Importance to Petroleum Industry

IWCF IWCF
WellCap
Drilling Well Intervention

Surface BOP Stack Subsurface BOP Stack

Driller Level Driller Level
Supervisor Level Supervisor Level
 Principles of well  Stack Design
control  Diverters
 Basic pressures  Annular BOPs
 Causes of Kicks  Ram BOPs
 Kick Indicators  Choke Manifold
 Shut-in Procedures  Accumulators
 Kill Methods  Inside BOP
 Kill Sheet
Introduction

It is an influx (flow – gain) of formation

Fluids (water – oil – gas) into the wellbore.

An uncontrolled exit of the

formation fluids at the
surface or underground
The term well control refers to the control of downhole
formation pressures penetrated by the well
 Partial or Complete Abandonment

BOPs

Specialists
Mud Wt.
Well Control

Hole full
Control &
Prevention Mitigation
Recovery
Why Gas Kicks ?
60
50
40
Number of 30
blowouts with
20
different
10
blowing fluids
(Skalle et al.) 0
Gas Gas- Liquid Unkown
Liquid
Blowouts % 55 33 9 3

The rate at which gas enters the wellbore

High casing pressures due to low density fluid
Gas expansion as it approaches surface
Fluid migration up the wellbore
Flammability and toxicity “H2S”
Pressure Engineering
Pressure Engineering
 Pump Pressure
PStdpipe=PSurf.Eq.+PDrill String+PMWD/Motor+PBit+PAnnulus

Pressure Losses
 Surface Equipment
– Standpipe
– Kelly Hose
– Swivel
– Kelly
 Drill String
– Pipe
– Collars
– BHA
 Motor/Turbine
 Bit Nozzles
10 DP
4/13/2012  Annulus
Pump (Circulation) Pressure
Equivalent Circulating Density
Trip Monitoring
 Trip out (POOH)
Drill collars
Drill pipe and BHA
Dry Wet Dry Wet
Mud Hydrostatic Reduction
Pull Out of The Hole Dry

Rig Floor

Flowline
Mud Hydrostatic Reduction
Pull Out of The Hole Wet

Rig Floor

Flowline
Pulling Collars

Rig Floor

Flowline
Sequence of Events during a
1. Insufficient Drilling Fluid Weight
Usually the mud hydrostatic pressure must overbalance the
formation pore pressure
(pump light mud – circulate hole clean – loss of barite – run
into bubble)
Mud Hydrostatic Reduction.

Pumping Light Mud

psi

Bottom Hole Pressures

2. Failure to Keep Hole Full of Drilling Fluid
The major cause and totally avoidable, is due to lack
of driller’s alertness
1. Pull out of the hole Dry
2. Pull out of the hole Wet
3. Pulling Collars & BHA

Flowline
Pumping Heavy Weight Slug
Slug Calculations
3. Swabbing
3. Swabbing
4. Lost Circulation

1. High drilling fluid weight

2. Annulus loaded with cutting
after an extended period of
fast drilling
3. Trip in (RIH) too fast “surge”
4. High annulus press loss & ECD
5. Drilling Fluid Cut by Gas or Water

1. Gas liberated from low

permeability formations.
2. Cuttings contained gas while
circulation to the surface
3. Connection and trip gases
Effect of Gas Expansion

Example:-
well depth 7000’
mud wt. 11 ppg
influx (gas) volume 1 cu. Ft
Calculate vol. Of gas @ 6000’, 5000’, 4000’, 3000’,
2000’, 1000’, 500’, 250’ and @ surface
gas Pressure @7000’ = 11 X .052 X 7000=4000 psi
Vol. Of gas @6000’ =1.16 cu.ft
@5000’ = 1.39 cu.ft @4000’ = 1.75 cu.ft
@3000’ = 2.33 cu.ft @2000’ = 3.5 cu.ft
@1000’ = 7.00 cu.ft @500’ = 14.0 cu.ft
@250’ = 28.0 cu.ft @125’ = 56.0 cu.ft
@surface = 272 cu.ft
6. Failure of Float collar
7. Abnormal Pressure Zones

+ + +
+ + +

+
+ + +
+ +
Surface Hole and Shallow Gas

200 ft
SEC2: Warning Sings (Pressure Indicators) => Drilling
1) Increased Drilling Rate ROP (drilling break) (not more than 10 ft)
(stop drilling & flow check).
2) Change in shape, size, and amount of
cuttings (undrilled cuttings).
3) Increased Drill String Torque and Drag (due to cuttings).
4) Shale under-compaction (density decrease – porosity increase).
5) Increase gas cut in return drilling fluid.
6) Pump pressure decrease.
7) Increase In Rotary Speed. (RPM)
8) Change in Drill String Weight.
9) Increase in Flow line Temperature.
10)Increase in Chlorides Ion (salt) Content.
11) Variations from normal “d” exponent.
Warning Sings (Pressure Indicators) => Tripping
Positive Kick Indicators  Close BOP

1.Increased mud pits volume “Gain”

2.Increased mud returns flow rate

3.Well flows with pumps shut down.

Gas kick behavior in oil based mud
 SEC3: Shut-in Methods

Hard Quicker
easy to
Smaller influx
shut-in remember

Soft Slower
Checks if
choke line
Reduces water But, Larger
hammer effect influx
shut-in is clean
Shut-in Methods
Things that delay shut-in
 SEC4: Shut-in Data Collection
Before - kick RRCP
Data to Collect SIDPP
After - kick SICP
Pit Gain
Shut-in Drill Pipe Pressure = SIDPP
SIDPP & SICP
Why Are They Different? SIDPP
Mud in Annulus Is Contaminated
0 psi
Therefore Less Hydrostatic and higher SICP

SICP
psi
0

Influx
Height
Shut-in Casing Pressure SICP & Pit Gain
Gas Migration (Percolation)
SEC 5: Leak off Test and MAASP
Leak off Test and MAASP
 Kick Tolerance
1) Kick Tolerance is defined as the maximum kick volume (Length)
that can be taken into the wellbore and circulated out
without fracturing the formation at weak point (shoe), given
a difference between pore pressure and mud weight in use.
2) The maximum allowable pore pressure at the next TD which can
be tolerated without fracturing the previous casing shoe.
The kick tolerance will be calculated after a leak-off test, and
after any change in mud weight.
IWCF Kill Sheet Calculations
 API (Field Unit) Rounding Rules
Fracture Pressure Down To a Full Number. No Range
Bottom Hole Pressure Down To a Full Number. No Range
Maximum Allowable Density Down To One Decimal Place No Range
MAASP Down To a Full Number No Range
Kill Mud Density Up To One Decimal Place No Range
ICP Number No Range
FCP Up To a Full Number No Range
Step Down Pressures Strokes To Nearest Full Number +/- 1 psi/100 strokes
Number of Strokes To Nearest Full Number +/- 1%
Volume To Nearest Full Number +/- 1%
Circulation Time To Nearest Full Number +/- 1 minute
Influx Gradient Two Decimals +/- 0.01
Number Of Stands Down To a Full Number No Range
Number Of Cylinders Up To a Full Number No Range
Step down table and graph
STKS PSI
ICP = SIDPP + RRCP 0 1400 ICP
100 1350
FCP = RRCP X KMW 200 1300
OMW 300 1250
400 1200
Step Down From ICP To FCP 500 1150
Using Either Graph Or Chart 600 1100
700 1050
FCP STB 750 1025 FCP

ICP

PSI

SIDPP

STB Strokes
SEC 6: Well Killing Methods

DRILLER’S
METHOD

CONCURRENT
METHOD
WAIT AND
WEIGHT
METHOD
 U-Tube Theory

Bottomhole press. =
SIDPP + Mud Hydrostatic pressure = Formation pressure
SICP + Mud Hydrostatic pressure +influx hydrostatic pressure
Kick Kill Fundamentals
 Driller’s Method

1st Clean Out Influx 2nd Circulate Kill Mud

SICP = SIDPP SICP = SIDPP = 0

Driller’s Method
Wait and Weight (W&W) (Engineer's) Method

Clean Out Influx & Circulate Kill Mud

Wait and Weight (W&W) (Engineer's) Method
Advantages and Disadvantages of kill methods
Volumetric and Stripping Operations
Volumetric Operations
Stripping Operations
Stripping and Snubbing Operations
 SEC 7: Killing Bad Practice
Procedures Correct Action Wrong What Effect On BHP
Action happened?
Bring pump up to Constant CSG & DP Constant DP Choke opened Decrease 
kill speed
Increase pump Constant CSG & DP Constant DP Choke opened Decrease
speed
Decrease pump Constant CSG & DP Constant DP Choke closed Increase 
speed
1st circ. Driller’s Constant DP (ICP) & CSG Constant CSG Choke opened Decrease

2nd circ. KMW to bit Constant CSG & DP drop Constant DP Choke closed Increase
(ICPFCP)

2nd circ. KMW to Constant DP (FCP) & CSG Constant CSG Choke closed Increase
surface
W&W KMW to bit DP Drop (ICP–FCP) Constant DP Choke closed Increase

W&W KMW to Constant DP (FCP) & Choke opened If Gas in BHP

surface CSG with gas Constant CSG
Choke closed If Gas out BHP
CSG with KMW
Volumetric method Constant DP & CSG Constant CSG Choke opened Decrease
 Well Control Complications
Problem SIDPP SICP BHP Observation Solution

Loss Of Circulation Decrease In Pit

Level

Choke Wash-Out Continually Close Shut-In and Change Choke

the choke

Choke Plugging Continually Open Shut-in and Change Choke

the choke

Nozzle Wash-Out

String Wash-Out Stop Pumping Use

Volumetric Method till Influx
is above Washout Then
Resume Pumping
Nozzle Plugging
Hole Pack Off SIDPP ZERO
BOP Stack Design
BOP Stack Design
BOP Stack Design
Drilling Spool = Mud Cross
Diverter System & Shallow Gas

Wind Direction

200 ft
Diverter System
Diverter System
Diverter System

MSP 30” – 1000 HOOKED UP MSP 30” – 1000 HOOKED

AS A DIVERTER UP AS A BOP

•Conventional annular BOP’s insert-type diverters or rotating heads can

be used as diverters.
Diverter System
Diverter System

Vent lines are typically 10 inches (25.4 cm) or larger ID for offshore and 6 inches

(15.24 cm) or larger ID for onshore operations.

Diverter System
Annular (Hydril–Spherical-Bag) BOP
Annular BOP: Hydril Type
Annular BOP: Cameron Type
Annular BOP: Packing Element
RAM BOPs
RAM BOP Types
Shear Ram BOP
Pipe RAM
Weep Hole
Closing Ratio
BOP Pressure Testing
BOP Pressure Testing
API Flanges
Choke Manifold
Choke Manifold
Chokes
Choke Remote Control Panel
Accumulators (Koomey) Unit
Number of Bottles
Accumulators (Koomey) Unit
Closing Unit
Master Valve
4-way Valve
Annular 4-way Valve
Pressure Gauges
Bypass Valve
Electric and Air Pump
BOP Remote Control Panel
 Remote control panel
4 Way valve and
micro switch
Rig air
120 psi
Oil

When the BOP ram in the close position close line has 1500 psi.
When the BOP ram in the open position open line has 1500 psi.
When the 4 way valve shifts the micro switch will activate the light to illuminate.
When light illuminates, it tells us that oil on its way to the BOP function.
Sequence of Operations
Mud Gas Separator MGS - Poor boy (Gas poster)
Mud Gas Separator MGS - Poor boy (Gas poster)

GAS TO VENT

FROM CHOKE
MANIFOLD

MUD/GAS
SEPERATOR

TO SHALE SHAKERS

LIQUID SEAL
Inside Blowout Preventer & Full Opening Safety Valve
Drill String Float Valve