𝒘𝟐
𝟎𝟎 𝒕 𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝒕
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒕
𝒕𝟎 𝒕𝟏 𝟎𝒕
= 𝒕 (𝒕 | | − 𝟎 | | + 𝟏 | |) 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑹𝒐𝒘𝟏
𝟎𝒕 𝟏𝒕 𝟏𝟎
= 𝒕(𝒕𝟑 − 𝒕) = 𝒕𝟐 (𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏)
Put |𝑨| = 𝟎 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝟐 (𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏) = 𝟎. Hence for 𝒕 = 𝟎, ±𝟏 matrix 𝑨
Is singular. For all values of 𝒕 other than {𝟎, ±𝟏} matrix 𝑨
Is nonsingular.
Question 27:

𝟏−𝟐𝟏
𝑨 = [𝟐 𝟑 𝟏] Hint: find 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) = |𝑨| =?If|𝑨| = 𝟎then above homogeneous
𝟑𝟏𝟐
system has nontrivial solution.
 −𝟏𝟐
Take entry 𝒂𝟐𝟏 find minor. 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑴𝟐𝟏 ) = | | = −𝟒
𝟏𝟐
Cofactor of 𝒂𝟐𝟏 is 𝑨𝟐𝟏 = (−𝟏)𝟐+𝟏 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑴𝟐𝟏 ) = −𝟏(−𝟒) = 𝟒
𝟑−𝟏
Take entry 𝒂𝟑𝟑 find minor. 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑴𝟑𝟑 ) = | | = 𝟏𝟗
𝟒𝟓
Cofactor of 𝒂𝟑𝟑 is 𝑨𝟑𝟑 = (−𝟏)𝟑+𝟑 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑴𝟑𝟑 ) = 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟏𝟗
= 𝒂𝒊𝟏 𝑨𝒊𝟏 + 𝒂𝒊𝟐 𝑨𝒊𝟐 + 𝒂𝒊𝟑 𝑨𝒊𝟑 + 𝒂𝒊𝟒 𝑨𝒊𝟒
AND

−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟑𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = [𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝟑𝟐 ]
|𝑨| |𝑨| 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟑 𝟑𝟑
 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
𝑨 = [𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ]
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑
Adjoint of matrix A is= matrix of cofactors.
𝑨𝟏𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝟏𝟏 = (−𝟏)𝟏+𝟏 | 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒓𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏|
𝑨𝟑𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝟑𝟐
= (−𝟏)𝟑+𝟐 | 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝟑𝒓𝒅 𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏|
𝑨𝟐𝟑 = 𝒄𝒐𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚 𝒂𝟐𝟑
= (−𝟏)𝟐+𝟑 | 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝒐𝒘 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟑𝒓𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏|
 𝟑−𝟐 𝟏
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) = |𝑨| = |𝟓 𝟔 𝟐 | = −𝟗𝟒 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑶𝑲
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟑
 Corollary 3.4 Explanation:
𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)
|𝑨|
Multiply both sides with A
𝟏
𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑨. 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)
|𝑨|
𝟏
𝑰= 𝑨. 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)
|𝑨|
|𝑨|𝑰 = 𝑨. 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)
Or
|𝑨|𝑰 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨). 𝑨

𝑨. 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)𝑰𝒏
Multiply both sides with 𝑨−𝟏
𝑨−𝟏 𝑨. 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = 𝑨−𝟏 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)𝑰𝒏
𝑰𝒏 . 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)𝑨−𝟏
𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)𝑨−𝟏
𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨)
= 𝑨−𝟏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) ≠ 𝟎.
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)
 𝟒𝟏 −𝟑𝟏
𝑨𝟏𝟏 = (−𝟏)𝟏+𝟏 | | = 𝟐𝟒; 𝑨𝟏𝟐 = (−𝟏)𝟏+𝟐 | | = −𝟏(−𝟏𝟗) = 𝟏𝟗
−𝟒𝟓 𝟒𝟓
−𝟑 𝟒 𝟐𝟖
𝑨𝟏𝟑 = (−𝟏)𝟏+𝟑 | | = −𝟒; 𝑨𝟐𝟏 = (−𝟏)𝟐+𝟏 | | = −𝟏(𝟒𝟐) = −𝟒𝟐
𝟒 −𝟒 −𝟒𝟓
𝟔𝟖 𝟔𝟐
𝑨𝟐𝟐 = (−𝟏)𝟐+𝟐 | | = −𝟐; 𝑨𝟐𝟑 = (−𝟏)𝟐+𝟑 | | = −𝟏(−𝟑𝟐) = 𝟑𝟐
𝟒𝟓 𝟒−𝟒
𝟐𝟖 𝟔𝟖
𝑨𝟑𝟏 = (−𝟏)𝟑+𝟏 | | = −𝟑𝟎; 𝑨𝟑𝟐 = (−𝟏)𝟑+𝟐 | | = −𝟏(𝟑𝟎) = −𝟑𝟎
𝟒𝟏 −𝟑𝟏
𝟔𝟐
𝑨𝟑𝟑 = (−𝟏)𝟑+𝟑 | | = 𝟑𝟎
−𝟑𝟒
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟐𝟏 𝑨𝟑𝟏 𝟐𝟒 −𝟒𝟐−𝟑𝟎
(𝒂)𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = [𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝟑𝟐 ] = [ 𝟏𝟗 −𝟐 −𝟑𝟎]
𝑨𝟏𝟑 𝑨𝟐𝟑 𝑨𝟑𝟑 −𝟒 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟎
𝟔 𝟐𝟖
(𝒃)𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) = |−𝟑 𝟒 𝟏| = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝑨𝟏𝟑 expand with R1
𝟒 −𝟒𝟓
= (𝟔)(𝟐𝟒) + (𝟐)(𝟏𝟗) + (𝟖)(−𝟒) = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 + 𝟑𝟖 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎
expand with C2
= 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝑨𝟑𝟐 = 𝟐(𝟏𝟗) + 𝟒(−𝟐) − 𝟒(−𝟑𝟎) = 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝟐𝟒 −𝟒𝟐−𝟑𝟎 𝟔 𝟐 𝟖 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑨). 𝑨 = [ 𝟏𝟗 −𝟐 −𝟑𝟎] [−𝟑 𝟒 𝟏] = [ 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟎 ]
−𝟒 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟒 −𝟒𝟓 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎
 𝟔 𝟐 𝟖 𝟐𝟒 −𝟒𝟐−𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
(𝒄)𝑨. 𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = [−𝟑 𝟒 𝟏] [ 𝟏𝟗 −𝟐 −𝟑𝟎] = [ 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟎 ]
𝟒 −𝟒𝟓 −𝟒 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑨). 𝑨 = 𝑨. 𝑨𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 [𝟎𝟏𝟎] = 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨). 𝑰𝟑
𝟎𝟎𝟏
Question3 (d) find inverse of matrix 𝑨.

−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟒 −𝟒𝟐−𝟑𝟎
𝑨 = 𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝑨) = [ 𝟏𝟗 −𝟐 −𝟑𝟎]
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝟏𝟓𝟎
−𝟒 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟎
See Question from Slader.com

Limitations of Crammer’s rule:

(1) Number of unknown=number of equations, i.e., Matrix A is square.
(2) Matrix A must be nonsingular, i.e., 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) = |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎
Consider a non-homogeneous system
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒄𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐
𝑨𝑿 = 𝒃 − − − (𝟏)
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟏 𝒄𝟏
Where 𝑨 = [𝒂 𝒂 ], 𝑿 = [𝒙 ], 𝒃 = [𝒄 ]and 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) ≠ 𝟎
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Multiply (𝟏)by 𝑨−𝟏 on both sides, we have

 𝑨−𝟏 . 𝑨𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 . 𝒃
𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 . 𝒃
𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 −𝒂𝟏𝟐
𝑨−𝟏 = [ ] 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂
|𝑨| −𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
𝑨 = [𝒂 𝒂 ]
𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟐

𝒙𝟏 𝟏 𝑨 𝑨 𝒄𝟏 𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 −𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟏
[𝒙 ] = [ 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟏 ] [𝒄 ] = [−𝒂 𝒂 ] [𝒄 ] =
𝟐 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐

(𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟐 )
𝒙𝟏 𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)
[𝒙 ] = [−𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂 𝒄 ] =
𝟐 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝟐𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟐 (𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝟐 )
[ 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) ]
Equating both sides we have
𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐
(𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝟏 − 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ) |𝒄 𝒂 |
𝒙𝟏 = = 𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝟏
(𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝟏 ) |𝒂 𝒄 |
𝒙𝟐 = = 𝟐𝟏 𝟐
𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨) 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨)
Similarly for three equations in three unknowns, solution is directly given by
following formulas
Consider a non-homogeneous system
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒄𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒄𝟐
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒄𝟑
𝑨𝑿 = 𝒃 − − − (𝟏)
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 𝒙𝟏 𝒄𝟏
Where 𝑨 = [𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ], 𝑿 = [𝒙𝟐 ], 𝒃 = [𝒄𝟐 ]
𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝒄𝟑
𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑
|𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 |
𝒄 𝒂 𝒂
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟑 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟑
|𝑨|
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟑
|𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 |
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟏 𝟑 𝟑𝟑
|𝑨|
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝟏
|𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝟐 |
𝒂 𝒂 𝒄
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑𝟏 𝟑𝟐 𝟑
|𝑨|