Senior High School

BASIC CALCULUS
Learning Activity Sheets
for
STEM Learners
Part 1

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 The Limit of a Function
LAS 1 The Limit of a Function at c versus the
Value of the Function at c
I. Learning Competency with Code
✓ Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph of the
function (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-1) (MELC 1)
✓ distinguish between lim f ( x ) and f (c) (STEM_BC11LCIIIa-2) (MELC 2)
x →c

II. Background Information for Learners

Consider a function f of a single variable x. Consider a constant c
which the variable x will approach (c may or may not be in the domain of f).
The limit, to be denoted by L, is the unique real value that f(x) will approach
as x approaches c. In symbols, we write this process as 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳. This is
𝒙→𝒄
read, ‘‘The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.”

Definition of Limit:

If the values of f(x) of a function f can be made as close as desired to a single number L for all values
of x sufficiently close to the number c, with x ≠ c, then L is the limit of f(x) as x approaches c, and is
written as: lim f ( x) = L .
x →c

LOOKING AT A TABLE OF VALUES and LOOKING AT THE GRAPH OF y = f(x)

Example 1: Find f (3) and lim f ( x ) if f ( x) = x + 1 
y

x →3


.
These inputs approach 3 These inputs approach 3
3
.

from the right.
.
from the left
. .
..


x 2 2.5 2.9 3 3.1 3.5 4



f(x) 3 3.5 3.9 4 4.1 4.5 5 


These outputs approach 4. 4 These outputs approach 4. x

− −       

−
Answer: a) f (3) = 4 b) lim x + 1 = 4
x →3

y

Example 2: Find f (0) and lim f ( x ) if 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = |𝒙|
x→0 

x -1 -0.5 -0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1 

. . . .
...
x
f(x) 1 0.5 0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1
− − − −     
−

Answer: a) f (0) = 0 b) lim x = 0 −

x →0

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 𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
Example 3: Find f (4) and lim f ( x ) if 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { 2
x→4 (𝑥 − 4) + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4

x 3 3.5 3.9 3.99 4 4.01 4.1 4.5 5

f(x) 4 4.5 4.9 4.99 3 3.0001 3.01 3.25 4

One-sided Limits (Right-Hand and . .

. .
Left-Hand Limits)
. .
lim f ( x) “the limit of f(x) as x approaches 4
x → 4−

from the left” lim f ( x) = 5

x → 4−

lim f ( x) “the limit of f(x) as x approaches 4

x → 4+

from the right” lim f ( x) = 3

x → 4+

A two-sided limit exists only if the two one-sided limits exist and
are the same.
Since lim f ( x) = 5 and lim f ( x) = 3
x → 4− x → 4+

Thus, lim f ( x ) does not exist.

x→4

Answer: a) f (4) = 3 b) lim f ( x) does not exist (DNE)

x→4

x2 −1
Example 4: Find f (−1) and lim f ( x) if f ( x) = y
x →−1 x +1 


x -2 -1.5 -1.1 -1.01 -1 -0.99 -0.9 -0.5 -0.1 0 


x2 −1 undefi x
f ( x) = -3 -2.5 -2.2 -2.01 -1.99 -1.9 -1.5 -1.1 -1
x +1 ned
.− .
− − − −     
lim f ( x) −
-3 -2.5 -2.2 -2.01 -2 -1.99 -1.9 -1.5 -1.1 -1
.
..
x →−1

Answer: a) f (−1) is undefined

. −
−
2
x −1
b) lim = −2 (Since lim f ( x) = −2 and lim f ( x) = −2 )
x →−1 x + 1 x →−1− x →−1+

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 Example 5: Given the graph of 𝑓(𝑥), answer the following.

d) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→0−

e) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→0+

f) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→0

g) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→3−

h) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→3+

i) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = It does not exist. (DNE)

a) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 𝑥→3
𝑥→−2−

j) 𝑓(3) = 2
b) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→−2+
k) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
𝑥→−∞
c) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→−2
l) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→+∞

Note: The graph increases (rises) as x approaches negative infinity.

The graph decreases (falls) as x approaches positive infinity.

Observations about limits:

1) The definition of “limit” implies that the values of a function cannot approach
two different limits at the same time. Therefore, if the limit exists, it is unique.
2) A limit may not always exist.
3) Sometimes a limit does not exist because the values of the function do not
approach some unique number from both the left and the right of an x-value.
4) A limit can exist even at a point where the function is not defined, since limits
indicate behavior of a function near some x values, and not at the x-value. This
implies that the limit of a function as the independent variable approaches a
point does not depend on the value of the function at that point.

Existence of a Limit:

The limit of a function f as x → c exists if and only if lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = L for some real number L.
x →c − x →c

➢ If f(x) infinitely large or infinitely small as x approaches the number a from either side, then the limit does not exist.
➢ If L ≠ M, and lim f ( x) = L and lim f ( x) = M , then lim f ( x ) does not exist.
x →c− x →c + x →c

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 1 – 17

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IV. Activity Proper
1. Directions: Read pages 1 – 17 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material

2. Exercises (MELCs 1&2)

A. Find the limits of the following functions given the graph.

For #1-6
1) 𝑓(4) = 4) lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥→4

2) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥→4 5) lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥→−∞
3) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥→4 6) lim 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥→+∞

For #7-16
7) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 12) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥→4 𝑥→0

8) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 13) lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥→4 𝑥→0

9) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 14) 𝑓(0)

𝑥→4

10) 𝑓(4) = 15) lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥→−∞

11) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 16) lim 𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑥→0 𝑥→+∞

B. Find the limits of the following functions using table of values.

Complete the table and find the following.

x -1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.01 0 0.01 0.1 0.5 1

For #1-4
f ( x) = x 2 + 1

( )
1) lim− x 2 + 1 =
x →0
(
2) lim+ x 2 + 1 =
x →0
) (
3) lim x2 + 1 =
x →0
) 4) f (0) =

x -1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.01 0 0.01 0.1 0.5 1

For #5-8
3
f ( x) =
x+2

3 3 3
5) lim− = 6) lim+ = 7) lim = 8) f (0) =
x →0 x+2 x →0 x+2 x →0 x+2

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 x -1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.01 0 0.01 0.1 0.5 1
For #9-12  x + 2, x  0
f ( x) =  2
 x − 1, x  0
Sketch the graph. y

9) lim− f ( x) =
x →0 


10) lim+ f ( x) =
x →0 
x

11) lim f ( x) = − − − −    
x →0 −

−

12) f (0) = −

−

3. Guide Questions

Express what you have learned in this lesson by completing the sentences below.
1. The limit of a function is ___________________________________________________.
2. One sided limit of a function is _____________________________________________.
3. Is the limit of a function similar as evaluating a function? Explain briefly.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How can you solve the limit of a function? Explain briefly based on your own
understanding. ______________________________________________________________

Reflection
1. What challenges did you encounter in this activity sheet? How did you
overcome these challenges?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

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 Illustration of Limit Theorems
LAS 2 Limits of Polynomial, Rational, and
Radical Functions

I. Learning Competency with Code

✓ illustrate the limit laws (STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3) (MELC 3)
✓ apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions
(polynomial, rational, and radical) (STEM_BC11LCIIIa-4) (MELC 4)
II. Background Information for Learners
We are now ready to list down the basic theorems on limits. We will state
eight theorems. These will enable us to directly evaluate limits, without need for a
table or a graph. In the following statements, c is a constant, and f and g are
functions which may or may not have c in their domains.

In the following statements, c is a constant, and f and g are functions which may
or may not have c in their domains.

Limit Theorems
1. The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant, then,
lim k = k
x →c

2. The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. This may be thought of as the

substitution law, because x is simply substituted by c.
lim x = c
x →c

For the remaining theorems, we will assume that the limits of f and g both
exist as x approaches c and that they are L and M, respectively. In other
words, lim f ( x) = L and lim g ( x) = M .
x →c x →c

3. The Constant Multiple Theorem: This says that the limit of a multiple of a
function is simply that multiple of the limit of the function.
lim k  f ( x) = k  lim f ( x) = k  L
x →c x →c

4. The Addition Theorem: This says that the limit of a sum of functions is the
sum of the limits of the individual functions. Subtraction is also included in
this law, that is, the limit of a difference of functions is the difference of their
limits.
lim ( f ( x) + g ( x) ) = lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) = L + M
x →c x →c x →c

lim ( f ( x) − g ( x) ) = lim f ( x) − lim g ( x) = L − M

x →c x →c x →c
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 5. The Multiplication Theorem: This is similar to the Addition Theorem, with
multiplication replacing addition as the operation involved. Thus, the limit of
a product of functions is equal to the product of their limits.
lim ( f ( x)  g ( x) ) = lim f ( x)  lim g ( x) = L  M
x →c x →c x →c

Remark 1: The Addition and Multiplication Theorems may be applied to

sums, differences, and products of more than two functions.
Remark 2: The Constant Multiple Theorem is a special case of the
Multiplication Theorem. Indeed, in the Multiplication Theorem, if the first
function f(x) is replaced by a constant k, the result is the Constant Multiple
Theorem.
6. The Division Theorem: This says that the limit of a quotient of functions is
equal to the quotient of the limits of the individual functions, provided the
denominator limit is not equal to 0.

f ( x) lim f ( x) L
lim = x →c = , provided M  0 .
x →c g ( x) lim g ( x) M
x →c

7. The Power Theorem: This theorem states that the limit of an integer power
p of a function is just that power of the limit of the function.

( )
p
lim ( f ( x) ) = lim f ( x)
p
= Lp
x →c x →c

8. The Radical/Root Theorem: This theorem states that if n is a positive

integer, the limit of the nth root of a function is just the nth root of the limit of
the function, provided the nth root of the limit is a real number. Thus, it is
important to keep in mind that if n is even, the limit of the function must be
positive.

lim n f ( x) = n lim f ( x) = n L
x →c x →c

Example 1: a) lim 4 = 4 b) lim 2.65 = 2.65 c) lim − 43 = −43

x →c x→1 x→5

Example 2: a) lim x = 6 b) lim x = 1.5 c) lim x = −38

x →6 x →1.5 x →−38

Example 3: If lim f ( x) = 5 , then a) lim 4  f ( x) = 4  lim f ( x) = 4  5 = 20

x →c x →c x →c

3 3 3
b) lim  f ( x) =  lim f ( x) =  5 = 3
x →c 5 5 x →c 5

Example 4: If lim f ( x) = 5 and lim g ( x) = −2 then

x →c x →c

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 a) lim ( f ( x) + g ( x) ) = lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) = 5 + (−2) = 3
x →c x →c x →c

b) lim ( f ( x) − g ( x) ) = lim f ( x) − lim g ( x) = 5 − (−2) = 7

x →c x →c x →c

Example 5: If lim f ( x) = 5 and lim g ( x) = −2 then

x →c x →c

a) lim ( f ( x)  g ( x) ) = lim f ( x)  lim g ( x) = 5  (−2) = −10

x →c x →c x →c

f ( x) lim f ( x) 5 5
Example 6: a) If lim f ( x) = 5 and lim g ( x) = −2 then lim = x →c = =−
x →c x →c x →c g ( x) lim g ( x) −2 2
x →c

f ( x) lim f ( x) 0
b) If lim f ( x) = 0 and lim g ( x) = −2 then lim = x →c = =0
x →c x →c x →c g ( x) lim g ( x) −2
x →c

f ( x) lim f ( x) 5
c) If lim f ( x) = 5 and lim g ( x) = 0 then lim = x →c = which is
x →c x →c x →c g ( x) lim g ( x) 0
x →c

not possible. We may say that the limit does not exist (DNE).

( )
2
If lim f ( x) = 5 , then a) lim ( f ( x) ) = lim f ( x) = 52 = 25
2
Example 7:
x →c x →c x →c

( )
−3
1
b) lim ( f ( x) ) = lim f ( x)
−3
= 5−3 =
x →c x →c 125

Example 8: a) If lim f ( x) = 25 , then lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 25 = 5

x →c x →c x →c

b) If lim f ( x) = −25 , then lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = −25 , and this is

x →c x →c x →c

not a real number (imaginary number).

Limits of Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions

LIMITS OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
Example 1: Determine lim(4 x + 3) Answer: lim(4 x + 3) = 4(2) + 3 = 8 + 3 = 11
x →2 x→2

Example 2: Determine lim ( x2 − 4 x + 1) . Answer: lim ( x2 − 4 x + 1) =

x →2 x →2

22 − 4(2) + 1 = 4 − 8 + 1 = −3

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 x 2 + 25 x 2 + 25 lim ( x 2 + 25) (5)2 + 25
Example 3: Determine lim Answer: lim = x →5
= =5
x →5 x + 5 x →5 x + 5 lim ( x + 5 ) (5) + 5
x →5

Example 4: Determine lim 3 x3 − 125

x →−5

Answer: lim 3 x3 − 125 = 3 (−5)3 − 125 = 3 −125(2) = −5 3 2

x →−5

Example 5: Determine lim ( x2 + 7) + ( x + 2) 

x→1

Answer: lim ( x2 + 7) + ( x + 2)  = lim( x 2 + 7) + lim( x + 2) = (12 + 7) + (1 + 2) = (8) + (3) = 11

x→1 x →1 x →1

Limits of Rational Functions (Indeterminate Form)

Definition of Indeterminate Form of Type “ ”

If and , then is called an indeterminate form of type “ ”.

We can reduce the rational

function by factoring.
x 2 − 25
Example 6: Determine lim
x →5 x −5

x 2 − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5)
Answer: lim = lim = lim ( x + 5) = 5 + 5 = 10
x →5 x −5 x →5 x −5 x →5

We can simplify the rational function by

rationalizing the numerator.
x −2
Example 7: Evaluate lim
x→4 x−4

x −2 x +2 x2 − 4 1 1
Answer: lim  = lim = lim =
x →4 x−4 x + 2 x →4 ( x − 4 ) x + 2( x →4
) ( x +2 ) 4

We can simplify the rational function by

simplifying the complex fraction.
1 1
−
Example 8: Evaluate lim 2 + t 2
t →0 t

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  1 1 1  2(1) 1(2 + t )  1  2−2−t  1  −t  1
Answer: lim  −  = lim  −   = lim   = lim  
t →0 2 + t t →0 2( 2 + t ) 2(2 + t )  t
 2 t  t → 0
 2(2 + t )  t t →0 2(2 + t )
  t

 −1  1
= lim   =−
t →0 2(2 + t )
  4

Infinite Limits
𝑓(𝑥)
We investigate the limit at a point c of a rational function of the form where f
𝑔(𝑥)
and g are polynomial functions with f(c)≠0 and g(c)=0. Note that Theorem 3 does
not cover this because it assumes that the denominator is nonzero at c.

1
Example 1: Determine lim .
x →0 x2
x -1 -0.5 -0.01 -0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.5 1

1
f ( x) = 1 4 10 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 10 000 4 1
x2

1 1
lim− = + lim+ = +
x →0 x2 x →0 x2
1
Answer: lim = +
x →0 x2

 1 
Example 2: Determine lim  − 2  .
x →0
 x 
x -1 -0.5 -0.01 -0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.5 1

1
f ( x) = − -1 -4 -10 000 -1 000 000 -1 000 000 -10 000 -4 -1
x2

 1   1 
lim  − 2  = − lim  − 2  = −
 x 
x → 0−  x 
x → 0+

 1 
Answer: lim  − 2  = −
x →0
 x 

1
Example 3: Determine lim .
x →0 x

x -1 -0.5 -0.01 -0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.5 1

1
f ( x) = -1 -2 -100 -1 000 1 000 100 2 1
x

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 1 1
lim−   = − lim+   = +
x →0  x  x →0  x 

1
Answer: lim DNE
x →0 x

Remark 1: Remember that ∞ is NOT a number. It holds no specific value. So, or

describes the behavior of the function near x = c, but it does not exist as a real number.

Remark 2: Whenever or , we normally see the dashed vertical line x = c.

This is to indicate that the graph of y = f(x) is asymptotic to x = c, meaning, the graphs of y = f(x) and x = c are
very close to each other near c. In this case, we call x = c a vertical asymptote of the graph of y = f(x).

Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval I, containing a,

except possibly at the number c itself.
As x approaches c, f(x) increases without bound, which is written
lim f ( x) = +
x →c

As x approaches c, f(x) decreases without bound, which is written

lim f ( x) = −
x →c

Theorems:

If n is any positive integer, then

if n is odd
i) ii)
if n is even

If a is any real number and if and , where c is a constant not equal to 0, then

i) If c > 0 and if f(x) →0 through positive values of f(x),

ii) If c > 0 and if f(x) →0 through negative values of f(x),

iii) If c < 0 and if f(x) →0 through positive values of f(x),

iv) If c < 0 and if f(x) →0 through negative values of f(x),

x+2 x+2 x+2

Example 4: Determine lim . lim+ = lim+
x →2 +
x2 − 4 x →2 x − 4 x→2 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
2

Without graphing, we can say that the vertical asymptote is x = 2.

Now when x approaches 2 from the right, let’s say x is 2.001, the numerator
2.001 + 2 is approaching 4 and the denominator (2.001) 2 – 4 is 0.004001 which is

Jhdelgado 12
approaching 0 through positive values.
Thus 4 divided by a very small positive number(decimal) will yield to a large
positive number.
x+2
Answer: lim = +
x →2 +
x2 − 4

x+2
Example 5: Determine lim .
−
x →3 x −3
Without graphing, we can say that the vertical asymptote is x = 3.
Now when x approaches 3 from the left, let’s say x is 2.999, the numerator 2.999
+ 2 is approaching 5 and the denominator 2.999 – 3 is -0.001 which is
approaching 0 through negative values.
Thus 5 divided by a negative number(decimal) will yield to a negative number.
x+2
Answer: lim = −
−
x →3 x −3

LIMITS at INFINITY

1 1 1 1
1) lim =0 2) lim =0 3) lim =0 4) lim =0
x →− x 2 x →+ x 2 x →− x x →+ x

Theorem: For any positive real number n,

and

x +1
Example 1: Find lim
x →+ 2x + x +1
2

1
( x + 1) x
+ 2
1 1 1
+ 2
Answer: lim x2 = lim x 2
x = lim x x = 0+0 = 0 = 0
( ) 2+ + 2 2+0+0 2
x →+ 1 →+ 2x 2
x 1 x →+ 1 1
2x2 + x + 1
x
2 2
+ 2+ 2
x x x x x x

2 x2 + 5x + 2
Example 2: Find lim
x →+ x 2 − 16

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 2 ( )
1 2 x2 5x 2 1 1
2 x 2
+ 5 x + 2 2
+ 2+ 2 2 + 5 + 2 2
Answer: lim x = lim x 2 x x = lim x x
1 2
( x − 16) 1
x →+ x →+ x 16 x →+
− 1 − 16  2
x2 x2 x2 x
2 + 5  (0) + 2  (0) 2 + 0 + 0
= = =2
1 − 16  (0) 1− 0

x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1
Example 3: Find lim
x →+ x2 −1
1  1  1
1 3
3
x (+ 3 x 2
+ 3 x + 1 ) x3 3x 2 3x 1
3
+ 3 + 3+ 3 1+ 3  + 3 2  + 3
x x  x
Answer: lim x = lim x x x x = lim
( )
2
x →+ 1 2 x →+ x 1 x →+ 1 1
3
x −1 − 3 −
x x 3
x x x3
1+ 0 + 0 + 0 1
= = = +
0−0 0

The horizontal line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of the function f if

f(x) gets closer to b as x increases or decreases without bound (𝒙 →
+∞ 𝐨𝐫 𝒙 → −∞)

Horizontal Asymptotes of a Rational Function

Let n be the degree of the numerator and m be the degree of the
denominator.
➢ If n < m, the horizontal asymptote is y = 0.
𝒂
➢ If n = m, the horizontal asymptote is y = , where a is the leading
𝒃
coefficient of the numerator and b is the leading coefficient of the
denominator.
➢ If n > m, there is no horizontal asymptote.

6x
Example 4: Find lim .
x →+ 5 x + 1

6
Answer: , Since the degree of the numerator and denominator are the same,
5
6
the horizontal asymptote of the rational function is y = .
5

3x 2 + 4
Example 5: Find lim .
x →− x3 − 64

Answer: 0, Since the degree of the numerator is less than the degree
denominator, the horizontal asymptote of the rational function is y = 0 .

x 4 + 81
Example 6: Find lim .
x →− x3 − 27

Jhdelgado 14
Answer: − , Since the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree
denominator, the rational function has no horizontal asymptote. The function
decreases without bound (the numerator is positive and denominator is negative).

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 22 – 35

IV. Activity Proper

1. Directions: Read pages 22 – 35 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material

2. Exercises (MELCs 3&4)

A. Evaluate the following limits. SHOW the solution.

1) lim 7 2) lim
x →6
x 3) lim( y3 − 2 y 2 + 3 y − 4)
x→ 2 y →−1

4x − 5 8r + 1
4) lim 5) lim
x →3 5 x − 1 r →1 r +3

B. Evaluate the following limits. SHOW the solution.

x2 + 5x + 6 x3 − 1 x −1
1) lim 2) lim 3) lim
x →−3 x 2 − x − 12 x →1 x −1 x →1 x −1
x+5 −2 3
x −1
4) lim 5) lim
x →−1 x +1 x →1 x −1

C. Evaluate the following limits.

x+3 x+3 −x + 3
1) lim = 2) lim = 3) lim =
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 ( x − 3)
+ − − 2
x →3 x →3 x →3

x2 + 8 x2 + 8
4) lim− = 5) lim+ =
x →0 x x →0 x

D. Evaluate the following limits.

2x + 7 6x +1 3x 4 + 4
1) lim = 2) lim = 3) lim =
x →− x − 3 x →− x 2 − 1 x →− x3 − 8

2 x 2 + 15 x + 8
4) lim = 5) lim =
x →− x3 x →− x 2 + 7 x + 12

Jhdelgado 15
 3. Guide Questions

1. In what way did the Limit laws help you in solving for the limit of a function?
2. Is direct substitution of 𝑥 values always applicable in solving the limit of a
function? Briefly justify your answer.
Reflection
1. What challenges did you encounter in this activity sheet? How did you
overcome these challenges?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

Jhdelgado 16
 Limits of Some Transcendental Functions
LAS 3 and Some Indeterminate Forms
I. Learning Competency with Code
✓ compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions
using tables of values and graphs of the functions (STEM_BC11LCIIIb-1)
(MELC 5)
sin t 1 − cost et − 1
✓ illustrate limits involving the expressions , and using tables
t t t
of values (STEM_BC11LCIIIb-2) (MELC 6)

II. Background Information for Learners

Limits of Exponential, Logarithmic, and Trigonometric Functions
Real-world situations can be expressed in terms of functional relationships. These
functional relationships are called mathematical models. In applications of
calculus, it is quite important that one can generate these mathematical models.
They sometimes use functions that you encountered in precalculus, like the
exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. Hence, we start this lesson
by recalling these functions and their corresponding graphs.

1. If b > 0, b ≠ 1, the exponential function with base b is defined by f(x) =

bx, x ∈ R.
2. Let b > 0, b ≠ 1. If by = x then y is called the logarithm of x to the base b,
denoted y = logb x.

Example 1:
Determine the following. Answer:
y
a) lim 2 x  . a) lim 2 x = 1
x→0 x→0

b) lim 2 x
x→1  . b) lim 2 x = 2
x→1

.
c) lim 2x
x→−1
. 
x
c) lim 2x =
1
x→−1 2
− − −     
d) lim 2 x
−
x→2 d) lim 2 x = 4
x→2
−
e) lim 2 x
x→− − e) lim 2 x = 0
x→−

f) lim 2 x −
x→+ f) lim 2 x = +
x→+

Jhdelgado 17
Now, we consider the natural exponential function f(x) = ex , where e is called the
Euler number, and has value 2.718281....
Example 2:
Determine the following. Answer:

a) lim e x y a) lim e x = 1
x →0 x →0


b) lim e x
x →1
 . b) lim e x = e  2.718281...
x →1

c) lim e x
x →−1  . c)
1
lim e x =  0.367879...
. x x →−1 e
d) lim e x
x →− − − −      d) lim e x = 0
− x →−

e) lim e x
x →+ − e) lim e x = +
x →+
−
Theorems: −

Limits of Exponential Functions: For any a ∈ ℝ, and, if b > 0 and b ≠1, then

Limits at Infinity of Exponential Functions: If b > 1, then and

If 0 < b < 1, then and

Exponentials and Logarithms: If b > 0 and b ≠1, then

Example 3:
a) lim 4 x +1 = 4( 0+1) = 41 = 4 b) lim 3x +1 = 3( −1+1) = 30 = 1 c) lim(e x + 2) = e0 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 3
x →0 x →−1 x →0

Example 4:
Determine the following. Answer:
y
a) lim ln x  a) lim ln x = 0
x →1
x →1

b) lim ln x x
x → 0+ . b) lim+ ln x = −
x →0
− − −     
c) lim ln x − c) lim− ln x = DNE
x → 0− x →0
−
d) lim ln x
x →0
d) lim ln x = DNE
− x→0

e) lim ln x e) lim ln x = +
x →+ x →+

Jhdelgado 18
Example 5:
Determine the following. Answer:

a) lim log 2 x  y a) lim log 2 x = 0

x →1 x →1

b) lim log 2 x  . b) lim log 2 x = 1

x→2
 . x
x →2

c) lim log 2 x . c) lim log 2 x = 2

x→4
− −        x →4
−
d) lim log 2 x − d) lim+ log 2 x = −
x → 0+ x →0

−
e) lim log 2 x e) lim log 2 x = +
x →+ x →+

Example 6:

a) lim ( log3 x ) = log3 1 = 0 b) lim ( log2 ( x + 2) ) = log 2 4 = 2 c) lim ( log5 x ) = log5 1 = −1

x →1 x →2 x →1/ 5 5

Example 7: Determine the following.

a) lim sin x = 0
x →0

b) lim sin x = 1

x→
2
y = sin x
c) lim sin x = 0
x →

d) lim sin x = -1

x →−
2

e) lim sin x = 0
x →−

Example 8: Determine the following.

1) lim cos x = 1
x →0

2) lim cos x = 0 y = cos x


x→
2

3) lim cos x = -1
x →

4) lim cos x = 0

x →−
2

5) lim cos x = -1
x →−

Jhdelgado 19
Some Special Limits

NOTE: For trigonometric functions, the calculator should be set in

radian mode to provide numerical data that leads to the limit of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒕)/𝒕
as 𝑡 approaches to 0. In converting the mode of scientific calculator from
degree to radian, most of them has a ‘’MODE’’ button. By pushing the
mode button, calculator’s screen presents different modes. Look for ‘’Rad
2’’ and hit the number of that mode.

sin t t -0.5 -0.1 -0.001 0 0.001 0.1 0.5

f (t ) =
t sin t
f (t ) = 0.9588 0.9983 0.9999 0.9999 0.9983 0.9588
t

sin t
lim =1
t →0 t

t -0.5 -0.1 -0.001 0 0.001 0.1 0.5

1 − cos t
f (t ) = 1 − cos t
t f (t ) = -0.2448 -0.0499 -0.0004 0.0004 0.0499 0.2448
t

1 − cos t
lim =0
t →0 t

t -0.5 -0.1 -0.01 0 0.01 0.1 0.5

et − 1
f (t ) =
t et − 1
f (t ) = 0.7869 0.9516 0.9950 1.0050 1.0517 1.2974
t

et − 1 bt − 1
lim = 1. Also, lim =1
t →0 t t →0 t

Jhdelgado 20
Determine the following.
1 3 3
3x  lim
3x 5 =5=3
Example 1: lim = lim 5x = x → 0
x →0 sin 5 x x →0 1 sin 5 x 1 5
sin 5 x  lim
5 x x →0 5 x

1 (1 − cos 4 x )
1 − cos 4 x (1 − cos 4 x )  lim
0
Example 2: lim = lim 4 x = x →0 4x = =0
x →0 x x →0 1 1 1
x lim
4x x →0 4 4

1 tan x
tan x ( tan x ) 
lim
tan t
Example 3: x = x →0 x = 1
lim
x →0 3 x
= lim
x →0 1 3x Note: lim =1
3x  lim 3 t →0 t
x x →0 x

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 43 – 72

IV. Activity Proper

1. Directions: Read pages 43 – 72 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material

2. Exercises (MELCs 5&6)

A. Find the limits of each of the following functions.

1) lim5x = 6) lim 4 x =
x→0 x→+

2) lim5x = 7) lim 3x =
x→3 x→−

3) lim 4 x = 8) lim log x =

x→−2 x → 0+

4) lim e x = 9) lim e x =
x →2 x →−1

5) lim ( 2x + 3) = 10) lim log x =

x→0 x →10

Jhdelgado 21
 B. Find the limits of each of the following functions.

1 − cos x 6) 5x
=
1) lim = lim
x →0
x →0 8x sin 2 x

1 − cos 3x
2) lim
tan 5 x
= 7) lim =
x →0 x →0 4x
2x

3) lim
sin 2t
= 8) lim tan x =
t →0 x →0 2x
7t

4) lim
sin 4 x
= 9) lim t =
x →0 t →0 sin t
x

5) lim
sin 9 x
= 10) lim 1 − cos t =
x →0 sin 7 x t →0 sin t

3. Guide Questions

Express what you have learned in this lesson by answering the questions below.
1. What is a transcendental function? (explain briefly)

2. Explain on how you will solve for the limits of transcendental functions using
table of values and graph.

Reflection
1. What challenges did you encounter in this activity sheet? How did you
overcome these challenges?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.
Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

Jhdelgado 22
 LAS 4 Continuity of Functions

I. Learning Competency with Code

✓ illustrate continuity of a function at a number (STEM_BC11LCIIIc-1)
(MELC 7)
✓ determine whether a function is continuous at a number or not
(STEM_BC11LCIIIc-2) (MELC 8)
✓ illustrate continuity of a function on an interval (STEM_BC11LCIIIc-3)
(MELC 9)
✓ solves problems involving continuity of a function (STEM_BC11LCIIId-3)
(MELC 10)

II. Background Information for Learners

There are functions whose limits are not equal to the function value at x = c,
meaning, limx→c f(x) ≠ f(c).
This leads us to the study of continuity of functions.
A. Continuity at a Point

Example 1: Example 2:

Consider the graph below. Consider the graph below.

Is the function continuous at x = 1? Is the function continuous at x = 1?

 y 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐
 .
y
 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 + 𝟐
 
 x  x

− − − −
−      − − − −     
−
− −
− 𝑓(1) = 3 𝑓(1) = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
−
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→1−
Example 3: lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→1+
Consider the graph below.
Is the function continuous at x = 0?

y 𝟏
Answer: Yes.
 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙
Answer: No.

The function
 is continuous
x at x The function is discontinuos
= 1. at x = 1.
− − − −
−      𝑓(0) = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→0−
−
− lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
𝑥→0
𝑥→0+
Jhdelgado 23
THREE CONDITIONS OF CONTINUITY

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if the following three

conditions are satisfied:
(i) 𝑓(𝑐) exists; (ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists; and (iii) 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Example 4: Determine if Example 5: Determine whether

f ( x) = x + 3x + 2 is continuous or
2
f ( x) =
1
is continuous at x = 3.
not at x = 2. x −9
2

i) f (2) = (2) 2 + 3(2) + 2 = 4 + 6 + 2 = 12 i) f (3) = 1

=
1
= undefined
(3) − 9
2
0
ii) lim ( x + 3x + 2) = (2)
2 2
+ 3(2) + 2 = 4 + 6 + 2 = 12 1
x →2 Answer: Thus, f ( x) = is
x −9
2

iii) lim ( x2 + 3x + 2) = f (2) = 12 discontinuous at x = 3.

x →2

Answer: Thus, is
continuous 3 + x, x  1
Example 6: at x = 2.
Determine if f ( x) =  is continuous at x = 1.
3 − x, x  1

i) f (1) = 4
ii) lim f ( x) = 4 and lim f ( x) = 2
x →1− x →1+

lim f ( x) does not exist.

x →1

Answer: Thus, f ( x) is discontinuous at x = 1.

B. Continuity on an Interval

A function is continuous over an interval I if it is continuous at

every number on interval I.

CONTINUITY OF POLYNOMIAL, ABSOLUTE VALUE, RATIONAL AND SQUARE ROOT FUNCTIONS

✓ Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.

✓ The absolute value function f(x) = |x| is continuous everywhere.
✓ Rational functions are continuous on their respective domains.
✓ The square root function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ξ𝑥 is continuous on [0, ∞)

Jhdelgado 24
A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous

1. everywhere if 𝑓 is continuous at every real number. In this case, we

also say 𝑓 is continuous on R.
2. on (a, b) if f is continuous at every point x in (a, b).
3. on [a, b) if f is continuous on (a, b) and from the right at a.
4. on (a, b] if f is continuous on (a, b) and from the left at b.
5. on [a, b] if f is continuous on (a, b] and on [a, b).
6. on (a, ∞) if f is continuous at all x > a.
7. on [a, ∞) if f is continuous on (a, ∞) and from the right at a.
8. on (−∞, b) if f is continuous at all x < b.
9. on (−∞, b] if f is continuous on (−∞, b) and from the left at b.

C. Different Types of Discontinuities

A function is discontinuous at x = c if one or more of the following

conditions are not satisfied:
(i) 𝑓(𝑐) exists; (ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists; and (iii) 𝑓 (𝑐 ) = lim 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

REMOVABLE DISCONTINUITY
A function f(x) is said to have a removable discontinuity at x = c if
1. limx→c f(x) exists; and
2. either f(c) does not exist or f(c) ≠ lim x→c f(x).
It is said to be removable because the discontinuity may be removed by redefining
f(c) so that it will equal limx→c f(x).
In other words, if limx→c f(x) = L, a removable discontinuity is remedied by the
redefinition: Let f(c) = L.

Jhdelgado 25
 Example 7: Determine whether
y
 ( 3x + 5)( x + 1) 
 , x  −1 is continuous or NOT.

f ( x) =  x +1
5 , x = −1 


i) f (−1) = 5

ii) lim f ( x) = 2 ( lim f ( x) = 2 and lim f ( x) = 2 )  x
x →−1 x →−1− x →−1+

iii) lim f ( x)  f (−1) − − − − −    

x →−1 −
−
Answer: Thus, f is discontinuous at x = -1.

It is a removable discontinuity.
It may also be called a hole discontinuity.

To redefine: Let 𝑓(−1) = 2.

ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY
AThus, is now
function f(x) is said to have an continuous.
essential discontinuity at x = c if lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE.
𝑥→𝑐

Case 1. If for a function 𝑓(𝑥), lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE because the limits from the left and
𝑥→𝑐
right of 𝑥 = 𝑐 both exist but are not equal, that is, lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = L and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = M,
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
where L ≠ M, then 𝑓 is said to have a jump essential discontinuity at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

Case 2. If a function f(x) is such that lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE because either
𝑥→𝑐

(i) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞, or (ii) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞, or

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

(iii) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞, or (iv) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞,

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

then f(x) is said to have an infinite discontinuity at x = c.

1  y
Example 8: Determine whether f ( x) =
x −9
2

is continuous at x = 3.


i) f (3) = undefined 
x
ii) lim f ( x) = DNE ( lim f ( x) = − and lim f ( x) = + )
x →3 x →3− x →3+ − − − −     
−
Answer: Thus, f is discontinuous at x = 3.
−
(Also at x = -3)
−
It is an essential discontinuity/
−
nonremovable discontinuity.
Jhdelgado 26
It is also called an infinite discontinuity.
 Example 9: Determine the discontinuity y

point of


3 + x, x  1
f ( x) =  

3 − x, x  1 

i) f (1) = 4 


ii) lim f ( x) = DNE ( lim f ( x) = 4 and lim f ( x) = 2 )
− +
x
x →1 x →1 x →1
− − − −     

Answer: Thus, f is discontinuous at x = 1. −

−

−

It is an essential
discontinuity/nonremovable
Here is a flowchart which can help evaluate whether a function is continuous or
discontinuity.
not at a point c. Before using this, make sure that the function is defined on an
open interval containing c, except possibly at c.
It is also called a jump essential
discontinuity.

D. The Intermediate Value and the Extreme Value Theorems

The first theorem we will illustrate says that a function f(x) which is found to be
continuous over a closed interval [a, b] will take any value between f(a) and f(b).

Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)

If a function f(x) is continuous over a closed interval [a, b], then

for every value m between f(a) and f(b), there is a value c ∈ [a, b]
such that f(c) = m.

Jhdelgado 27
 We make the following observations:
• As the dark dot moves, so will the
vertical dotted line over x = c move.
• In particular, the said line moves
between the vertical dotted lines over x = a
and x = b.
• More in particular, for any value that we
assign m in between f(a) and f(b), the
consequent position of the dark dot
assigns a corresponding value of c
between a and b. This illustrates what the
IVT says.

Extreme Value Theorem (EVT)

If a function f(x) is continuous over a closed interval [a, b], then f(x)
is guaranteed to reach a maximum and a minimum on [a, b].

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 73 – 102

IV. Activity Proper

1. Directions: Read pages 73 – 102 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material

2. Exercises (MELCs 7 to 10)

A. Decide if the given function is continuous at the specified value of x.

1) f ( x) = 5 x 2 − 6 x + 1 , x = 1 2) f ( x) = x + 1 , x = 2
x+2

x +1 , x  1
3) f ( x) = x − 2 x + x − 21 , x = 1
3 2
4 f ( x ) =  , x =1
2 , x  1

 x2 , x  1
5) f ( x) =  , x =1
x −1 , x  1

Jhdelgado 28
 B. List all the values for which the function is NOT continuous.

1) f ( x) = 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1 2) x +1
f ( x) =
x+2

3x − 2
3) f ( x) = x2 + 5 4) f ( x) =
x −9 ( x + 3)( x − 6)
x
5) f ( x) =
( x − 9)( x + 2)
C. Write C if the function is continuous on the given interval I and D if it
is discontinuous.

1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1; 𝐼 = [−2, 2]

2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 1; 𝐼 = (2, +∞)

3) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 2| ; 𝐼 = (−1, 3)

1
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = ; 𝐼 = (−2, 1)
𝑥

5) 𝑓(𝑥) = ξ𝑥 − 1 ; 𝐼 = (0, 3)

D. Determine is 𝒇 is continuous at x = c.

If NOT, determine the type of discontinuity.

1) x = −4

2) x = −1

3) x = 1

4) x = 3

5) x = 5

Jhdelgado 29
  x + 1, x  1
E. Determine whether h( x) =  is continuous or NOT.
1 − x, x  1

If NOT, determine the type of discontinuity. Sketch the graph.

i) y


ii) 


iii)

x

Answer: − − − −     
−

−

−
3. Guide Questions

Express what you have learned in this lesson by answering the questions
below.
1. How to determine whether the function is continuous or not at a certain point?
2. How to determine whether the function is continuous or not on a closed
interval?
3. How to illustrate the continuity or discontinuity of a function?
Reflection
1. What challenges did you encounter in this activity sheet? How did you
overcome these challenges?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

Jhdelgado 30
 The Derivative as the Slope of the
LAS 5 Tangent Line
I. Learning Competency with Code
✓ illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point
(STEM_BC11DIIIe-1) (MELC 11)
✓ applies the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number
(STEM_BC11DIIIe-2) (MELC 12)
✓ relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line
(STEM_BC11DIIIe-3) (MELC 13)

II. Background Information for Learners

A. The Tangent Line to the Graph of a Function at a Point

Recall:
A tangent line to a circle centered at
O is a line intersecting the circle at
exactly one point.
A secant line to a circle is a line
intersecting the circle at two points.

Among all lines passing through (c, f(c)), the tangent line is the closest to the
curve locally.

The tangent lines at the “peaks” and

“troughs” are always horizontal.

Definition
Let C be the graph of a continuous
function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and let P be a point on
C.
1. A secant line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) through P is
any line connecting P and another point Q
on C.
2. The tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at P is the
limiting position of all secant lines ശሬሬሬሬԦ
𝑃𝑄 as
𝑄 → 𝑃.
Jhdelgado 31
 The tangent lines are drawn at A vertical tangent line may also
each of the given points A, B, and exist even for continuous
1
C of the function 𝑦 = 2 − (𝑥 − 3)3 . functions. Draw the curve 𝑦 =
2 3
ξ𝑥 and mark the point P(0, 0).

CURVES THAT DO NOT HAVE TANGENT LINES

1. The case when the function is not continuous at

x0: It is clear from the definition of the tangent line
that the function must be continuous.
2. The case when the function has a sharp Corner at P
corner/cusp at P: This case produces different
limiting positions of the secant lines PQ depending
on whether Q is to the left or to the right of P.

B. The Equation of the Tangent Line Cusp at P

Recall:

Slope of a Line: A line ℓ passing through distinct points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝑦 −,𝑦
has slope 𝑚ℓ = 2 1 .
𝑥2 −,𝑥1

Point-Slope Form: The line passing through (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) with slope 𝑚 has the
equation 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).

y
Slope of Secant Line

 .Q 1
secant lines
m=
y2 − y1
 x2 − x1

f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 ) Note:
 m=
x2 − x1
 .Q 2 tangent line ∆𝑥 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 f ( x1 + h ) − f ( x1 )
 .Q 3
m=
( x1 + h) − x1
ℎ = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

f(x)
 .P(x , f(x)) f ( x + h ) − f ( x)

0
m=
x h
− −             f ( x + x) − f ( x)
Jhdelgado − m= 32
−
x
 Slope of Tangent Line
y2 − y1 f ( x + h ) − f ( x) f ( x + x) − f ( x)
m = lim , m = lim or m = lim
x2 → x1 x2 − x1 h →0 h x →0 x

Tangent Line
The tangent line to the graph y = f ( x) at the point ( x1 , f ( x1 )) is the line
through this point with slope m = lim ( 1 )
f x + h − f ( x1 )
provided the limit exists. The
h →0 h
slope of this line at a point is also called the slope of the curve at the point
( x1 , f ( x1 )) and corresponds to the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect
to x at the point.

Equation of the Tangent Line

To find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the
point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), follow this 2-step process:
• Get the slope of the tangent line.
• Substitute this value of m and the coordinates of the known point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
into the point-slope form to get 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).

Example 1: Find the slope and equation of the tangent line to the graph of
f ( x) = 5x + 16 at x0 = 2 .
Find a point.
Solution: Find the slope.
𝑥 = 2
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
m = lim 𝑓(2) = 5(2) + 16 = 26
h →0 h
(𝟐, 𝟐𝟔)
m = lim
5( x + h) + 16 − (5x + 16)
h →0 h
Find the equation of the tangent line.
m = lim
5x + 5h + 16 − (5x + 16)
h→0 h mtan = 5 , (𝟐, 𝟐𝟔)

m = lim
5h
= lim 5 = 5 y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
h→0 h h→0
y − 26 = 5( x − 2)

y − 26 = 5 x − 10

y = 5 x − 10 + 26
Answer:
y = 5x + 16
Jhdelgado 33
Example 2: Find the slope and equation of the tangent line to
f ( x) = 4 x − 3x + 1 at x = −1 .
2

Solution: Find the slope.

f ( x + x) − f ( x)
m = lim
x →0 x

 4( x + x) 2 − 3( x + x) + 1 −  4 x 2 − 3x + 1

m = lim
x →0 x

 4 ( x 2 + 2 xx + x 2 ) − 3 ( x + x ) + 1 −  4 x 2 − 3 x + 1
m = lim    
x → 0 x

 4 x 2 + 8 xx + 4x 2 − 3x − 3x + 1 −  4 x 2 − 3x + 1

m = lim
x →0 x

8 xx + 4x 2 − 3x

m = lim
x →0 x Find a point.
x[8x + 4x − 3] x = −1
m = lim
x →0 x f (−1) = 4(−1) 2 − 3(−1) + 1 = 8

m = lim[8 x + 4x − 3] = 8 x − 3 (−1,8)

x → 0

at x = −1 m = 8(−1) − 3 = −11
 y

Find the equation of the .

tangent line. 


mtan = −11 , (−1,8)



y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) 

y − 8 = −11( x + 1) x

− − − −     
y − 8 = −11x − 11
Answer: y = −11x − 11 + 8

Normal line is a line that is perpendicular to the tangent line at the

point of tangency. Because the slopes of perpendicular lines (neither of
which is vertical) are negative reciprocals of one another, the slope of
the normal line to the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is .
Jhdelgado 34
Example 3: Find the slope and equation of the normal line to f ( x) = 4 x 2 − 3x + 1 at
x = −1 .

Solution: Find the slope. Find a point.

1 x = −1
mtan = −11 and mnormal =
11 f (−1) = 4(−1) 2 − 3(−1) + 1 = 8

(−1,8)
Find the equation of the
tangent line.
mtan = −11 , mtan = −11
 y

.
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) 


1 
y − 8 = ( x + 1)
11 


x 1
y −8 = + 
11 11 
x
x 1 88
y= + + − − − −     
11 11 11

Answer: y=
x 89
+
11 11

Example 4: Determine the values of x where a curve 𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 9𝑥 + 12 has

horizontal tangent lines.
f ( x + h ) − f ( x)
Solution: m = lim
h →0 h

( x + h )3 − 3( x + h)2 − 9( x + h) + 12 −  x3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 12 
m = lim    
h →0 h

( x 3 + 3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 ) − 3( x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 ) − 9 x − 9h + 12  −  x 3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 12 
m = lim    
h →0 h

 x3 + 3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 − 3x 2 − 6 xh − 3h 2 − 9 x − 9h + 12  −  x 3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 12 
m = lim 
h →0 h

Jhdelgado 35
 3x 2 h + 3xh 2 + h3 − 6 xh − 3h 2 − 9h 
m = lim
h →0 h

h  3x 2 + 3xh + h 2 − 6 x − 3h − 9 
m = lim
h →0 h

m = lim ( 3x2 + 3xh + h2 − 6 x − 3h − 9 )

h→0

m = 3x 2 − 6 x − 9

When the tangent line is horizontal its slope is equal to zero ( mtan = 0 ).

m = 3x 2 − 6 x − 9 = 0

3( x 2 − 2 x − 3) = 0

3( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0

x = 3 or x = −1

Answer: The curve 𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 9𝑥 + 12 has horizontal tangent lines

at x = 3 and x = −1 .

Equation of Vertical Tangent Lines

Let 𝑓 be a function that is continuous at 𝑥0 . Assuming that the

tangent line to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is vertical, then
its equation is 𝑥 = 𝑥0 .

C. The Definition of the Derivative

Definition of the Derivative

Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval I ⊆ R, and let 𝑥1 ∈ I. The
derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥1 is defined to be
𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙𝟏)
𝒇 ′(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ,
𝒙→𝒙𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏

if this limit exists. That is, the derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥1 is the slope of the tangent
line at (𝑥1, f(𝑥1)), if it exists.

That is, the derivative of 𝑓 is equal to the slope of the tangent line at (𝑥1, f(𝑥1 ))
𝒇′ = 𝒎𝒕𝒂𝒏

Jhdelgado 36
 Alternative Definition of the Derivative
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval I ⊆ R, and let x ∈ I. The
𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙)
derivative of 𝑓 at x is defined to be 𝒇 ′(𝒙𝟎 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 , if this limit
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
exists.

The derivative of a function f is a new function y ' = f '( x) . The domain of

this new function is the set of all points at which the specified limit exists. Its
value at x is f '( x) . The function f '( x) is called the derivative of f with respect to
x . The function f is differentiable at its domain x , if f '( x) exists for all x in the
domain of f . The process of getting f '( x) is called differentiation.

Example 5: Use the definition of derivative to differentiate y = 3x − 1 .

dy f ( x + x) − f ( x)
Solution: = lim
dx x →0 x

dy
= lim
3( x + x) −1 − 3x −1
dx x→0 x

dy
= lim
3x + 3x − 1 − 3x − 1
dx x→0 x
dy 3x
= lim
dx x→0 x
dy
=3
dx

Example 6: Use the definition of derivative to differentiate f ( x) = x 2 − 3x + 2 .

1
Evaluate the following f '(2) , f '(−1) and f '   .
2
f ( x + x) − f ( x)
Solution: f '( x) = lim
x →0 x
( x + x) 2 − 3( x + x) + 2  −  x 2 − 3x + 2 
f '( x) = lim
x →0 x

 x 2 + 2 xx + x 2 − 3x − 3x + 2  −  x 2 − 3x + 2 
f '( x) = lim
x →0 x

Jhdelgado 37
 2 xx + x 2 − 3x
f '( x) = lim
x →0 x
x ( 2 x + x − 3)
f '( x) = lim
x →0 x
f '( x) = lim 2 x + x − 3
x →0

f '( x) = 2 x − 3

1
Evaluate f '( x) = 2 x − 3 when x = 2, -1 and .
2
f '(2) = 2(2) − 3 = 4 − 3 = 1

f '(−1) = 2(−1) − 3 = −2 − 3 = −5

1 1
f '   = 2   − 3 = 1 − 3 = −2
2 2

2x
Example 7: Use the definition of derivative to differentiate f ( x) = .
x +1
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Solution: f '( x) = lim
h→0 h
2( x + h) 2x
−
( x + h) + 1 x + 1
f '( x) = lim
h→0 h

 2 x + 2h  x + 1  2 x  x + h + 1    1 
f '( x) = lim   −     
h →0 x + h + 1
  x + 1  x + 1  x + h + 1   h 

 ( 2 x + 2h )( x + 1) − 2 x( x + h + 1)   1 
f '( x) = lim    
h→0
 ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)   h 

f '( x) = lim 
( )
 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2hx + 2h − (2 x 2 + 2hx + 2 x)   1 
  
h →0
 ( x + h + 1)( x + 1)   h 

 2h  1 2 2
f '( x) = lim      = lim =
h→0 ( x + h + 1)( x + 1) ( x + h + 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 1)
   h  h →0

2
f '( x) =
( x + 1)
2

Jhdelgado 38
Example 8: Use the definition of derivative to differentiate f ( x) = x + 2 .
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
Solution: f '( x) = lim
h→0 h

x+h+2 − x+2 x+h+2 + x+2

f '( x) = lim 
h →0 h x+h+2 + x+2

f '( x) = lim
( x + h + 2) − ( x + 2)
h →0
h ( x+h+2 + x+2 )
h
f '( x) = lim
h→0
h ( x+h+2 + x+2 )
1
f '( x) = lim
h →0 x+h+2 + x+2
1
f '( x) =
2 x+2

Existence of Derivative
The derivative of a does not exist under the following conditions:
1) The limit of a function at a specified value of x does not exist.
2) At points where the function itself is not defined.
3) At “corners” or sharp points on a graph.
4) When the graph has a vertical tangent.

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY OF A PARTICLE IN RECTILINEAR MOTION

The derivative of a function is also interpreted as the instantaneous rate
of change. We discuss here a particular quantity which is important in physics –
the instantaneous velocity of a moving particle.
Suppose that an object or a particle starts from a fixed point 𝐴 and
moves along a straight line towards a point B. Suppose also that its position
ശሬሬሬሬԦ at time 𝑡 is 𝑠. Then the motion of the particle is completely described
along line 𝐴𝐵
by the position function 𝑠 = 𝑠(𝑡), 𝑡 ≥ 0 and since the particle moves along a line,
it is said to be in rectilinear motion.

Example 9: Suppose that a particle moves along a line with position function
𝑠(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 5𝑡 + 1 where 𝑠 is in meters and 𝑡 is in seconds.
2

Jhdelgado 39
 a. What is its initial position?
b. Where is it located after 𝑡 = 1 second?
c. At what time is the particle at position 𝑠 = 4?
d. What is the average velocity of the particle on the time interval [1, 3]?
e. What is the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t = 1 second?
f. What is the instantaneous velocity of the particle at t = 3 seconds?

Solution:
a) The initial position corresponds to the particle’s location when t = 0.
𝑠(0) = 2(0)2 + 5(0) + 1 = 1 meter
b) After 1 second, it can now be found at position
𝑠(1) = 2(1)2 + 5(1) + 1 = 8 meters

c) We equate 𝑠 (𝑡 ) = 2𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 + 1 = 4.
2𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 3 = 0
(2𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 + 3) = 0
1
𝑡= or 𝑡 = −3
2
𝟏
Since time cannot be negative, we choose 𝒕 = second.
𝟐

Average velocity Instantaneous velocity

displacement Let 𝑠(𝑡) denote the position of a
Average velocity =
time elapsed
𝑠(𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 )−𝑠(𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )
particle that moves along a straight
Average velocity = line at each time t ≥ 0. The
𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 −𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
instantaneous velocity of the particle at
𝑠(𝑡)−𝑠(𝑡0 )
time 𝑡 = 𝑡0 is 𝑠′(𝑡0 ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 if
𝑡→𝑡0 𝑡−𝑡0
this limit exists.

𝑠(3)−𝑠(1) [2(3)2 + 5(3)+ 1] − [2(1)2 + 5(1) + 1] 34−8 26

d) 𝑣 = = = = = 𝟏𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
3−1 3−1 2 2

Instantaneous velocity
𝑠(𝑡+∆𝑡)−𝑠(𝑡)
𝑠′(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

Jhdelgado 40
 [2(𝑡+∆𝑡)2 +5(𝑡+∆𝑡)+1]−[2𝑡 2 +5𝑡+1]
𝑠′(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

[2(𝑡 2 +2𝑡∆𝑡+∆𝑡 2 )+5(𝑡+∆𝑡)+1]−[2𝑡2 +5𝑡+1]

𝑠′(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

[2𝑡 2 +4𝑡∆𝑡+2∆𝑡 2 +5𝑡+5∆𝑡+1]−[2𝑡 2 +5𝑡+1]

𝑠′(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

[4𝑡∆𝑡+2∆𝑡 2 +5∆𝑡]
𝑠′(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

∆𝑡[4𝑡+2∆𝑡+5]
𝑠 ′ (𝑡 ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [4𝑡 + 2∆𝑡 + 5] = 4𝑡 + 5
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡→0

e) The instantaneous velocity of the particle at t = 1 second is

𝑠 ′ (1) = 4(1) + 5 = 𝟗 𝒎/𝒔

f) The instantaneous velocity of the particle at t = 3 seconds is

𝑠 ′ (3) = 4(3) + 5 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 124 – 150

IV. Activity Proper

1. Directions: Read pages 124 – 150 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material

2. Exercises (MELCs 11 to 13)

A. Construct tangent lines at the labeled points.

Jhdelgado 41
 B. Find the slope and the standard (slope-intercept form) equation of the
tangent line to the following:

1. f(x) = 7 + 6x at x = 3

2. f(x) = x2 – 3x + 2 at x = 4

3. f(x) = x3 + 8 at x = -2

C. Find the slope and the standard (slope-intercept form) equation of the
normal line to the following:

1. f(x) = 2x2 − 3x + 4 at x = 5

2. f(x) = 2x − x2 at x = −1

D. Find the derivative of the following functions using the definition of

derivative.

1. f(x) = 3x + 7 ; f’(x)

2. f(x) = 8 – 2x ; f’(x)

3. f(x) = x2 + 10 ; f’(x)

𝑥+1
4. f(x) = ; f’(x)
𝑥−2

5. f(x) = ξ𝑥 − 3 ; f’(x)

E. Suppose that the total revenue, R(x) (in pesos), from the sale of x
products is given by

R(x) = 2x2 − 2x + 3. Find the following:

1) The average rate of change of the revenue in the interval:

a. [10, 50]

b. [10, 100]

c. [0, 100]

Jhdelgado 42
 2) Find the instantaneous rate of change of the revenue at:

a. x = 10

b. x = 100

3. Guide Questions

Express what you have learned in this lesson by answering the questions
below.
1. How do you find the slope of a tangent line to the graph of a function at a
point?
2) How do you find the equation of the tangent line to the curve (function) at a
point?
3) How do you find the slope and equation of a normal line to the function at a
point?
4) Are average rate of change and instantaneous rate of change the same? If not
how do they differ?
5) What is the relationship of the slope of the tangent line at a point and the
derivative of the function?

Reflection
1. What challenges did you encounter in this activity sheet? How did you
overcome these challenges?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/calculus/calculus/applications-of-
the-derivative/tangent-and-normal-
lines#:~:text=The%20normal%20line%20is%20defined,%2F%20f%E2%80%B2(x).

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

Jhdelgado 43
 LAS 6 Rules of Differentiation

I. Learning Competency with Code

✓ determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a
function (STEM_BC11D - IIIf-1) (MELC 14)
✓ apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic,
exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions (MELC 15)

II. Background Information for Learners

A. Differentiability Implies Continuity

The difference between continuity and differentiability is a critical issue.
Most, but not all, of the functions we encounter in calculus will be differentiable
over their entire domain. Before we can confidently apply the rules regarding
derivatives, we need to be able to recognize the exceptions to the rule.

Definition 1 (Continuity at a Number).

A function 𝑓 is continuous at a number 𝑐 if all of the following conditions are
satisfied:
(i) f (c) is defined;

(ii) lim f ( x) exists; and

x →c

(iii) lim f ( x) = f (c) .

x →c

If at least one of these conditions is not satisfied, the function is said to be

discontinuous at 𝑐.

Definition 2 (Continuity on ℝ).

A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous everywhere if 𝑓 is continuous at every real
number.

Definition 3

A function 𝑓 is differentiable at the number 𝑐 if f '( x) = lim f (c + h) − f (c) exists.

h→0 h

Theorem: If a function 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑎, then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑎.

Jhdelgado 44
 Remark 1:
1. If 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, it does not mean that 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
2. If 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
3. If 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎, it does not mean that 𝑓 is not continuous
at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
4. A function 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if one of the following is true:
(a) 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
(b) the graph of 𝑓 has a vertical tangent line at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
(c) the graph of 𝑓 has a corner or cusp at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

 x2 − 4
The function f ( x) =  x − 2
if x ≠ 2
Example 1: is continuous at x = 2 since f(2) = 4
4
 if x = 2
and lim f ( x) = 4
x→2

 x3 , x 1
Example 2: The function f ( x) =  is not continuous at x = 1 since
x +1 , x  1
lim f ( x) = 2
x →1−

while lim f ( x) = 1 . Since 𝑓 is not continuous at x = 1, it cannot be

x →1+

differentiable at x = 1.

3 x , x  0
Example 3: The function f ( x) =  is a continuous at x = 0 since lim− f ( x) =
4 x , x  0 x →0

lim f ( x) = 0 .
x → 0+

However, this function is not differentiable at x = 0.

Note, f ( x) = 3x and f ( x) = 4 x has derivatives f '( x) = 3 and f '( x) = 4
respectively.
Graphically, a corner is found at x = 0.

Jhdelgado 45
B. The Differentiation Rules

1) Constant Rule:
If f ( x) = c , where c is any real number, then f '( x) = 0
The derivative of a constant is 0.
dy d
= (c ) = 0
or dx dx

Example 5: If f ( x) = 10 , then f '( x) = 0

If f ( x) =  , then f '( x) = 0

2) Power Rule
n −1
If f ( x) = x for any number n, then f '( x) = nx
n

The derivative of f ( x) = x is found by multiplying the exponent n to x raised to n –

n

1.
dy d n
= ( x ) = nx n−1 where n>0
dx dx

or

8−1
If f ( x) = x , then f '( x) = 8 x = 8x7
8
Example 6:

1 3
If f ( x) = 3 or
f ( x) = x −3 , then f '( x) = −3x−3−1 = −3x−4 = − 4
x x
1
1 13 −1 1 −32 1
If y = x or y = x , then
3
y ' =3 x = x or y ' =
3 3 3 3 x2

3) Constant Times a Function

Let c be any constant. If g ( x) = cf ( x) then g '( x) = cf '( x)
The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of
the function.

If f ( x) = 8 x , then f '( x) = 8 ( 3x3−1 ) = 24 x 2

3
Example 7:
If y = 32 or y = 3x , then y ' = 3 ( −2 x −2−1 ) = −6 x −3 or y ' = − 63
−2

x x

Jhdelgado 46
 4) Sum or Difference Rule
If f ( x) = u ( x)  v( x) , then f '( x) = u '( x)  v '( x)
The derivative of a sum or difference of functions is the sum or difference of their
derivatives.
dy d du dv
= (u  v) = 
dx dx dx dx
or

If f ( x) = 8 x + 2 x , then f '( x) = 8 ( 3x3−1 ) + 2 ( 4 x 4−1 ) = 24 x 2 + 8 x3

3 4
Example 8:
If f ( x) = 2 x − 3x , then f '( x) = 2 ( 3x3−1 ) − 3 (1x1−1 ) = 6 x 2 − 3
3

5) Product Rule
If f ( x) = u ( x)  v( x) and u '( x) and v '( x) both exist, then
f '( x) = u ( x)  v '( x) + v( x)  u '( x)
The derivative of a product of two functions is equal to the first function times the
derivative of the second, plus the second function times the derivative of the
first.

dy d dv du
= (u  v) = u +v
or dx dx dx dx

Example 9: If f ( x) = ( 3x + 5 )(8 x − 9 ) , Let

then f '( x) = ( 3x + 5 )(8 ) + (8 x − 9 )( 3) u(x) = 3x + 5 ; u′ (x) = 3

f '( x) = ( 24 x + 40 ) + ( 24 x − 27 ) v(x) = 8x – 9 ; v ′ (x) = 8

f '( x) = 48x + 13

( 4
)
If f ( x) = x + 5 x ( 2 x − 1) ,
Let

u(x) = x4 + 5x ; u′ (x) = 4𝑥 3 + 5
then f '( x) = ( x 4 + 5 x ) ( 2 ) + ( 2 x − 1) ( 4 x3 + 5 )
v(x) = 2x – 1 ; v ′ (x) = 2
f '( x) = ( 2 x + 10 x ) + ( 8 x + 10 x − 4 x − 5 )
4 4 3

f '( x) = 10 x 4 − 4 x3 + 20 x − 5

6) Quotient Rule
u ( x)
If f ( x) = , if both u '( x) and v '( x) exist, and if v '( x)  0 , then
v( x)
v( x)  u '( x) − u ( x)  v '( x)
f '( x) =
 v( x) 
2

The derivative of a quotient is obtained as follows: the denominator times the

Jhdelgado 47
 derivative of the numerator, minus the numerator times the derivative of the
denominator, all divided by the square of the denominator.

du dv
v −u
dy d  u  dx dx
=  =
or dx dx  v  v2

(1) − 1 ( x 2 )
d d
x2  Let
dy
Example 10: If y = 12 , then = dx dx
x dx (x )
2 2 u(x) = 1 ; u′ (x) = 0

dy x  ( 0 ) − 1 ( 2 x )
2 v(x) = x2 ; v ′ (x) = 2𝑥
= −2x 2
= 4 =−
dx x4 x x3

x2 + 5x dy (
x − 8) 
d 2
( x + 5x ) − ( x 2 + 5x )  ( x − 8)
d
If y = , then = dx dx
x −8 dx ( x − 8)
2

Let
dy ( x − 8)( 2 x + 5) − ( x2 + 5x ) (1) u(x) = x2 + 5x ; u′ (x) = 2𝑥 + 5
=
( x − 8)
2
dx
v(x) = x – 8 ; v ′ (x) = 1
dy ( 2 x + 5 x − 16 x − 40 ) − ( x + 5 x )
2 2

=
( x − 8)
2
dx

dy x 2 − 16 x − 40
=
dx x 2 − 16 x + 64

7) Extended Power Rule

Suppose f ( x) is a function of x, then for any real number n,
Dx  f ( x)  = n  f ( x)   Dx  f ( x ) 
n n −1

d n −1 du
u  = n u  
n

or dx dx

( )
3
If f ( x) = 2 x + 7 ,
5
Example 11: Let u = 2x5 + 7 and
𝑑𝑢
= 10𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥

( )  (10 x )
3−1
then f '( x) = 3 2 x + 7
5 4

f '( x) = 30 x 4 ( 2 x5 + 7 )
2

( )
1

, then f '( x) = (1 − x )  ( −2 x )
1 2 2 −1
If f ( x) = 1 − x or f ( x) = 1 − x
2 2 2

2
Jhdelgado 48
 1
f '( x) = − x (1 − x )
2 −2

x
f '( x) = −
1 − x2
8) Derivatives of trigonometric functions

Dx ( sin x ) = cos x Dx (tan x) = sec2 x Dx (sec x) = sec x tan x

Dx ( cos x ) = − sin x Dx (cot x) = − csc2 x Dx (csc x) = − csc x cot x

Example 12: If f ( x) = 4 cos x , then f '( x) = 4 ( − sin x ) = −4sin x

If f ( x) = csc x + 2sec x , then f '( x) = − csc x cot x + 2sec x tan x

If f ( x) = x sin x , then f '( x) = x  cos x + sin x 1 = x cos x + sin x

If f ( x) = sin x , then f '( x) = x cos x −2sin x(1) = x cos x 2− sin x

x x x

Let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥.

d du d du d du
( sin u ) = cos u ( tan u ) = sec2 u ( sec u ) = sec u tan u
dx dx dx dx dx dx
d du d du d du
( cos u ) = − sin u ( cot u ) = − csc2 u ( csc u ) = − csc u cot u
dx dx dx dx dx dx

Example 13: If f ( x) = sin 8 x , 𝑑𝑢

Let u = 8x and =8
𝑑𝑥

then f '( x) = cos8x  8

f '( x) = 8cos8 x

If f ( x) = 5cos3x ,
2
𝑑𝑢
Let u = 3x2 and = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥

then f '( x) = 5(− sin 3x 2 )  6 x

f '( x) = −30 x sin 3x 2

Jhdelgado 49
 If f ( x) = tan x ,
3 𝑑𝑢
Let u = x3 and = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

then f '( x) = sec x  3x

2 3 2

f '( x) = 3x 2 sec2 x3

9) Derivative of exponential and logarithmic functions

If f ( x) = e , then f '( x) = e .
x x

If f ( x) = 5e , then f '( x) = 5e x
x
Example 14:

If f ( x) = 3xe , then f '( x) = 3  x  3e3 x + e3 x 1

3x

f '( x) = 3e3 x ( 3x + 1)

Let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥.

d u
dx
( e ) = eu
du
dx
d
dx
( ln u ) =
1 du
u dx
d u
dx
( b ) = bu  ln b
du
dx
d
dx
( logb u ) =
1 du
u ln b dx

𝑑𝑢
Let u = sin x and 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥
Example 15: If y=e sin x
,

then dy = esin x  cos x = cos x  esin x

dx

If y = 5 , then dy
x
= 5x  ln 5  (1) = 5x  ln 5 = ln 5  5x
dx

If y = log 2 x , then dy
=
1
(1) =
1
dx x ln 2 x ln 2

Jhdelgado 50
III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites
BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 151 – 168

IV. Activity Proper

1. Directions: Read pages 151 – 168 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material

2. Exercises (MELCs 14 to 15)

A. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is not.

1. A function that is continuous at x = a must be differentiable at x = a.

2. A function that is not continuous at x = a must not be differentiable at x = a.

3. A function that is not differentiable at x = a must not be continuous at x = a.

4. A function that is differentiable at x = a must not be continuous at x = a.

5. When the graph of a function has a vertical tangent line at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then it is

differentiable at x = a.

B. Solve for the derivatives of the following functions.

1. 𝑦 = 9 2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ξ𝑥

3. 𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 2ξ𝑥 4. 𝑦 = 4𝑥5

5. 𝑦 = −6𝑥 6. 𝑦 = 5𝑥3 − 3𝑥2

𝑥−3
7. 𝑦 = 6𝑥5 + 5𝑥4 − 3𝑥2 + 7 8. 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +1

9. 𝑦 = (6𝑥3 − 𝑥)(2 − 5𝑥) 10. 𝑦 = (𝑥3 − 2𝑥)(2 − 3𝑥3)

C. Solve for the derivatives of the following functions.

1. 𝑦 = x sin(3x) 2. 𝑦 = 2tan(3x + 1)

3. 𝑦 = cos(x2) 4. 𝑦 = csc(3x2)

5. 𝑦 = -2sec(4x)

D. Solve for the derivatives of the following functions.

Jhdelgado 51
 1. 𝑦 = ln (3x2) 2. 𝑦 = ln (3 – 4x)

3. 𝑦 = ecos2x 4. 𝑦 = log3 x

5. 𝑦 = 4x + 6x

3. Guide Questions

Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

1. The derivative of a constant is _________.
2. The derivative of the nth power of a variable is the product of _________ and the
_________ power of the variable.
3. The derivative of a sum of a finite number of differentiable functions is a ___________
of the derivatives, and the derivative of the difference equals the difference of the
derivatives.
4. The derivative of a product of two functions is the first function times the ___________
of the second plus the second function times the derivative of the first.
5. The derivative of a quotient of two functions is the denominator times the
____________ of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the
denominator divided by the ____________ of the denominator.
6. 𝐷𝑥(sec 𝑥) = __________
7. 𝐷𝑥(cot 𝑥) = __________
8. 𝐷𝑥(tan 𝑥) = __________
9. 𝐷𝑥(log 𝑏 𝑥) = __________
10. 𝐷𝑥(ex) = __________

Reflection
1. What challenges did you encounter in this activity sheet? How did you
overcome these challenges?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

LAS 7 Higher-Order Derivatives and

Jhdelgado 52
 Optimization Problems
I. Learning Competency with Code
✓ compute higher-order derivatives of functions
✓ illustrate the Extreme Value Theorem (MELC 16)
✓ solve optimization problems that yield polynomial functions (MELC 17)

II. Background Information for Learners

A. HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS

➢ If a function f ( x) has a derivative f '( x) , then the derivative of f '( x) , if it
exists, is called the second derivative of f ( x) , written f ''( x) (read as “f double
prime of x”). The derivative of f ''( x) , f it exists, is called the third derivative of
f ( x) written f '''( x) , and so on.
y = f ( x)
dy
First derivative y' = = f '( x) = Dx y
dx

d2y
Second derivative y '' = 2
= f ''( x) = Dx2 y
dx

d3y
Third derivative y ''' = 3 = f '''( x) = Dx3 y
dx

d4y
Fourth derivative 4
= f 4 ( x) = Dx4 y
dx
d5y
Fifth derivative 5
= f 5 ( x) = Dx5 y
dx

Example 1: Find the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh
derivatives of f ( x) = 2 x + 3x − 4 x + 6 .
7 5

f ( x) = 2 x 7 + 3x 5 − 4 x + 6

Solution: First derivative f '( x) = 14 x6 + 15x 4 − 4

Second derivative f ''( x) = 84 x5 + 60 x3

Third derivative f '''( x) = 420 x 4 + 180 x 2

Fourth derivative f (4) ( x) = 1680 x3 + 360 x

Fifth derivative f (5) ( x) = 5040 x 2 + 360

Jhdelgado 53
 Sixth derivative f (6) ( x) = 10080 x

Seventh derivative f (7) ( x) = 10080

Example 2: Find the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh
derivatives of f ( x) = ( 2 x + 1) .
5

f ( x) = ( 2 x + 1)
5

Solution: First derivative f '( x) = 5 ( 2 x + 1) (2) = 10 ( 2 x + 1)

4 4

Second derivative f ''( x) = 40 ( 2 x + 1) (2) = 80 ( 2 x + 1)

3 3

Third derivative f '''( x) = 240 ( 2 x + 1) (2) = 480 ( 2 x + 1)

2 2

Fourth derivative f (4) ( x) = 960 ( 2 x + 1) (2) = 1920 ( 2 x + 1)

1

= 3840 x + 1920

Fifth derivative f (5) ( x) = 3840

Sixth derivative f (6) ( x) = 0

Seventh derivative f (7) ( x) = 0

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
The first and second derivatives of a function are the tools of calculus used
to find the smallest and the largest values of the function and to determine the
behavior of its graph.

CRITICAL POINTS AND POINTS WHERE EXTREMA OCCUR

Increasing and Decreasing Functions
➢ If the graph of a function rises from left to right over an interval I, it is said to
be increasing over I.
➢ If the graph drops from left to right over an interval I, it is said to be
decreasing over I.

Critical Numbers
➢ A critical number of a function is any number c in the domain of f at which
the function has a horizontal tangent or at which the derivative does not exist.
➢ That is, c is a critical number of the graph of f if f’(c)=0 or f’(c) does not exist.
➢ Critical numbers are values of x where the derivative f’(x) can change signs
from negative to positive.
Jhdelgado 54
 ➢ If the critical numbers of a polynomial function are used to determine the
open interval on a number line, then the sign of the derivative at any number
in an interval will be the same all throughout the interval.

The Shape Principle

➢ Suppose f is a continuous function over an interval [a, b] that has a finite
number of critical points c1, c2, c3, …, cn. Then, consecutively, between the
endpoints and the critical points a, c1, c2, c3, …, cn, b, the function is either
increasing or decreasing.

Absolute Maximum
➢ A function f(x) is said to reach its absolute maximum at x = x 0 if f(x0) ≥ f(x)
for all x in the domain of f(x).
➢ f(x0) is the absolute maximum.

Absolute Minimum
➢ A function f(x) is said to reach its absolute minimum at x = x0 if f(x0) ≤ f(x) for
all x in the domain of f(x).
➢ f(x0) is the absolute minimum.

Fermat’s Theorem
Let f be continuous on an open interval I containing x0. If f has an extremum
at x0, then x0 must be a critical point of f.

The Extreme-Value Theorem

Let f be a function which is continuous on a closed and bounded interval [a,
b]. Then the extreme values (maximum and minimum) of f always exist, and they
occur either at the endpoints or at the critical points of f.

Maximum-Minimum Principle I
Suppose f is a continuous function over an interval [a, b].
To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function on [a, b]:
i) Find f’(x).
ii) Find the critical numbers.
iii) Determine the endpoints and the critical numbers of f in the interval.
iv) Find the function values at the numbers in part (iii)

Jhdelgado 55
Concavity of the Graph
➢ We use the first derivative to show where the function is increasing or
decreasing and where the extrema occur.
➢ The second derivative gives the rate of change of the first derivative. It indicates
how fast the function is increasing or decreasing. The rate of change of the first
derivative affects the behavior of the curve.
➢ A function is concave upward over the interval (a, b) if the graph of the function
lies above its tangent line at each point of (a, b).
➢ A function is concave downward over the interval (a, b) if the graph of the
function lies below its tangent line at each point of (a, b).
➢ A point where the graph changes its concavity is called a point of inflection.

Test for Concavity

➢ Let f be a function with derivatives f ' and f '' existing at all points over the
interval (a, b). It is to be concave up over the interval (a, b), if f ''( x)  0 for all x in
(a, b) and concave down on (a, b) if f ''( x)  0 for all x in (a, b).
➢ A point of inflection or an inflection point is a point across which the direction
of the concavity changes. The second derivative is 0 or does not exist at a point
of inflection for a function f .

Example 3: Find all critical points of the given function.

a) f(x) = 3x2 – 3x + 10
b) f(x) = x3 – 6x2

Solution: a) f(x) = 3x2 – 3x + 10

f’(x) = 6x – 3 = 0
3(2x – 1) = 0
1
Answer: x=
2

b) f(x) = x3 – 6x2
f’(x) = 3x2 – 12x = 0
3x(x – 4) = 0
Answer: x = 0 or x = 4

Example 4: Find the extrema of the given functions on the interval [-1, 5].
a) f(x) = 3x2 – 3x + 10
b) f(x) = x3 – 6x2

Solution:
a) f(x) = 3x2 – 3x + 10
f’(x) = 6x – 3 = 0
3(2x – 1) = 0
x -1 1/2 5
Jhdelgado f(x) 16 9.25 70 56
 1
x=
2

1 1 1 37
f( ) = 3( )2 – 3( ) + 10 = or 9.25
2 2 2 4
f(−1) = 3(−1)2 – 3(−1) + 10 = 16
f(5) = 3(5)2 – 3(5) + 10 = 70

Answer: The minimum of f occurs at x = ½ and has a value of 37/4 or 9.25.

b) f(x) = x3 – 6x2
f’(x) = 3x2 – 12x = 0
3x(x – 4) = 0 x -1 0 4 5
x = 0 or x = 4 f(x) -7 0 -32 -25

f(0) = (0)3 – 6(0)2 = 0

f(4) = (4)3 – 6(4)2 = -32
f(-1) = (-1)3 – 6(-1)2 = -7
f(5) = (5)3 – 6(5)2 = -25
Answer: The minimum of f occurs at x = 4 and has a value of -32 while its
maximum occurs at x = 0 and has a value of 0.

Example 5: Given the function f ( x) = x + 6 x + 9 x , answer the following.

3 2

a) Find the open intervals where the given function is increasing or decreasing.
b) Locate all critical points (where the tangent line is horizontal).
c) Find the open intervals where the given function is concave up or concave
down.
d) Find the point of inflection.
e) Graph the function.

Solution: First, find the first derivative of the function.

f ( x) = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 9 x
f '( x) = 3x 2 + 12 x + 9
The first derivative of the function is the same as the slope of the tangent
line to the curve. At the turning point of the graph (critical number), the tangent
line is horizontal, its slope is zero.
mT = 3( x2 + 4 x + 3) = 0
3( x + 3)( x + 1) = 0
Critical points: (-1, -4) and (-3, 0)
Critical numbers: x = −3, x = −1 f (−1) = (−1) + 6(−1)2 + 9(−1) = −4
3

-3 -1 f (−3) = (−3)3 + 6(−3) 2 + 9(−3) = 0

Jhdelgado 57
Intervals: (−, −3), (−3, −1), (−1, +)

Pick a number from the interval

and determine the sign of the
first derivative.

This time, find the second derivative of the function.

f '( x) = 3x 2 + 12 x + 9
f ''( x) = 6 x + 12 Critical point/Point of inflection: (-2, -2)
6( x + 2) = 0
x = −2 f (−2) = (−2)3 + 6(−2) 2 + 9(−2) = −2
Critical number:
-2

Intervals: (−, −2),(−2, +)

Pick a number from the interval

and determine the sign of the
second derivative.

Sketch the graph.

f ( x) = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 9 x

maximum

Point of
inflection

minimum

D. OPTIMIZATION: APPLICATION OF EXTREMA TO WORD PROBLEMS

Jhdelgado 58
 Many real-life situations require us to find a value that best suits our
needs. If we are given several options for the value of a variable x, how do we
choose the “best value?” Such a problem is classified as an optimization problem.
We now apply our previous discussion to finding extremum values of a function
to solve some optimization problems.

Recall: Writing Mathematical Model

Example 6: For each of the following, provide a model that depicts the first
quantity being
expressed as a function of the other quantities.

a) The product P of a given number x and the number which is two units
bigger.
Answer: P(x) = x(x + 2) = x2 + 2x
b) The volume V of a sphere of a given radius r .
4
Answer: V(r) = πr3
3

c) The volume V of a right circular cone with radius 3cm and a given height h .
1
Answer: V(h) = π(3)2h = 3πh
3

d. The volume of the resulting open-top box when identical squares with side x
are cut off from the four corners of a 4 meter by 5 meter aluminum sheet and
the sides are then turned up .
Answer: V(x) = x(4 − 2x)(5 − 2x).

Suggested Steps in Solving Optimization Problems

1. If possible, draw a diagram of the problem.
2. Assign variables to all unknown quantities involved.
3. Specify the objective function. This function must be continuous.
a) Identify the quantity, say q, to be maximized or minimized.
b) Formulate an equation involving q and other quantities.
Express q in terms of a single variable, say x. If necessary, use
the information given and relationships between quantities to
eliminate some variables.
c) The objective function is maximize q = f(x) or minimize q = f(x).
Jhdelgado 59
 4. Determine the domain or constraints of q from the physical restrictions of the
problem. The domain must be a closed and bounded interval.
5. Use appropriate theorems involving extrema to solve the problem. Make sure
to give the exact answer (with appropriate units) to the question.

Example 7: Find two positive real numbers x and y such that their sum is 80
and their product is as large as possible.

Solution: x + y = 80 

y = 80 − x

P = xy

P( x) = x(80 − x)

P( x) = 80 x − x 2

 
P '( x) = 80 − 2 x P ''( x) = −2
80 − 2 x = 0 −2  0
80 = 2x

40 = x

Answer:
The product of the two number is maximum
when x = 40 and y = 40.

Example 8: The product of two positive numbers is 2 304. Find the numbers so
that their sum
is a minimum.
Solution: P = xy 

P = xy = 2304

2304
y=
x

Jhdelgado 60
 S = x+ y

2304
S ( x) = x +
x

x 2 + 2304
S ( x) =
x

 

x(2 x) − ( x 2 + 2304)(1) S ''( x) =

x 2 (2 x) − ( x 2 − 2304)(2 x)
S '( x) = x4
x2
2 x3 − 2 x3 + 4608 x
2 x 2 − x 2 − 2304 S ''( x) =
S '( x) = x4
x2
4608
x 2 − 2304 S ''( x) =
S '( x) = x3
x2

x 2 − 2304
=0 S ''(48) =
4608 1
= 0
x2 (48)3 24
x 2 − 2304 = 0

x = 2304
2

x = 48
x = 48 Answer:
( The sum of the two number is
minimum when x = 48 and y =
2304
= 48.
48

Example 9: An open rectangular box is to be constructed by cutting square

corners out of a 16 by 16 piece of cardboard and folding up the flaps. Find the
height of an open box for which the volume will be as large as possible.

Solution:
Let x be the height of an open box

16 − 2x be the length of an open box

16 − 2x be the width of an open box

V = lwh volume of a rectangular prism/box

Jhdelgado 61
 V ( x) = x (16 − 2 x )(16 − 2 x )

V ( x) = x ( 256 − 64 x + 4 x 2 )

V ( x) = 256 x − 64 x 2 + 4 x3


V ''( x) = −128 + 24 x


V '( x) = 256 −128 x + 12 x 2

0 = 256 −128 x +12 x 2 V ''(8) = −128 + 24(8) = 64  0
0 = 4(64 − 32 x + 3 x 2 ) 8 8
V ''   = −128 + 24   = −64  0
0 = 4(8 − 3x)(8 − x) 3 3

8 
x= or x = 8
3 

Answer:
Thus, the volume of the box is maximum
when the height of an open box (length of the
square cut from the corners) is 8/3 or 2
2/3 meters.

Example 9: A farmer has 800 m of fencing material to enclose a rectangular

pen adjacent to a long existing wall. He will use the wall for one side of the pen
and the available fencing material for the remaining three sides. What is the
maximum area that can be enclosed this way?

Solution:
P = l + 2w

l + 2w = 800

l = 800 − 2w

A = lw area of a rectangle
A( w) = w ( 800 − 2 w ) area of a rectangle in terms of the width, w

A( w) = 800w − 2w2

 
Jhdelgado 62
A ''( w) = −4

A ''(200) = −4
 A '(w) = 800 − 4w

0 = 800 − 4w

4w = 800

w = 200
l = 800 − 2(200) = 400

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 169 – 184, 185 – 192

IV. Activity Proper

1. Directions: Read pages 169 – 184, 185 – 192 of BASIC CALCULUS
Learner’s Material

2. Exercises (MELCs 16 and 17)

A. Find the extrema of the given functions in the specified interval.
1. f(x) = x2 + 5 on [1, 10]
2. f(x) = x2 – 6x + 5 on [0, 10]
3. f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 1 on [-3, 1]
4. f(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 – 12x2 + 24 on [-3, 2]
5. f(x) = x4 – 18x2 + 4 on [-4, 5]
B. Answer the following optimization problems systematically

1. Find two numbers whose sum is 20 and whose product is a maximum.

2. Find two numbers whose difference is 50 and whose product is a

minimum.

3. A farmer wants to build a fence around a rectangular lot in a riverbank

using 120 meters of fencing materials. There is no fence in the riverside. Find
the dimension of the rectangle that has a maximum area.

4. Find the dimensions of a rectangle with area is 625 m 2 whose perimeter is

as small as possible.

Jhdelgado 63
 5. From a square sheet of cardboard 40 cm by 40 cm, square corners are cut
out so the sides can be folded up to make a box. What dimensions will yield a
box of maximum volume?

6. A rectangular box with an open top is to be made from a piece of

cardboard 24 in by 9 in by cutting out small squares in the four corners and
folding up the edges. What dimensions would maximize its volume? Find the
maximum volume.

3. Guide Questions

Express what you have learned in this lesson by answering the questions
below.
1. What is the sign of the first derivative of the function when the graph is
increasing in that interval? decreasing in that interval?
2. What is the sign of the second derivative of the function when the graph is
concave up in interval I? concave down in interval I?
3. How to find the critical numbers/points of the graph? Why do we equate
the first derivative to zero?
4. What are the steps in solving optimization problems?
5. How do you know that the function is maximized or minimized at a given
point/critical point?

Reflection
1. What challenges did you encounter in this activity sheet? How did you
overcome these challenges?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS
The Chain Rule: Derivative of
LAS 8 Composite Function
Jhdelgado 64
 I. Learning Competency with Code
✓ illustrate the Chain Rule of differentiation (STEM_BC11DIIIh-2) (MELC 18)
✓ solve problems using the Chain Rule (STEM_BC11DIIIh-i-1) (MELC 19)
II. Background Information for Learners

Chain Rule is the process of differentiating a composite function.

Recall: Composite functions are two functions combined to make a single one.

For example, the combination of functions 𝑓 and 𝑔: (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

Note: To apply the Chain Rule on composite functions, you must take the derivative
of its outside function and then multiply it to the derivative of its inside function.
d
 f ( g ( x) ) = f ' ( g ( x) )  g '( x)
dx 
Derivative of Derivative of
the outside the inside
function function

Remark 1: Another way to state the Chain Rule is the following:

If y is a differentiable function of u defined by y = f(u) and u is a differentiable

function of x defined by
u = g(x), then y is a differentiable function of x, and the derivative of y with
respect to x is given by
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx

In words, the derivative of a composition of functions is the derivative of the

outer function evaluated at the inner function, times the derivative of the inner
function.

Example 1: Given y = u 28 and u = 3x 2 + 5 . Find dy , du and dy .

du dx dx

Solution: y = u 28 u = 3x 2 + 5

dy du
= 28u 27 = 6x
du dx
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
dy
(
= 28 ( u )  ( 6 x ) = 28 ( 3x 2 + 5)  ( 6 x ) = 168 x 3 x + 5 )
27 27 2 27

dx
Jhdelgado 65
Example 2: Given y = 3 u and u = x3 − 6 x + 1 . Find dy , du and dy .
du dx dx
1
Solution: y = u =u
3 3
u = x3 − 6 x + 1

dy 1 − 23 1 1 du
= u = 2
= = 3x 2 − 6
du 3 3 2 dx
3u 3 3 u

dy dy du
= 
dx du dx

3x 2 − 6 x2 − 2
 ( 3x 2 − 6 ) =
dy 1
= =
3 ( x − 6 x + 1) (x − 6 x + 1)
dx 3 3 u 2 3 3 2
3 3 2

Given y = ( x 2 − 1) , find dy .
24
Example 3: Extended Power Rule
dx (GENERALIZED POWER RULE)
Dx  f ( x)  = n  f ( x)   Dx  f ( x) 
n n −1
Solution: Let u = x2 − 1
y = u 24 u = x2 − 1
y = ( x 2 − 1)
24

dy du
= 24u 23 = 2x
du dx dy
= 24( x 2 − 1)23  2 x
dy dy du dx
= 
dx du dx dy
= 48 x( x 2 − 1)23
dy dx
= 24u 23  2 x = 24( x 2 − 1)23  2 x = 48 x( x 2 − 1)23
dx Note that the Extended Power Rule is a special case of the
Chain Rule.

Example 4: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥). Find 𝑓′(𝑥).

Solution: Let u = cos x

y = sin u u = cos x

dy du
= cos u = − sin x
du dx
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
dy
= cos u  (− sin x)
dx

= (− sin x) ( cos(cos x) )
dy
= cos(cos x)  (− sin x)
dx

Jhdelgado 66
Example 5: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = (sin(2𝑥) + 3)8 . Find 𝑓′(𝑥).
Solution: Let u = sin(2 x) +3

y = u8 u = sin(2 x) +3

dy du
= 8u 7 = cos 2 x  2
du dx
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
dy
= 8u 7  ( 2cos 2 x )
dx

= 8 ( sin(2 x) + 3)  ( 2cos 2 x ) = 16 ( cos 2 x )( sin(2 x) + 3)

dy 7 7

dx

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 193 – 199

IV. Activity Proper

1. Directions: Read pages 193 – 199 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material

2. Exercises (MELCs 18 & 19)

A. Find dy .
dx

1) y = u10 and u = 3x 2 + 4 x

2) y = u and u = x3 + 4 x 2 + 1

3) y = 3 u and u = x 4 − x3 + x 2

y = ( x2 + x )
7
4)

5) y = tan (1 + x 2 )

B. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

1) f ( x) = ( 2 x + 3)
5

2) f ( x) = ( 7 x5 − 3)
3

Jhdelgado 67
3) f ( x) = 2 x + 1
6

3
 3. Guide Questions

Express what you have learned in this lesson by answering the questions below.
1. When will you use the Chain Rule in finding the derivative of a function?
2. Explain on how you will use the Chain Rule in finding the derivative of a
function.

Reflection
1. What challenges did you encounter in this activity sheet? How did you
overcome these challenges?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

LAS 9 Implicit Differentiation

I. Learning Competency with Code

✓ illustrate implicit differentiation (STEM_BC11D-IIIi2) (MELC 20)

Jhdelgado 68
II. Background Information for Learners
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Some functions are not always given in the form y = f(x) but in a more
complicated form that makes it difficult or impossible to express y explicitly in
terms of x. Such functions are called implicit functions, and y is said to be
defined implicitly. In this lesson, we explain how these can be differentiated using
a method called implicit differentiation.
dy
Example 1: For 2 x 2 + 3xy + y 2 = 0 , find using implicit differentiation.
dx

Solution:
d
dx
( 2 x2 + 3xy + y 2 ) = ( 0 )
d
dx
d
dx
( 2 x2 ) + ( 3xy ) + ( y 2 ) = ( 0 )
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx
Note: Use the product rule to find the derivative of 3xy.

dx  dy dx  dy
4x + 3 x + y  + 2 y = 0
dx  dx dx  dx

dx dy dx dy dx
4x + 3x + 3 y + 2 y = 0 Note: =1
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
4 x + 3x + 3y + 2 y = 0
dx dx
dy dy dy
3x + 2 y = −4 x − 3 y Combine terms with on the same side
dx dx dx
of the equation.

dy dy
( 3x + 2 y ) = − ( 4 x + 3 y ) Take the common factor which is .
dx dx

dy − ( 4 x + 3 y )
Answer: = Divide both sides by (3x + 2y).
dx 3x + 2 y

dy
Example 2: For x 2 − y 2 = 2 , find using implicit differentiation.
dx

Solution:
dx
(
d 2 2
x − y ) = ( 2)
d
dx
d 2
dx
( x ) − ( y 2 ) = ( 2)
d
dx
d
dx
dx dy dx
2x − 2y = 0 Note: =1
dx dx dx

Jhdelgado 69
 dy
2x − 2 y =0
dx
dy
2y = 2x
dx
dy 2 x
=
dx 2 y

dy x
Answer: =
dx y

dy
Example 3: Find when 4 x3 − y 4 − 3 y + 5 x + 1 = 0 .
dx

Solution:
d
dx
( 4 x3 − y 4 − 3 y + 5x + 1) = ( 0 )
d
dx
dx dy dy dx
12 x2 − 4 y3 − 3 + 5 + 0 = 0
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
12 x2 − 4 y3 −3 +5+0 = 0
dx dx
dy dy
−4 y3 − 3 = −12 x2 − 5
dx dx

− ( 4 y 3 + 3) = − (12 x2 + 5)
dy
dx

dy − (12 x + 5 )
2

=
dx − ( 4 y 3 + 3)

dy 12 x 2 + 5
Answer: =
dx 4 y 3 + 3

Example 4: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve of 9x2 + 4y2 = 36
at the point (0, 3).
dy
Solution: The slope of the tangent line is the same as
dx
d
dx
( 9 x2 + 4 y 2 ) = ( 36 )
d
dx
Slope of tangent line at (0, 3)

−9 x −9(0)
dx dy mT = = =0
18x + 8 y = 0 4y 4(3)
dx dx

Jhdelgado
Equation of tangent line 70

y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
 dy
18x + 8 y =0
dx
dy
8y = −18x
dx
dy −18x −9 x
= =
dx 8y 4y

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites

BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 200 – 203, 205 - 206
IV. Activity Proper
1. Directions: Read pages 200 – 203, 205 - 206 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s
Material
2. Exercises (MELC 20)
dy
A. Differentiate implicitly to find .
dx

1) x + 9 y = 18 2) 2 x − y =1
2 2

3) xy − x + 3 y = 7 4) 6 xy − 8 x y + 3xy = 7
2 2 2 3

5) x y − 2 x − y + 8 = 0 6) 3x y − 2 xy − y + 8 = 0
2 3 3 2 2 3

7) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve of 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 at the point (0, -2).

8) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve of x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 = 9 at the point (-1, 3).

9) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve of x2 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 25 at the point (4, 5).
10) Find the equation of the normal line to the curve of x2 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 25 at the point (4, 5).

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

LAS 10 Related Rates

I. Learning Competency with Code
✓ solve situational problems involving related rates (STEM_BC11D-IIIj-2)
(MELC 22)

II. Background Information for Learners

Jhdelgado 71
 In implicit differentiation we differentiate an equation involving x and y, with
y treated as a function of x. A related rates problem involves two or more
quantities that may vary with time and an equation that expresses some
relationship between these equations. Often the formulas for x and y as
functions of t are not known. When we differentiate such an equation with
dy dx
respect to t, we derive a relationship between the rates of change and . We
dt dt
say that these derivatives are related rates.

Suggestions in solving problems involving related rates:

1. If possible, provide an illustration for the problem that is valid for any time t.
2. Identify those quantities that change with respect to time, and represent them
with variables. (Avoid assigning variables to quantities which are constant,
that is, which do not change with respect to time. Label them right away with
the values provided in the problem.)
3. Write down any numerical facts known about the variables. Interpret each
rate of change as the derivative of a variable with respect to time. Remember
that if a quantity decreases over time, then its rate of change is negative.
4. Identify which rate of change is being asked, and under what particular
conditions this rate is being computed.
5. Write an equation showing the relationship of all the variables by an equation
that is valid for any time t.
6. Differentiate the equation in (5) implicitly with respect to t.
7. Substitute into the equation, obtained in (6), all values that are valid at the
particular time of interest. Sometimes, some quantities still need to be solved
by substituting the particular conditions written in (4) to the equation in (6).
Then, solve for what is being asked in the problem.
8. Write a conclusion that answers the question of the problem. Do not forget to
include the correct units of measurement.

Example 1: A 13-meter ladder is leaning against a vertical wall with its foot on
the same horizontal plane as the base of the wall. If the lower end of the ladder is
moving away from the wall horizontally at 4 meters per minute, how fast is the
top of the ladder descending when the lower end is 5 meters from the wall?

Solution:
13
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x
Let x be the distance from the wall to the foot of the ladder.
𝑑𝑥
Since x is increasing at 4 m per min, then =4
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
Let y be the distance from the floor to the top of the ladder. Find .
𝑑𝑡

By Pythagorean Theorem,
x 2 + y 2 = 132
When x = 5, (5)2 + y 2 = 169 ,
x 2 + y 2 = 169
we have y = 12
d 2
dt
( x + y 2 ) = (169 )
d
dt
dx dy dy −(5)(4) −5
2x + 2y = 0 = = meters per minute
dt dt dt (12) 3
dy dx
2y = −2 x
dt dt
dx dx
−2 x −x Answer:
dy dt = dt
=
dt 2y y The top of the ladder is descending
at the rate of 5/3 meters per
minute.

Example 2: A bag of sand is being lifted vertically has a small hole in it causing
sand to fall to the ground and form a conical pile whose height is twice its radius.
If the volume of the pile is increasing at the rate of 2 cm3/sec, how fast is the
radius increasing when the volume of the pile is 18π cm3?

Solution: Let r be the radius of the conical pile,

Let h be the height of the conical pile and h = 2r
dV cm3 dr
=2 . When V = 18 cm3 , find . h = 2r
dt sec dt
r
Volume of the cone:
 r 2h
V= Since h = 2r
3

 r 2 (2r )
V=
3 2 r 3 dr dV dr
When V = 18 = Find = 2 r 2
3 dt dt dt
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3 (18 ) dr
=r 3
2 = 2 (3)2
2 dt
3
 2 r 3
V=
3

d d  2 r 3 
(V ) =  
dt dt  3 

dV 6 r 2 dr
=
dt 3 dt
dV dr
= 2 r 2
dt dt Answer: The radius of the pile is increasing at a rate
1
of cm/sec
9

Example 3: A man 6-ft tall walks with a speed of 5 feet per second away from a
streetlight that is at top of a 24-feet pole. How fast is the tip of his shadow moving
along the ground when he is 50 feet from the pole?
Solution:
Let x be the man’s distance from the pole
Let s be the distance from the tip of the shadow
24 ft
to the base of the pole.
dx ft
=5 .
dt s
ds
Find when x = 50 ft
dt Differentiate:
s s−x
= d d
24 6 (3s ) = ( 4 x )
dt dt
6s = 24 ( s − x ) ds dx
3 =4
s = 4( s − x) dt dt
ds 4 dx
s = 4s − 4 x =
dt 3 dt
4 x = 3s
ds 4 20 2
= (5) = = 6 feet per second
3s = 4 x dt 3 3 3
2
Answer: The tip of the man’s shadow is moving at 6 ft/s.
III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Educational Sites 3
BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material pages 212 – 221

IV. Activity Proper

1. Directions: Read pages 212 – 212 of BASIC CALCULUS Learner’s Material

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 2. Exercises (MELC 22)
Solve the following problems.

1) A square plate of metal is expanding under the action of heat, and its side is
increasing at the uniform rate of 0.1 cm per hour. What is the rate of increase of
its area at the moment when the side is 16 cm long? (Hint: A= s2)

2) A stone is thrown into a still pond. The circular ripples move outward from the
point of impact of the stone so that the radius of the circle formed by a ripple
increases at the rate of 2 cm per second. Find the rate at which the area is
changing at the instant the radius is 8 cm. (Hint: A= πr2)

3) An 8-meter ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. If a person pulls the base
of the ladder away from the wall at the rate of 0.5 meter per second, how fast is
the top going down the wall when the base of the base of the ladder is 4 meters
from the wall?

4) A spherical snowball is placed in the sun. The sun melts the snowball so that
the radius decreases 0.25 cm per minute. Find the rate of change of the volume
4
with respect to time at the instant the radius is 4 cm. (Hint: V= πr3)
3

5) A man 6 feet tall walks at the rate of 4 feet per second toward a streetlight
which is 12 feet above the ground. At what rate is the tip of his shadow moving?

REFERENCES:
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.

Prepared by: Approved:

JULIE H. DELGADO SALVADOR J. SEMBRAN

Master Teacher II Asst. Principal II, SHS

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