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Chapter 7

The document explains the F test used in analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparing means of three or more populations, outlining its assumptions and the steps involved in conducting the test. It details the calculation of between-group and within-group variances, the formulation of hypotheses, and the decision-making process based on the F test value. An illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the application of ANOVA in testing the effectiveness of different techniques to lower blood pressure.

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Terfu Chekol
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22 views5 pages

Chapter 7

The document explains the F test used in analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparing means of three or more populations, outlining its assumptions and the steps involved in conducting the test. It details the calculation of between-group and within-group variances, the formulation of hypotheses, and the decision-making process based on the F test value. An illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the application of ANOVA in testing the effectiveness of different techniques to lower blood pressure.

Uploaded by

Terfu Chekol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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F distribution

Chapter Seven
Analysis of Variance
When an F test is used to test a hypothesis concerning the means of three or more populations,
the technique is called analysis of variance (commonly abbreviated as ANOVA).

Assumptions for the F Test


1. The populations from which the samples were obtained must be normally or
approximately normally distributed.
2. The samples must be independent of one another.
3. The variances of the populations must be equal.
Even though you are comparing three or more means in this use of the F test, variances are used
in the test instead of means.
With the F test, two different estimates of the population variance are made. The first estimate is
called the between-group variance, and it involves finding the variance of the means. The
second estimate, the within-group variance, is made by computing the variance using all the
data and is not affected by differences in the means. If there is no difference in the means, the
between-group variance estimate will be approximately equal to the within-group variance
estimate, and the F test value will be approximately equal to 1. The null hypothesis will not be
rejected.
However, when the means differ significantly, the between-group variance will be much larger
than the within-group variance; the F test value will be significantly greater than 1; and the null
hypothesis will be rejected. Since variances are compared, this procedure is called analysis of
variance (ANOVA).

For a test of the difference among three or more means, the following hypotheses should be
used:
Ho: µ1 = µ2 = . . . = µk
Ha: At least one mean is different from the others.

As stated previously, a significant test value means that there is a high probability that this
difference in means is not due to chance, but it does not indicate where the difference lies.
The degrees of freedom for this F test are d.f.N(V1) = k - 1, where k is the number of Groups,
and d.f.D(V2) = N - k, where N is the sum of the sample sizes of the groups N = n1 + n2 + . . .
nk. The sample sizes need not be equal. The F test to compare means is always right-tailed.

Steps followed in ANOVA


Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
Step 2: Find the critical value.
V1 = K – 1
V2 = N – K
Step 3: Compute the test value, using the procedure outlined here.
a) Find the mean and variance of each sample.
b) Find the grand mean. The grand mean, denoted by XGM is the mean of all values in
the samples.

X GM =
∑X
N

c) Find the between-group variance, denoted by S2B

S
2
=
∑ ¿( X i− X GM )
2

B
K−1
Note: This formula finds the variance among the means by using the sample sizes as
weights and considers the differences in the means.

d) Find the within-group variance, denoted by S2w

S
2
=
∑ 2
(¿−1)S i
w
∑ (¿−1)
Note: This formula finds an overall variance by calculating a weighted average of the
individual variances. It does not involve using differences of the means.

e) Find the F test value.


2
SB
F= 2
Sw
Step 4 Make the decision. By comparing F tabulated and F calculated. If F calculated is greater
than F tabulated we will reject the null hypothesis

Illustration: A researcher wishes to try three different techniques to lower the blood pressure of
individuals diagnosed with high blood pressure. The subjects are randomly assigned to three
groups; the first group takes medication, the second group exercises, and the third group follows
a special diet. After four weeks, the reduction in each person’s blood pressure is recorded. At a
0.05 level of significance, test the claim that there is no difference among the means. The data
are shown below.

Medication Exercise Diet


10 6 5
12 8 9
9 3 12
15 0 8
13 2 4
X 1 = 11.8 X 2 = 3.8 X 3 = 7.6
2 2 2
S1=5.7 S2=10. S3=10.3

Solution
Step 1: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
H1: At least one mean is different from the others.
Step 2: Find the critical value. Since k = 3 and N = 15,
d.f.N. = k - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2
d.f.D. = N - k = 15 - 3 = 12
The critical value is 3.89, obtained from table with α = 0.05.
Step 3 Compute the test value.
a. Find the mean and variance of each sample (these values are shown below the data).
b. Find the grand mean.
= 10 + 12 + 9 + ……. + 4 = 116 = 7.73
15 15

c. Find the between-group variance, denoted by S2B.


d. Find the within-group variance, denoted by S2W .

e. Find the F test value.

Step 4: Make the decision. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis, since 9.17 > 3.89.
Step 5: Summarize the results. There is enough evidence to reject the claim and conclude that at
least one mean is different from the others.

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