LESSON10

CONJUNCTI
ONUSAGE

10.
0INTRODUCTI
ON

10.
1.TYPESOFCONJUNCTI
ON

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofconj
unct
ion:

(
a) Coordinat
ingConjunct
ions
(
b) .Subor
dinati
ngConjuncti
ons

10.
1.1.
Coor
dinat
ingConj
unct
ions

Coor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ionsj
oinequi
val
entpar
tsofasent
encee.
g.t
wo
cl
auseswhi
chmakeupasent
enceasi
l
lust
rat
edbel
ow
(maincl
ause) (mai
ncl
ause)
Thesunshone And Ever
yonef
elthappy
Conj
.

Theunit
sthatar
ejoi
nedi
ncoor
dinat
ionhav
ethesameorequal
stat
usi
nthe
sent
ence.
Theycoul
dbot
hbenounphr
ases,
adj
ect
ivephr
asesorsepar
atecl
auses.
Exampl
es:

1a)Isawacarandabus(nounphrases)
1b)Theki
dswerewetandfil
thy(
adject
ives)
1c)Marywentt
oEgert
onandJohnwentt oNazar
ene(
clauses)

Theconj
unct
ionswhi
chmaybemadeupofasi
ngl
esi
mpl
ewor
dordoubl
ewor
d
expr
essacer
tai
nty
peofmeani
ng.Theyar
ether
efor
esel
ect
eddependi
ngont
he
meani
ngi
ntendedi
nthecl
ause.Doubl
econj
unct
ionsar
eal
soknownas
cor
rel
ati
veconj
unct
ions.

Bel
owi
sal
i
stofcoor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions.
Si
mpl
eConj
Doubl
e(cor
rel
ati
ve)Conj
Meani
ngExpr
essed

and bot
h…and Expr
essesaddi
ti
on,
 notonl
y…but l
i
sti
ng,
resul
t,sequence

or ei
ther…or i
ntr
oducesanal
ter
nat
ive

but not…but showscont

rast

nor nei
ther…nor negat
iveaddi
ti
on

Exampl
esofdoubl
econj
unct
ionuse:

2a) BothJohnandMar ypassedtheexams.

2b) NotonlydidJohnear nadist
inct
ioninhisexamsbutheal sor
ecei
ved
theVice-Chancel
l
or ’
saward.
2c) Youeithertel
lmet hetr
uthoryouwillbepunished
2d) Theyneitherdidt
heassignment,norweretheypresentf
orthecl
ass.
10.
1.2Subor
dinat
ingConj
unct
ions

I
nsubor
dinat
ion,
theuni
tst
hatar
eli
nkedt
oget
herdonothav
ethesame
gr
ammat
ical
stat
usast
heydoi
nthecaseofcoor
dinat
ion.
Onecl
auseknownast
hesubor
dinat
e,dependentorembeddedcl
ausei
s
madet
orel
yuponanot
her–t
hemai
norpr
inci
pal
clause–gr
ammat
ical
l
y.
Exampl
e:
3.
(
mai
ncl
ause) (
subordi
natecl
ause)
Youwi
l
lbei
mpr
isoned I
f Youbreaktr
aff
icr
ules

Thesetooaremadeupofsi
mpl
e,doubl
eand2or3wor
dconj
unct
ionsas
i
ll
ustr
atedbelow.

Simpl
econj. Doubl
econj
. 2or3wor
dconj
. Meani
ng
expr
essed

as,
than,
li
ke as…so asi
f Compar
ison
as….as ast
hough
i
f,unl
ess i
f…t
hen seeing( t
hat) condi
ti
on
given(that)
provided(that
)
as/sol ongas
cont
rast
al
though t
hough…y
et ev
ent
hough
 whi
le
wher
eas
so…t
hat asf
aras degr
eeorext
ent

Exampl
es(
doubl
econj
unct
ionusage)

4a) Asamant hinks,

soishe
4b) Hewasasbusyasabee
4c) I
fthechi
ldisbornali
ve,
thenthebequestwi
l
ltakeef
fect
.
ThoughMainaplayedwell
,yethel
ostthe
4d) game.
Shewassor icht
hatsheboughtawhole
4e) i
sland .

Exampl
esof2or3wor
dconj
unct
ions.

5a) Rhodawal kedasifshewassi ck.

5b) Enondabehav esasthoughheownst heplace.
5c) Thecompanymustpayal lthedebtsseei
ngthati
tisheadedfor
col
lapse.
5d) Sol ongasIam sti
llt
hecompanyboss, wearenotsell
ingourasset
s.
5e) Mymot herl
ovescoffeeeventhoughitmakeshersi
ck.
5f) Thecooksser vedthefoodasf arasi
tcoul
dgo.

10.
1.3Useofacomma

I
nwr
it
ingy
oushoul
dputacommaatt
heendoft
hef
ir
stcl
auseunl
esst
hesent
ence

i
sver
yshor
t.

e.
g.6)Thechi
l
drenwerer
equir
edt
oremai
nsil
ent
,andthet
eacher
usedever
ymeanst
oensur
ethatthi
swasso.

10.
2ELLI
PSI
SINCO-
ORDI
NATI
ON.

Incoordi
nat
ion,
wecanusual
l
yomi
tpar
toft
hesecondcl
ause.Thi
sisknownas
ell
i
psis.
Thi
scanbedonei
nthr
eedi
ff
erentway
sasi
l
lust
rat
edbel
ow.

10.
2.1ELLI
PSI
SOFI
DENTI
CALSUBJECTS

I
denti
calsubj
ect
sofcoor
dinat
edcl
ausesar
eel
l
ipt
ed.
Example
 7a)“
Peterateasandwi
chand(he)drankaglassofwater
”becomes,
7b)“Peterat
easandwichanddrankaglassofwater
.

10.
2.2ELLI
PSI
SOFI
DENTI
CALSUBJECTSANDAUXI
LLI
ARI
ES.

I
fthesubj
ect
sandt
heauxi
l
iar
iesar
eident
ical
,el
l
ipsi
sofbot
hisnor
mal
.
Exampl
e:

8a)“Mar
yhaswashedt hedishes,(Mar
yhas)driedt
hem,and(Mar
y
has)putthem i
nthecupboard”becomes,
8b)“Maryhaswashedthedi shes,
dri
edthem andputt
hem i
nthecupboar
d.”
Usual
l
y,i
nel
l
ipsi
sincoor
dinat
ion,
ther
eal
i
zedi
temsar
eint
hef
ir
stcl
ause
andt
heel
l
ipsi
sisi
nsubsequentcl
auses.
I
nsubor
dinat
ecl
auses,
ell
i
psi
sofsubj
ectal
oneorofsubj
ectwi
thauxi
l
iar
iesi
s
gener
all
ynotal
l
owed.E.g.
9a)“
Jackwaslookingwell
alt
houghhehadsleptli
tt
le.
”
Compare,
9b)*
”Jackwaslookingwel
lal
thoughsl
eptl
i
ttle”

10.
2.3ELLI
PSI
SOFAUXI
LLI
ARYONLY

Ifthesubject
sofcoordi
natedcl
ausesar
ediff
erent,
theremaybeell
i
psi
sofan
identi
calauxil
i
ary
.E.g.
10) “
Johnshoul
dcleant
heshedandPeter(
should)mowthe

l
awn.I
fther
eismor
ethanoneauxi
l
iar
y,i
tisnor
mal
foral
ltobeel
l
ipt
ed

E.
g.

11a)“Johnmusthavebeenplayi
ngfoot
ball
andMary(musthavebeen)
doi
ngherhomewor k”becomes,
11b)“Johnmusthav ebeenplay
ingf
ootbal
landMar
ydoingherhomework”
.