PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

STA MARIA CAMPUS

ISO 9001:2015
GE 7 – Mathematics in the Modern World
 5
LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Our learning outcomes are:

a) Identify problems that linear programming can handle; and
b) Write linear programming models and solve them using
the graphical method
Almost all human endeavors seek to deliver the most with the least
amount of resources.
For example
In the business perspective, greatest profit is wanted with the least
investment;
Maximum crop yield is preferred with minimal fertilizer investment;

Optimizing the strength, longevity, efficiency, utilization with minimal

initial investment, and operational cost of various industrial
equipment and machinery.

This is Operations Research.

Operations Research (OR) is an important instrument for making
decisions and analyzing physical systems. In mathematical terms, it
is determining the most effective response from a set of every
possible option. The most significant aspect of the OR research is
to translate the problem statement into connections to
mathematics. This step includes asking the following questions:

➢What are the options for making the decision?

➢What restrictions apply to the decision?
➢What is a good objective criterion for evaluating
alternatives?
 Operations research (OR) is a quantitative modeling method
aimed at determining the best solution to a specific problem. A
generalized model in operations research takes the following
form:

The objective function represents the value that we wish to optimize.

The constraints represent the problem's limitations or requirements. A
solution to the model is practical if it meets all the limitations. A solution
is optimal if it delivers the best (highest or least) value of the objective
function while still being practicable.
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES (Cartesian
Coordinates)
A rectangular coordinate system is formed by two
perpendicular number lines that intersect at the point
corresponding to the number 0 on each line. This
point of intersection is called the origin and is
denoted by the symbol O. The horizontal and
vertical number lines are called the x-axis and the
y-axis, respectively. These axes divide the plane
into four regions, called quadrants, which are
numbered as shown in the figure.
Origin. This is the point of
intersection of the x-axis and the
y-axis. The ordered pair for the
origin is (0,0).
x-coordinate or Abscissa. It is
the directed distance from a point
to the y-axis. The movement is
to the right if the number is
positive and to the left if the
number is negative.
y-coordinate or Ordinate. It is the
directed distance from a point to
the x-axis. The movement is
above the x-axis if the number is
positive and below the x-axis if
the number is negative.
Quadrants. The x-axis and the y-
axis separate the coordinate
plane into four (4) regions called
quadrants which are labeled as
I, II, III and IV. The abscissa is
positive in the 1st and 4th
quadrants, the ordinate is
positive in the 1st and 2nd
quadrants. Quadrant I (+,+),
Quadrant II (-,+), Quadrant III (-,-)
and Quadrant IV (+,-).
Graph of the ordered pair. It is the
point associated with an ordered
pair of real numbers.
 Points can be graph on the coordinate
plane. A point has two coordinates
which form an ordered pair.

A ‘Pair of Coordinates . An ‘Ordered Pair’

(a, b)
(2, -5)

The x coordinate tells how far to move

left or right along the x- axis.

The y coordinate tells how far to move

up or down along the x- axis.
Any point P in the plane can be located by a unique ordered pair of numbers. By
drawing lines through point P perpendicular to the x- and y-axes, these lines
intersect the axes in points with coordinates a and b as shown in Figure 1. Then
the point P is assigned the ordered pair (a, b). The 1st number a is called the x-
coordinate (or abscissa); and the 2nd number b is called the y-coordinate (or
ordinate) of P. Several points are labeled with their coordinates in Figure 2.
 GRAPHING LINEAR EQUATIONS

The Point Plotting – Method of Sketching a Graph

1. Rewrite the equation by isolating one of the variables.

2. Create a table of values that displays several solution points.
3. Plot these points on a rectangular coordinate system.
4. Use a smooth curve or line to connect the points.
1. Sketch the graph of 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
Rewrite the equation by isolating one of the variables. 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 5

Create a table of values that displays several solution points

Intercepts.
Solution points with zero as either the x- or y-coordinate are very useful. These
points are referred to as intercepts since they are where the graph touches the
x- or y-axis.
If a point (a, 0) is a solution point to an equation, it is referred to as an x-intercept
of the graph. To find the x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x.

If a point (0, b) is a solution point to an equation, it is referred to as an y-intercept

of the graph. To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.
To find the x intercept of a line, set the value of y to zero. For the y
intercept, set x to zero. If both intercepts are at the points x = 0 and y =
0, just find another point on the line by substituting any value for x and
solving for y. The solution to a linear inequality is a result made up of
all the points (x, y) that satisfy the inequality. In most circumstances,
inequalities with ≤ correspond to the area below the line, and
inequalities with ≥ correspond to the area above the line. This can be
proved by selecting a point not on the line and evaluating if this point
satisfies.
Example:
Find the intercepts and sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5
Solution:
Find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and solve for x.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5
𝟎 = 2𝑥 − 5
5 = 2𝑥
𝟓
𝒙=
𝟐

𝟓
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: ( , 𝟎)
𝟐
Solution:
Find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve for y.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5
𝒚 = 2(𝟎) − 5
𝒚 = −𝟓

𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: (𝟎 , −𝟓)
 x-intercept,
𝟓
( , 𝟎)
𝟐

y-intercept,
(0, -5)
SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM of the Equation of a Line
The graph of the equation
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 is a line whose slope is 𝒎 and whose 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 is
(𝟎, 𝒃)
Use the slope and 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 to sketch the graph of
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟔
Use the slope and 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 to sketch the graph of
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟔
Solution:
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 slope-intercept formula
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = −𝟔
−3𝑦 = −𝑥 − 6
−𝑥−6
𝑦=
−3
𝑥+6
𝑦=
3
𝒙
𝒚 = +𝟐
𝟑
𝟏
𝒚= 𝒙 +𝟐
𝟑
𝟏
𝒎= 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕, (𝟎, 𝟐)
𝟑
Sketch the graph of the equation. Plot the y-intercept (0, 2). Then use a slope of
𝟏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝒎= =
𝟑 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙

Locate a second point on the line

by moving 3 units to the right and
1 unit up
Lastly, obtain the graph by drawing a line through the two points.
Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Substitution Method
1. Solve one of the equations for a single variable in terms of another.
2. To obtain an equation with one variable, substitute the expression
obtained in Step 1 into the other equation.
3. Solve the equation from Step 2.
4. To calculate the value of the other variable, back-substitute the solution
from Step 3 into the expression from Step 1.
5. Check the answer to make sure it satisfies both of the original
equations.
Solve the system of Linear Equations

𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1

2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2
SOLUTION
1. Solve one of the equations for a single variable in terms of another.
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1
𝟓𝒙 = −𝟑𝒚 + 𝟏𝟖
𝟓𝒙 −𝟑𝒚+𝟏𝟖
=
𝟓 𝟓
−𝟑𝒚 𝟏𝟖
𝒙= +
𝟓 𝟓
−𝟑 𝟏𝟖
𝒙= 𝒚 +
𝟓 𝟓
2. To obtain an equation with one variable, substitute the expression
obtained in Step 1 into the other equation.
−𝟑 𝟏𝟖
𝒙= 𝒚 + from Step 1
𝟓 𝟓

2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2
−𝟑 𝟏𝟖
2( 𝒚 + ) − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏
𝟓 𝟓
−𝟔 𝟑𝟔
( 𝒚 + − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏) 5
𝟓 𝟓

−𝟔𝒚 + 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟑𝟓𝒚 = −𝟓
−𝟔𝒚 − 𝟑𝟓𝒚 = −𝟓 − 𝟑𝟔
−𝟒𝟏𝒚 = −𝟒𝟏
𝒚=𝟏 3. Solve the equation from Step 2.
4. To calculate the value of the other variable, back-substitute the solution
from Step 3 into the expression from Step 1.

−𝟑 𝟏𝟖
𝒙= 𝒚 + 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝟏
𝟓 𝟓

𝒚=𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝟑

−𝟑 𝟏𝟖
𝒙= (𝟏) +
𝟓 𝟓
𝟏𝟓
𝒙=
𝟓

𝒙=𝟑
5. Check the answer to make sure it satisfies both of the original equations.

𝒙=𝟑 𝒚=𝟏

𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1
𝟓(𝟑) + 𝟑(𝟏) = 𝟏𝟖
𝟏𝟓 + 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟖
𝟏𝟖 = 𝟏𝟖

2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2
2(3) −𝟕(𝟏) = −𝟏
6 −𝟕 = −𝟏
−𝟏 = −𝟏
Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
Elimination Method
1. Multiply all terms of one or both equations by suitable constants to get
the opposite coefficients of x (or y).
2. Combine the equations to eliminate one variable, and calculate the
resulting equation.
3. Back-substitute the value from Step 2 into one of the original equations
and solve for the other variable.
4. Check the answer to make sure it satisfies both of the original
equations.
Use the method of elimination to solve the system of Linear Equations

𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1

2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2
SOLUTION

1. Multiply all terms of one or both equations by suitable constants to get

the opposite coefficients of x (or y).
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1
2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2

𝟕 (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖) >>>>>>> 3𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏𝒚 = 126

3 (2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏) >>>>>>> 6𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏𝒚 = - 3
2. Combine the equations to eliminate one variable, and calculate the
resulting equation.

3𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟏𝒚 = 126

+ 6𝒙 − 𝟐𝟏𝒚 = - 3
𝟒𝟏𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑
𝒙=𝟑
3. Back-substitute the value from Step 2 into one of the original equations
and solve for the other variable.
𝒙=𝟑 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝟐

𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1 2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2
𝟓(𝟑) + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 2 𝟑 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏
𝟏𝟓 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 6 −𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏
𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 − 𝟏𝟓 −𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 − 𝟔
𝟑𝒚 = 𝟑 -7𝒚 = −𝟕
𝒚=𝟏 𝒚=𝟏
4. Check the answer to make sure it satisfies both of the original equations.
𝒙=𝟑 𝒚=𝟏

𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1
𝟓(𝟑) + 𝟑(𝟏) = 𝟏𝟖
𝟏𝟓 + 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟖
18 = 𝟏𝟖

2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2
2 𝟑 − 𝟕(𝟏) = −𝟏
6 −𝟕 = −𝟏
−𝟏 = −𝟏
Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables
CRAMER’s RULE
Given a pair of simultaneous equations:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑑2
Then, 𝑥 and 𝑦 can be:

𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑑1
𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑑2
𝒙= 𝒚=
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
Use Cramer’s method to solve the system of Linear Equations

𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1

2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2
SOLUTION
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1
2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2

𝑑1 𝑏1 18 3 𝒙 = (−1) (3) − 𝟏𝟖 −𝟕

𝑑2 𝑏2 −1 −7 𝟐 𝟑 - (5) (-7)
𝒙= 𝒙=
5 3 𝒙 = −𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝟔
𝑎1 𝑏1
𝟔 + 35
𝑎2 𝑏2 2 −7
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐3
𝟒𝟏
𝒙=𝟑
SOLUTION
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1
2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2

𝒚 = (2) (18) − 𝟓 −𝟏

𝑎1 𝑑1 5 18 𝟐 𝟑 - (5) (-7)

𝑎2 𝑑2 2 −1 𝒚 = 𝟑𝟔 + 𝟓
𝒚= 𝒚=
𝟔 + 35
𝑎1 𝑏1 5 3
𝑎2 𝑏2 2 −7 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟏
𝟒𝟏
𝒚=𝟏
𝒙=𝟑 𝒚=𝟏
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟖 Equation 1 2𝒙 − 𝟕𝒚 = −𝟏 Equation 2
𝒙=𝟑 𝒚=𝟏