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Circuit Design for Mechatronics

METE 2020U
Dr. Nasim Maollemi

Lesson 1
AC Power
aha

1
 Learning Outcomes

After finishing this lesson, you should be able to:

• Calculate real, reactive, and complex power for elements of AC circuits.

2
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Review - Phase Shift between two function

Assume 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑋1 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑋2 (sin 𝜔𝑡 + φ)

• If 𝜃 = φ, the functions are said to be in phase. They reach their maximum and
minimum at the same time

• If 𝜃 ≠ φ, the functions are said to be out of phase

▪ Assuming 𝜃 > 𝜑
we say: 𝑥1 leads 𝑥2 by 𝜃 − φ
Or
we say: 𝑥2 lags 𝑥1 by 𝜃 − φ

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Review - Effective or rms Values

Root-mean-square (rms) value of a sinusoidal function: 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) is

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
Note: rms value of an AC is equivalent DC value that provide the same average power.

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Review - Max value and rms value

When we write 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) , 𝐴 is the max value.
In phasor domain the voltage may presented as amplitude or rms.
Here is example:

• 𝑣 𝑡 = 4 sin(377𝑡 + 40) 𝑉 −−−→ 4 is the max value

• 𝑽 = 80∠60∘ 𝑉 −−−→ 80 is the max value
• 𝑽 = 80∠60∘ 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 −−−→ 80 is the rms value (pay attention to rms next
to the volt unit)

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Review - Steps in AC Circuit Analysis

When all the sources in the circuit have the same frequency:

1. Determine the phasor circuit

▪ Convert all sources to phasor form
▪ Use exciting frequency (frequency of the sources) to determine impedance of each
circuit element
2. Apply any method (kvl, kcl, nodal, mesh, series, parallel, voltage divider,
current devider) to find the parameter of interest
▪ Treat impedance elements as resistors
▪ Will require complex arithmetic
3. Convert phasor solution back to its time-domain form

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Review - Phasor form of a sinusoidal function

• Sometimes the function is given as 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 . Remember that sin function is only a time-
shifted cos function: 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 − 𝟗𝟎 . We convert the sine
function to cos and then write it in the phasor form.

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Review - Impedance summary

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Review - General Impedance

𝑍 =𝑅+𝑗𝑋

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 Review – DC Power

𝑃=𝑉𝐼 𝑊 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

+ 𝑉
-
𝐼

2 𝑉2
For a resistor : 𝑃= 𝑅𝐼 =
𝑅
10
 Instantaneous Power

If the voltage and current are sinusoidal functions as

𝑣(𝑡)= 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 ) and 𝑖(𝑡)= 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝐼 )

• The instantaneous power delivered

𝑝 𝑡 =𝑣 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 𝑊(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 ) 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝐼 )

• It can be proved that (in the Appendix)

𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝑃 𝑡 = [cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝐼 + cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 + 𝜃𝐼 )]
2

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 [cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝐼 + cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 + 𝜃𝐼 )]

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 Instantaneous Power

𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 [cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝐼 + cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 + 𝜃𝐼 )]

constant Twice the
frequency
• Example
𝑣 𝑡 = 4 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 60°)
𝑖 𝑡 = 2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 30°)
4×2
𝑝 𝑡 = cos 6030 + cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 60 + 30) =
2× 2
3.46 +4 cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 90)

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 Average Power
• The average power is denoted by capital P:

𝑃 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝 𝑡
= 𝑎𝑣𝑒 [𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝐼 + cos 2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 + 𝜃𝐼 ]

𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝐼

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Note - Average Power - 𝑷 (𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕)

𝑣(𝑡)= 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝑣 ) and 𝑖(𝑡)= 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃𝐼 )

𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos(𝜃𝑉 − 𝜃𝐼 )

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 Complex Power - Definition
𝐼 𝜔 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝐼 , 𝑉 𝜔 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑉

Complex power definition:

S = 𝑉𝐼∗ = = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑉 − 𝜃𝐼

=𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos(𝜃𝑉 −𝜃𝐼 ) + 𝑗𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin(𝜃𝑉 − 𝜃𝐼 )

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 Complex Power in terms of R, X and Z

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝐼 , 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑉

2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑆 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 ∗ = 𝑍𝐼𝐼 ∗ = 𝑍𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝐼 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠ − 𝜃𝐼 = 𝑍𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
2
= ∗
𝑍

2
𝑆 = 𝑍𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
= (𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋)𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 R + 𝑗𝐼 2 𝑋
= 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑚𝑠

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Note – Complex, real and reactive Power

Apparent power 𝑺 in VA

2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
Complex power : S = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠ 𝜃𝑉 − 𝜃𝐼 = 2 Z
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (𝑉𝐴)
𝑍∗

Real or average power:

2
P = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos(𝜃𝑉 −𝜃𝐼 ) = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡)

Reactive power:
2
𝑄 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin 𝜃𝑉 − 𝜃𝐼 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑋 (𝑉𝐴𝑅)

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 Real and Reactive Power

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 Power Factor

𝑃
𝑃𝑓 = = cos(𝜃𝑉 −𝜃𝐼 )
𝑆

• The 𝑝𝑓 is characterized as leading or lagging by the phase of the current with respect
to that of the voltage

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 Power Factor - Resistor
• In the case of purely resistive loads, the voltage and current are in phase.
Therefore,𝜃𝑉 − 𝜃𝐼 = 0, 𝑝𝑓 = 1.

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 Power Factor – Inductor
• When the equivalent load is an inductance 𝜃𝑉 − 𝜃𝐼 = 90° , the current
lags the voltage by 90° .

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 Power Factor - Capacitor
• When the equivalent load is a capacitance 𝜃𝑉 − 𝜃𝐼 = −90° , the current
leads the voltage by 90° .

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Note 47 - Power factor

0   z  90
current lags
(inductive)
𝑃
𝑃𝑓 = = cos(𝜃𝑉 −𝜃𝐼 )
𝑆

pf z
0 − 90 pure capacitive
− 90   z  0
current leads 0  pf  1 − 90   z  0 leading or capacitive
(capacitive) 1 0 resistive
0  pf  1 0   z  90 lagging or inductive
0 90 pure inductive

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 Example 1
• Find average, reactive and apparent and complex power.
• 𝑣 𝑡 = 650 cos(377𝑡)
• 𝑖 𝑡 = 20 cos(377𝑡 − 10)

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 Example 2
• Find average, reactive and apparent and complex power
• 𝑉 = 460∠0° 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
• 𝐼 = 14.14∠ −45° 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑠

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 Example 3
• For each case, find the load Z and determine if it is lagging or leading (inductive or
capacitive)
• 𝑣 𝑡 = 40 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 15)
• 𝑖 𝑡 = 20 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 45)

• 𝑣 𝑡 = 40 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 15)
• 𝑖 𝑡 = 43 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 22)

• 𝑍 = 48 + 𝑗16

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 Example 4
• The circuit shown consists of a source driving a load. With 𝑖 𝑡 = 1.25 cos(5𝑡 − 15° ) 𝐴 Find the value of
the complex power delivered by the source to the load when R = 20 Ω and L = 3 H.

1.25∠ − 15°

The equivalent impedance of the parallel resistor and inductor is:

𝑗𝜔𝐿𝑅 𝑗300
𝒁= = = 12∠53° Ω
𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 20 + 𝑗15
The voltage across the impedance is:
𝑽 = 𝑰𝒁 = 1.25∠ − 15° 12∠53° = 15∠38° 𝑉
The complex power delivered by the source is then:
15 1.25
𝑺 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃𝑣 − 𝜃𝐼 = × ∠38 − −15 = 9.375∠53° 𝑉𝐴
2 2

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 Example 5
• Find real and reactive power for all the elements.

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 Example 5 cont.
• Find real and reactive power for all the elements.

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Note - Maximum Power Transfer

 ZL
opt
= *
ZTH

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 Example 6
Find Z L for maximum average power tran sfer.
Compute the maximum average power supplied to the load.

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 Example 6 cont.
Find Z L for maximum average power tran sfer.
Compute the maximum average power supplied to the load.

32
 Example 6 cont.
Find Z L for maximum average power tran sfer.
Compute the maximum average power supplied to the load.

33
 Check your understanding
Are you able to

• Calculate real, reactive, and complex power for elements of AC circuits

34
 References
• Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 7th Edition, Charles Alexander and Matthew
Sadiku, McGraw-Hill 2021, chapter 13
• Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11th Edition, J. David Irwin, R. Mark Nelms,
Wiley 2015, ISBN: 978-1-118-99266-1

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 - +
Circuit Design for Mechatronics
METE 2020U
Dr. Nasim Maollemi

Lesson 2
Power Factor Correction
aha

1
 Learning Outcomes
Students have to be able to do the following:

• Design a circuit to correct the power factor of the load.

2
 Power factor correction

Why?

3
 Real and Reactive Power
1. What do you pay for ? 2. What is the unit on your meter?
Power KVARh
Energy KWh
Current KVAh
Voltage KW
KVAR
KVA

4
Electricity Bill

5
 Real and Reactive Power

6
Power factor surcharge

7
 Why utility company care about power factor
I(t) factory

~
Low power factors increase
losses and are penalized by
energy companies.
generator motor
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
, pf

𝑃
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Utility company interested in less current. Why?
it causes less wasted power in the transmission line.
8
 Power factor correction

How?

9
 Complex triangle

cos 𝜃 𝜃 𝑋

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 Power factor correction

Problem Solving

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Note - Power Factor Correction Approach

𝑸𝒐𝒍𝒅

𝑸𝒐𝒍𝒅 − 𝑸𝑪

• 𝑄𝑜𝑙𝑑 : reactive power of the load 𝑄𝑜𝑙𝑑 −𝑄𝐶

1. Find 𝑄𝐶 by using tan 𝜃𝑛𝑒𝑤 =
• 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑑 : active power of the load 𝑃
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
• 𝑄𝐶 : reactive power of the capacitor 2. Find 𝑋𝐶 by using 𝑄𝐶 =
• 𝑃𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑑 :The power factor of the load 𝑋𝐶
• 𝑃𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 = cos 𝜃𝑛𝑒𝑤 The desired power factor 1
3. Find C by using 𝑋𝐶 =
𝜔𝐶
• 𝜃𝑛𝑒𝑤 = cos −1 𝑃𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤
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 Example 1

13
 Example 1 cont.

14
 Check your understanding
Are you able to

• Design a circuit to correct the power factor of the load.

15
 References
• Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 7th Edition, Charles Alexander and Matthew
Sadiku, McGraw-Hill 2021, chapter 13
• Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11th Edition, J. David Irwin, R. Mark Nelms,
Wiley 2015, ISBN: 978-1-118-99266-1

16
 - +
Circuit Design for Mechatronics
METE 2020U
Dr. Nasim Maollemi

Lesson 3
Three-Phase circuits
aha

1
 Learning Outcomes

After finishing this lesson, you should be able to:

• understand the concept of three phase AC power.

• Identify the two configurations for sources and loads for three phase circuitry.
• Analyze the Y-Y and Y- ∆ configuration.

2
 Polyphase circuits
• Circuits that operate at the same frequency but with multiple sources at different
phases are called polyphase.
• Generating multiple phases is relatively simple when using a generator. Placing
coils at positions such that a lag in the current is produced leads to a phase lag.
• In power grids, three phase power is used for a variety of reasons.
• It is easy to extract single or two phase power from a three phase system, satisfying the
cases where this is needed.
• The instantaneous power in a three phase system does not pulsate like it does in a single
phase system.
• Lastly, the transmission of three phase is more economical than transmitting the
equivalent single phase power.

3
 Three-phase AC Generator
• The output voltages

4
 Balanced Three-phase source
• The output voltages has
▪ equal amplitude and frequency
▪ 120 degrees out of phase with each other

𝑣𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑝 cos(𝜔𝑡)
𝑣𝑏𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑝 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 120)
𝑣𝑐𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑝 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 120)

5
 Balanced Three-phase source (phasor form)
𝒄 Three phase voltages :
• 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑝 ∠0°
• 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑝 ∠ − 120°
𝒂
• 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑝 ∠120°

Van + Vbn + Vcn = 0

𝒃

6
 Three-phase Source, the sequence
abc sequence:
• 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝 ∠𝜃°
• 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝 ∠𝜃 − 120°
• 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝 ∠𝜃 + 120°

7
 Three-phase source connected in (𝒀 𝒐𝒓 ∆)

8
 Y connected source, Line-to-Line (or Line) voltage

Deriving line-to-line voltage

Phase voltages:
• 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑃 ∠0°
• 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑃 ∠ − 120°
• 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝑃 ∠120°

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Note - Y connected source

• Phase voltages: 𝑉𝑎𝑛 , 𝑉𝑏𝑛 , 𝑉𝑐𝑛

• Line (line-to-line) voltages: 𝑉𝑎𝑏 , 𝑉𝑏𝑐 , 𝑉𝑐𝑎
• Phase currents = line currents : 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 , 𝐼𝑐

• 𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3 𝑉𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∠𝜃𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 30°

• 𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

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Note - ∆ connected source

• There is no neutral line

• Phase voltages = Line voltages: 𝑉𝑎𝑏 , 𝑉𝑏𝑐 , 𝑉𝑐𝑎
• Phase currents : 𝐼𝑏𝑎 , 𝐼𝑎𝑐 , 𝐼𝑐𝑏
• Line currents: 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑏 , 𝐼𝑐

• 𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
• 𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3 𝐼𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∠𝜃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 30°

11
 Example
• An abc-sequence three phase source connected in a balanced Y. The phase a
voltage is 100 ∠20°.
• Determine the other phase voltages

• Determine the line (line-to-line) voltages

12
 Load connection

Y-connected loads Delta connected loads

• 𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3 𝑉𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∠𝜃𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 30° • 𝑉𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

• 𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 • 𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3 𝐼𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∠𝜃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 30°

A balanced load is one that has the same impedance presented to all three voltage sources.

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Note - SOURCE/LOAD CONNECTIONS

• There are four possible connections:

▪ Y-Y connection.
▪ Y-Δ connection.
▪ Δ-Y connection.
▪ Δ-Δ connection

14
 Example 1 (Four-Wire balanced 𝑌 − 𝑌 Circuit)

• Determine the complex power delivered to the three-phase load of a four-wire Y-Y circuit. The phase
voltages of the Y-connected sources are 𝑉𝐴 = 110 ∠0° 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑉𝑏 = 110 ∠ −120° 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑐 =
110 ∠120° 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠. The load impedances are 𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 = 50 + 𝑗80 Ω.
This circuit is balanced, we only need to calculate one line current 𝐼𝑎𝐴 and the complex power 𝑆𝐴 .

Phase Source voltages:

Phase source current = Line current =Load current

In Y load, each load located between a line and natural line.

load voltages = phase voltage

Since there is no line impedance (The transmission line

is ideal)

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 Example 1 (Four-Wire balanced 𝑌 − 𝑌 Circuit)

• Determine the complex power delivered to the three-phase load of a four-wire Y-Y circuit. The phase
voltages of the Y-connected sources are 𝑉𝐴 = 110 ∠0° 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑉𝑏 = 110 ∠ −120° 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑐 =
110 ∠120° 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠. The load impedances are 𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 = 50 + 𝑗80 Ω.
This circuit is balanced, we only need to calculate one line current 𝐼𝑎𝐴 and the complex power 𝑆𝐴 .

𝑉𝑎 110∠0°
𝐼𝑎𝐴 = = = 1.16∠ − 58° 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑍𝐴 50+𝑗80

𝐼𝑏𝐵 = 1.16∠ − 58° − 120° 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠

𝐼𝑐𝐶 = 1.16∠ − 58° + 120° 𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠

The system is balanced: 𝐼𝑛𝑁 = 0

∗ ∗
𝑆𝐴 = 𝐼𝑎𝐴 𝑉𝑎 = 1.16∠ − 58° 110∠0° = 68 + 𝑗109 𝑉𝐴

The total complex power delivered to the three-phase load is:

3𝑆𝐴 = 204 + 𝑗326 𝑉𝐴

16
 𝑌 − 𝑌 Circuit analysis

𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑐
𝐼𝑎𝐴 = , 𝐼𝑏𝐵 = , 𝐼𝑐𝐶 =
𝑍𝑎 𝑍𝐵 𝑍𝐴

𝐼𝑛𝑁 = 𝐼𝑎𝐴 + 𝐼𝑏𝐵 + 𝐼𝑐𝐶

𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝐴 + 𝑆𝐵 + 𝑆𝐶

If the system is balanced: 𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶

𝐼𝑎𝐴 = 𝐼𝑏𝐵 = 𝐼𝑐𝐶
𝐼𝑛𝑁 = 𝐼𝑎𝐴 + 𝐼𝑏𝐵 + 𝐼𝑐𝐶 = 0
𝑆𝑇 = 3 × 𝑆𝐴

17
 Example 2 (𝒀 − ∆)
Delta-connected load consists of 10-Ohm resistance in series with 20-mH inductance.
Source is Y-connected, abc sequence, 120-V rms, 60Hz. Determine all line and phase
currents.

Phase Source voltages:

Line-to-Line source voltages:
Phase source current = Line current

In delta load, each load located between two line.

load voltages = Line-to-line voltage
Since there is no line impedance (The transmission line
is ideal)
18
 Example 2 (𝒀 − ∆)
Delta-connected load consists of 10-Ohm resistance in series with 20-mH inductance.
Source is Y-connected, abc sequence, 120-V rms, 60Hz. Determine all line and phase
currents.

19
 Example 2 (𝒀 − ∆)

20
 Example 2 (𝒀 − ∆)

21
 Example 2 (𝒀 − ∆)

22
 Example 2 (𝒀 − ∆), second approach
Delta-connected load consists of 10-Ohm resistance in series with 20-mH inductance.
Source is Y-connected, abc sequence, 120-V rms, 60Hz. Determine all line and phase
currents.

23
 Review - 𝒀 ↔ ∆ Load Transformation

𝒁𝒀 = 𝒁∆ /𝟑

24
 Example 2 second approach cont.

25
 Example 2 second approach cont.

26
 Check your understanding
Are you able to

• understand the concept of three phase AC power.

• Identify the two configurations for sources and loads for three phase circuitry.
• Analyze the Y-Y and Y- ∆ configuration.

27
 References
• Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 7th Edition, Charles Alexander and Matthew
Sadiku, McGraw-Hill 2021, ISBN13: 9781260226409
• Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11th Edition, J. David Irwin, R. Mark Nelms,
Wiley 2015, ISBN: 978-1-118-99266-1

28
 - +
Circuit Design for Mechatronics
METE 2020U
Dr. Nasim Maollemi

Lesson 4
Transformers
aha

1
 Learning Outcomes

After finishing this lesson, you should be able to:

• Analyze the circuits with ideal transformer.

• Understand the application for transformers

2
 Mutual Inductance
• When two conductors are in close proximity to each other, the magnetic
flux due to current passing through will induce a voltage in the other
conductor. This is called mutual inductance.

3
 Mutual Inductance Cont.
• Each coil experiences self-induction
▪ Time-varying current produces time-varying magnetic flux
▪ Defined as inductance L
• Coils experience mutual induction
▪ Some of the time-varying magnetic flux due to one coil passes through the other coil
❑ Induces a potential difference
▪ Defined as mutual inductance M

4
 Transformers
• A transformer is a magnetic device that takes advantage of mutual inductance.
• It is generally a four terminal device comprised of two or more magnetically
coupled coils.
• The coil that is connected to the voltage source is called the primary.
• The one connected to the load is called the secondary.
• They are called linear if the coils are wound on a magnetically linear material.

5
 Ideal Transformers
• Iron core transformers are close to ideal.
• The voltages and currents are related to each other by the turns ration n:

V1 N 2
= =n
V2 N1

I 2 N1 1
= =
I1 N 2 n

6
 Ideal transformers, Turns ratio

• Step-up transformer: N > 1

• Step-down transformer: N < 1
• Isolation transformer: N = 1

7
 Ideal Transformers and power

Ideal transformers conserve power:

V2
S1 = V I = ( nI 2 ) = V2 I 2 = S 2
* * *
1 1
n

8
 Impedance Reflection

9
 Analyzing circuits with ideal transformers
• We can remove the transformer from the circuit and adding the secondary and
primary together by
▪ transferring the devices in the • or transferring the devices in the
secondary side to the primary side primary side to the secondary side
• Impedance is divided by 𝑛2 • Impedance is multiplied by 𝑛2
• Voltage sources is divided by 𝑛 • Voltage sources is multiplied by 𝑛

10
 Example
• Determine the output voltage 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 .

After replacing the transformer and the impedance of the series resistor and inductor with the equivalent
impedance, the circuit will be drawn as follows:
2
𝑁=
3

Applying Ohm’s law we obtain:

𝑽𝒔 𝜔 75.5∠26° 75.5∠26°
𝑰 𝜔 = = = °
= 0.682∠ −21° 𝐴
8 + 𝒁𝒆𝒒 𝜔 8 + 67.5 + 𝑗81 110.73∠47

11
 Example Cont.
• After obtaining 𝑰(𝜔) the circuit can be redrawn as:

𝑰 𝜔
𝑰𝟐 𝜔 = = 1.023∠ − 21° 𝐴
2
3
Notice that 𝑰𝟐 𝜔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑽𝒐 𝜔 , the voltage and current of the j36 Ω impedance, do not adhere to the passive
convention. Consequently,
𝑽𝒐 𝜔 = 𝑍𝐿 𝑰𝟐 𝜔 = 𝑗36𝑰𝟐 𝜔 = 𝑗36 1.023∠ − 21° = 36∠90° 1.023∠ − 21° = 36.82∠69° 𝑉

𝑣𝑜 𝑡 = 36.82 cos 4𝑡 + 69° 𝑉

12
 Transformers Applications

13
 Transformers Applications

• Step-up and Step-down transformer in power transmission and distribution

• Isolation transformer to isolate one part of circuit from another one
• Impedance Matching for maximum power transfer
• In frequency-selective circuits

14
Step-up and Step-down transformers in Power Distribution Network

15
 A Power Distribution Network

16
 Center-tap transformer
• Last step-down transformers at the residentials customers.

17
 A note on the residential wiring

18
 In a Rectifier
• Isolating and Step-up or Step-down transformer

19
 Isolation transformer
• Isolating transformers between different stage of amplifiers

20
 In a Rectifier
• Impedance matching for maximum power transform

21
 Check your understanding
Are you able to

• Analyze the circuits with ideal transformer.

• Understand the application of transformers

22
 References
• Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 7th Edition, Charles Alexander and Matthew
Sadiku, McGraw-Hill 2021, chapter 13
• Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11th Edition, J. David Irwin, R. Mark Nelms,
Wiley 2015, ISBN: 978-1-118-99266-1

23