parallel databse mangement system - Introduction , types of parallelsim in

database system ,parallel query processing,multiprocessor architecture

Here’s an introduction to Parallel Database Management Systems (PDBMS) along with the
requested topics:

Introduction to Parallel Database Management Systems (PDBMS)

A Parallel Database Management System (PDBMS) is a type of database system that uses parallel
processing to improve the performance of database operations. It divides tasks like query processing,
data storage, and transaction management across multiple processors, disks, or machines to execute
operations concurrently. This improves efficiency, reduces response times, and enables handling
large volumes of data.

Parallel databases are essential for applications requiring high performance, such as data
warehousing, big data analytics, and real-time processing.

Types of Parallelism in Database Systems

1. Data Parallelism:

o Data is partitioned across multiple processors or nodes.

o Each processor works on its portion of the data independently and simultaneously.

o Examples: Partitioning tables into chunks and processing each chunk on different
nodes.

2. Task Parallelism:

o Different tasks or operations are executed concurrently on different processors.

o For example, one processor executes a join operation while another processor
performs sorting.

3. Pipeline Parallelism:

o Operations are organized into stages of a pipeline, and each stage runs concurrently.

o For instance, the output of one operation (e.g., filtering) is passed directly to another
operation (e.g., aggregation) in parallel.

Parallel Query Processing

Parallel Query Processing involves executing database queries by leveraging multiple processors or
nodes to divide and conquer the workload. Key aspects include:

1. Partitioned Parallelism:

o Queries are divided into subqueries that are executed independently on different
data partitions.
 o Example: Scanning rows from different partitions concurrently.

2. Inter-query Parallelism:

o Different queries are executed concurrently across processors.

o Useful for environments with many users issuing queries simultaneously.

3. Intra-query Parallelism:

o A single query is broken into smaller sub-tasks, and these tasks are executed in
parallel.

o Examples include parallel joins, aggregations, or sorts.

4. Optimization:

o Efficient execution plans are crucial for parallel query processing to minimize
communication overhead and balance workload.

Multiprocessor Architectures for PDBMS

1. Shared Memory Architecture:

o All processors share a single memory pool and disk storage.

o Communication between processors is fast due to shared memory.

o Limited scalability due to memory bottlenecks.

o Example: Small-scale PDBMS implementations.

2. Shared Disk Architecture:

o Processors have their own memory but share access to the same disk storage.

o Suitable for moderately scalable systems.

o Coordination overhead is introduced to manage concurrent disk access.

3. Shared Nothing Architecture:

o Processors have their own private memory and disk storage.

o Scalability is high as there is no shared resource contention.

o Commonly used in large-scale distributed database systems.

4. Hybrid Architecture:

o Combines elements of the above architectures to balance scalability and

performance.

o Example: Distributed systems with clusters of shared-memory nodes.

Would you like to dive deeper into any of these sections or see examples of how these systems are
implemented?

parallel relational operators, parallelsim in main memory DBMS, parallel

handling of integrity contraints,Integrated I/O parallelism
Here’s an explanation of the requested topics related to Parallel Database Management Systems
(PDBMS):

Parallel Relational Operators

Relational operators (e.g., SELECT, JOIN, PROJECT, UNION) are fundamental to query processing in
relational databases. In PDBMS, these operators are parallelized to improve performance:

1. Parallel Selection:

o Filters rows based on a condition in parallel across different partitions of the data.

o Example: If data is partitioned across multiple nodes, each node evaluates the
selection condition on its portion.

2. Parallel Join:

o Joins are resource-intensive; parallel execution divides input relations across

processors.

o Techniques:

▪ Hash Partitioning: Divide both relations based on the hash values of join
keys.

▪ Broadcast Join: A smaller relation is sent to all nodes, and each node
performs the join locally.

▪ Pipeline Join: Intermediate results are streamed directly to the next join
operation.

3. Parallel Aggregation:

o Data is grouped and aggregated (e.g., SUM, AVG) in parallel.

o Example: Each node calculates partial aggregates for its partition, and the final
aggregation is done by combining results.

4. Parallel Sorting:

o Data is divided and sorted in chunks across multiple processors, and then merged.

o Common in order-by and group-by operations.

5. Parallel Projection:

o Columns are extracted in parallel from distributed partitions.

Parallelism in Main Memory DBMS

Main Memory Database Management Systems (MMDBMS) store data entirely in RAM, reducing disk
I/O overhead and enabling faster processing. Parallelism in MMDBMS focuses on maximizing CPU
and memory utilization:

1. Thread-Level Parallelism:

o Multiple threads handle different queries or subqueries simultaneously.

2. Vectorized Execution:

o Instead of processing tuples one-by-one, MMDBMS execute operations on batches

of tuples for better CPU cache performance.

3. Partitioned Data Structures:

o Tables are partitioned into memory segments assigned to different processors.

4. Conflict-Free Locking:

o Advanced concurrency control mechanisms minimize contention in shared memory

during updates.

5. NUMA-Aware Optimization:

o Optimizations are implemented to account for Non-Uniform Memory Access

(NUMA) in multi-core systems, ensuring that each processor primarily accesses local
memory.

Parallel Handling of Integrity Constraints

Integrity constraints (e.g., primary keys, foreign keys, uniqueness) ensure data validity and
consistency. Parallel handling involves:

1. Distributed Constraint Checking:

o Data is partitioned, and each processor checks constraints for its local partition.

o Example: For a uniqueness constraint, processors check locally and then merge
results to identify duplicates.

2. Parallel Foreign Key Validation:

o Child and parent tables are distributed across nodes.

o Foreign key checks are split by data partition and executed concurrently.

3. Parallel Index Validation:

o Parallel creation and validation of indexes enforce constraints like primary keys.

4. Batch Updates:

o Updates or inserts are processed in batches with parallel constraint validation.

Integrated I/O Parallelism

Integrated I/O parallelism optimizes data retrieval and storage across multiple disks or nodes:

1. Striping:

o Data is divided into fixed-size chunks and distributed across multiple disks.

o Enables parallel reads and writes.

2. Overlapping I/O and Computation:

o While one processor performs I/O, another handles computation tasks, reducing idle
time.

3. Distributed Caching:

o Frequently accessed data is cached across multiple nodes to reduce I/O overhead.

4. Asynchronous I/O:

o Data requests are initiated without blocking processes, allowing computation to

proceed.

5. Load Balancing:

o I/O requests are balanced across all available storage resources to prevent
bottlenecks.

Parallel query processing and optimization - Inter query paralleism,

intraquery paralleism, intra-operation paralleism,parallel query optimization ,
load balancing, parallelsim in join querires,testing the quality of query
optimization.
Here’s a detailed breakdown of Parallel Query Processing and Optimization addressing the
requested topics:

Parallel Query Processing

Parallel query processing divides a query into smaller tasks or subqueries that can be executed
simultaneously across multiple processors or nodes. The goal is to improve performance, reduce
query execution time, and ensure efficient utilization of resources.

1. Inter-Query Parallelism

• Definition: Multiple independent queries are executed concurrently.

• Use Case: Efficient in multi-user environments where users submit separate queries
simultaneously.

• Example:
 o Query 1: SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;

o Query 2: SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees;

o Both queries can execute on different processors without interference.

2. Intra-Query Parallelism

• Definition: A single query is divided into smaller tasks or subqueries that are executed
concurrently.

• Subcategories:

o Intra-Operation Parallelism:

▪ Parallelizes individual operations (e.g., scan, join) within the query.

▪ Example: Parallel table scans across multiple data partitions.

o Inter-Operation Parallelism:

▪ Executes different operations of the same query simultaneously.

▪ Example: Perform a join while concurrently sorting the results of another

subquery.

3. Intra-Operation Parallelism

• Focuses on breaking a single database operation (e.g., scan, join, aggregation) into smaller
tasks.

• Examples:

o Parallel Table Scans:

▪ Different processors scan distinct partitions of the table.

o Parallel Aggregation:

▪ Compute partial aggregates (e.g., sum, count) on each partition, then

combine results.

o Parallel Sorting:

▪ Divide data into chunks, sort them in parallel, and merge results.

Parallel Query Optimization

Parallel query optimization identifies the most efficient plan for executing a query in a parallel
environment. Key considerations include balancing workload, minimizing communication overhead,
and exploiting parallelism effectively.

1. Steps in Parallel Query Optimization:

 o Query Decomposition:

▪ Break down the query into sub-operations that can be executed in parallel.

o Partitioning Strategy:

▪ Decide how to distribute data across nodes (e.g., hash, range, or round-robin
partitioning).

o Plan Generation:

▪ Create multiple parallel execution plans considering costs like I/O, CPU, and
network communication.

o Plan Selection:

▪ Choose the optimal plan based on cost estimation.

2. Load Balancing:

o Ensures equal distribution of workload across all processors or nodes.

o Avoids situations where some processors are idle while others are overloaded.

o Techniques:

▪ Dynamic Task Assignment: Reassign tasks to underutilized nodes during

execution.

▪ Partitioning Data Equally: Ensures uniform partition sizes.

Parallelism in Join Queries

Join operations are computationally expensive and benefit greatly from parallelism. Techniques
include:

1. Partitioned Join:

o Both input relations are partitioned based on the join attribute.

o Each processor performs the join on its local partition.

o Example: Hash Partitioning for equijoins.

2. Broadcast Join:

o A smaller table is replicated and sent to all processors, while the larger table is
partitioned.

o Each processor joins its local partition with the broadcasted table.

3. Pipelined Join:

o Intermediate results of one join are passed directly to the next join operation
without waiting for the first to complete.

4. Sort-Merge Join:
 o Data is sorted in parallel across partitions, and the merge phase is distributed.

Testing the Quality of Query Optimization

The quality of parallel query optimization can be evaluated using the following metrics and methods:

1. Execution Time:

o Measure the total query execution time for optimized and non-optimized plans.

o Lower execution time indicates better optimization.

2. Speedup:

o Definition: Ratio of execution time on a single processor to the execution time on

multiple processors.

o Ideal speedup is proportional to the number of processors.

3. Scale-Up:

o Definition: Ability to handle proportionally larger data or queries with more

resources.

o Example: Doubling the data and processors should result in similar execution times.

4. Resource Utilization:

o Assess the degree to which all processors or nodes are utilized during query
execution.

o Poor utilization indicates suboptimal parallel plans.

5. Communication Overhead:

o Evaluate the time spent on data transfer between nodes versus computation.

o Low overhead indicates effective partitioning and data locality.

6. Load Balancing:

o Ensure no processor or node is idle while others are overloaded.

o Balanced workloads suggest an efficient parallel execution plan.