Express the Boolean functions in a sum of Minterms and a product of

Maxterms.

1.​ F ( A, B, C, D ) = D ( A′ + B ) + B′ D

Solution:

F ( A, B, C, D ) = D ( A′ + B ) + B′ D
= A′ D + BD + B′ D
Now it has four variable A , B, C, D
A′ D = A′ D ( B + B′)
= ( A′BD + A′B′D) ( C+ C′)
= A′BCD + A′BC′D + A′B′CD + A′B′C′D
BD = BD (A + A′)
= ( ABD + A′BD) ( C+ C′ )
= ABCD + ABC′D + A′BCD + A′BC′D
B′D = B′D (A + A′)
= ( AB′D + A′B′D) ( C+ C′ )
= AB′CD + AB′C′D + A′B′CD + A′B′C′D
Now combining all terms:
F = A′BCD + A′BC′D + A′B′CD + A′B′C′D + ABCD + ABC′D + A′BCD + A′BC′D +
AB′CD + AB′C′D + A′B′CD + A′B′C′D
= A′BCD + A′BCD + A′BC′D + A′B′CD + ABCD + ABC′D + A′B′C′D + AB′CD + AB′C′D
= m7 + m5 + m3 + m15 + m13+ m1+ m11+ m9
F = ∑ ( 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15)
F′ = ∏ ( 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 ) (Answer)

2.​ F ( w, x, y, z ) = y′ z + w x y′ + w x z′ + w′ x′ z

Solution:
The function has four variables: w, x, y, z.
The first term y′ z, is missing two variables;
Therefore:
y′ z = y′ z ( w+ w′ )
= w y′ z + w′ y′ z
This is still missing one variable:
y′ z = w y′ z + w′ y′ z
= w y′ z ( x + x′ ) + w′ y′ z ( x+ x′ )
= w x y′ z + w x′ y′ z + w′ x y′ z + w′ x′ y′ z
The second term, w x y′, is missing one variable:
W x y′ = w x y′ ( z + z′ )
= w x y′ z + w x y′ z′
 The third term, w x z′, is missing one variable.
W x z′ = w x z′ ( y + y′ )
= w x y z′ + w x y′ z′
The fourth term, w′ x′ z, is missing one variable.
w′ x′ z = w′ x′ z ( y + y′ )
= w′ x′ y z + w′ x′ y′ z
Now, combining all terms
F = w x y′ z + w x′ y′ z + w′ x y′ z + w′ x′ y′ z + w x y′ z + w x y′ z′ + w x y z′ + w x y′ z′ +
w′ x′ y z + w′ x′ y′ z
= w x y′ z + w x′ y′ z + w′ x y′ z + w′ x′ y′ z + w x y′ z′ + w x y z′ + w′ x′ y z
= m13 + m9 + m5 + m1 + m12 + m14 + m3
F = ∑ ( 1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 13, 14 )
F′ = ∏ ( 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 ) ( Answer)

3.​ F ( A, B, C, D) = ( A + B′ + C ) ( A + B′ ) ( A + C′ + D′ ) ( A′ + B + C + D′ ) ( B+ C′ + D′ )

Solution:

The function has four variables A, B, C, D. Each OR term is missing so

A + B′ + C = A + B′ + C + D.D′
= ( A + B′ + C + D ) ( A + B′ + C + D′ )

A + B′ = A + B′ + C.C′
=( A + B′ + C ) ( A + B′ + C′ )
=( A + B′ + C + D.D′ ) ( A + B′ + C′+ D.D′ )
=( A + B′ + C + D ) ( A + B′ + C + D′ ) ( A + B′ + C′+ D )
(A + B′ + C′+ D′ )

A + C′ + D′ = A + C′ + D′ + B.B′
= (A + B + C′ + D′ ) (A + B′ + C′ + D′ )

A′ + B + C + D′: Here no variable is missing.

B + C′ + D′ = B + C′ + D′ + A.A′
=( A +B + C′ + D′ ) ( A′ + B + C′ + D′ )
Now combining all terms :
F = ( A + B′ + C + D ) ( A + B′ + C + D′ ) ( A + B′ + C + D ) ( A + B′ + C + D′ ) ( A + B′ +
C′+ D ) (A + B′ + C′+ D′ ) (A + B + C′ +D′) (A + B′ + C′ + D′ ) ( A′ + B + C + D′ ) ( A + B
+ C′ + D′ )
( A′ + B + C′+D′)
= ( A + B′ + C + D ) ( A + B′ + C + D′ ) ( A + B′ + C′+ D ) (A + B′ + C′+ D′ ) (A + B + C′
+D′) ( A′ + B + C + D′ ) ( A′ + B + C′+D′)
= M4 M5 M6 M7 M3 M9 M11
= ∏ ( 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11 )
 F′ = ∑ ( 0, 1, 2,8, 10 ) ( Answer )

4.​ F ( A, B, C ) = ( A′ + B ) ( B′ + C )
Solution:

The function has three variables A, B, C. Each OR term is missing so,

A′ + B= A′ + B + C.C′
= ( A′ + B + C ) ( A′ + B + C′)
B′ + C = B′ + C + A.A′
= ( A + B′ + C ) ( A′ + B′ + C )
Now combining all terms
F = ( A′ + B + C ) ( A′ + B + C′) ( A + B′ + C ) ( A′ + B′ + C )
= M4 M5 M2 M6
= ∏ ( 2, 4, 5, 6 )
F′ = ∑ ( 0, 1, 3) ( Answer)

5.​ F ( x, y, z ) = 1
Solution:
Given that,
F ( x, y, z ) = 1
= ( x + x′ ) . 1
= ( x + x′ ) ( y + y′ )
= x y + x y′ + x′ y + x′ y′
= x y ( z + z′ ) + x y′ ( z + z′ ) + x′ y ( z + z′ ) + x′ y′
( z+ z′ )
= x y z + x y z′ + x y′ z + x y′ z′ + x′ y z + x′ y z ′ + x′ y′ z + x′ y′ z′
= m0 +m1+ m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 + m6 + m7
= ∑ ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 )
F′ = No Maxterms ( Answer )

6.​ F ( x, y, z ) = ( x y + z ) ( y + x z )
Solution:

The function has three variables x, y, z . Each OR term is missing so,

( x y + z ) ( y + x z)
=(x+z)(y+z)(y+x)(y+z)
=(x+z)(y+z)(y+x)
Therefore,
x + z = x + z + y. y′
= ( x + y + z ) ( x + y′ + z )
y + z = y + z + x. x′
= ( x + y + z ) (x′ + y + z )
 y + x = y + x + z. z′
=( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z′ )
Now combining all terms
F = ( x + y + z ) ( x + y′ + z ) ( x + y + z ) (x′ + y + z )
( x + y + z ) ( x + y + z′ )
= ( x + y + z ) ( x + y′ + z ) (x′ + y + z) ( x + y + z′ )
= M0 M2 M4 M1
= ∏ ( 0, 1, 2, 4 )
F′ = ∑ ( 3, 5, 6,7 ) ( Answer )

Convert the following to the other canonical form:

1.​ F ( x, y, z ) = ∑ ( 1, 3, 7 )
Solution:
Given that,
F ( x, y, z ) = ∑ ( 1, 3, 7 )
= m1 + m3 + m7
= x′ y′ z + x′ y z + x y z
Missing terms : F′ ( x, y, z ) = ∑ ( 0, 2, 4, 5, 6 )
= m0 + m2 + m4 + m5 + m6
= x′ y′ z′ + x′ y z′ + x y′ z′ + x y′ z + x y z′
Applied De- Morgan’s theorem:
F′ ( x, y, z )= F ( x, y, z )
=( m0 + m2 + m4 + m5 + m6 )′
= (x′ y′ z′ + x′ y z′ + x y′ z′ + x y′ z + x y z′ )′
=( x′ y′ z′ )′ ( x′ y z′ )′ ( x y′ z′ )′ ( x y′ z )′ ( x y z′ )′

=( x″ + y″ + z″ ) ( x″ + y′ + z″ ) ( x′ + y″ + z″ ) ( x′ + y″ + z′ ) ( x′ + y′ + z″ )

=( x + y + z ) ( x + y′ + z ) ( x′ + y + z ) ( x′ + y + z′ ) ( x′ + y′ + z)

= M0 M2 M4 M5 M6

= ∏ ( 0, 2, 4, 5, 6 ) ( Answer )

2.​ F ( A, B, C, D) = ∑ ( 0, 2, 6, 11, 13, 14 )

Solution:
Given that,
F ( A, B, C, D) = ∑ ( 0, 2, 6, 11, 13, 14 )
= m0 + m2 + m6 + m11 + m13+ m14
 = A′ B′ C′ D′ + A′ B′ C D′ + A′ B C D′ + A B′ C D + A B C′ D + A B C D′
Missing term : F′( A, B, C, D ) = ∑ ( 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 )
= m1 + m3 + m4 + m5 + m7+ m8 + m9 + m10 + m12
= A′ B′ C′ D + A′ B′ C D + A′ B C′ D′ + A′ B C′ D + A′ B C D + A B′ C′ D′ + A B′ C′ D + A
B′ C D′ + A B C′ D′

Appling De- Morgan’s

F′ ( A, B, C, D) = F ( A, B, C, D )
=( m1 + m3 + m4 + m5 + m7+ m8 + m9 + m10 + m12)′
=( A′ B′ C′ D + A′ B′ C D + A′ B C′ D′ + A′ B C′ D + A′ B C D + A B′ C′ D′ + A B′ C′ D +
A B′ C D′ + A B C′ D′ )′
=( A′ B′ C′ D )′ ( A′ B′ C D )′ ( A′ B C′ D′ )′ ( A′ B C′ D )′ ( A′ B C D )′ ( A B′ C′ D′ )′ ( A B′
C′ D )′ ( A B′ C D′ )′ ( A B C′ D′ )
=( A″ + B″ + C″ + D′ ) ( A″ + B″ + C′ + D′ ) ( A″+ B′+ C″+ D″ ) ( A″+ B′+ C″+ D′ ) ( A″+
B′+ C′+ D′ ) ( A′+ B″+ C″+ D″ ) ( A′+ B″+ C″+ D′ ) ( A′+ B″+ C′+ D″ ) ( A′+ B′+ C″+ D″ )
=( A+ B + C + D′ ) ( A + B + C′ + D′ ) ( A+ B′+ C+ D ) ( A+ B′+ C+ D′ ) ( A+ B′+ C′+ D′ ) (
A′+ B+ C+ D ) ( A′+ B+ C+ D′ ) ( A′+ B+ C′+ D ) ( A′+ B′+ C+ D )
= M1 M3 M4 M5 M7 M8 M9 M10 M12
= ∏ ( 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 ) ( Answer )
3.​ F ( x, y, z) = ∏ ( 0, 3, 6, 7 )
Solution:
Given that,
F ( x, y, z) = ∏ ( 0, 3, 6, 7 )
= M0 M3 M6 M7
= (x + y + z ) ( x + y′ + z′ ) ( x′ + y′ + z ) ( x′ + y′ + z′ )
Missing terms:
F′ ( x, y, z) = F ( 1, 2, 4, 5 )
= M1 M2 M4 M5
= (x + y + z′ ) ( x + y′ + z ) ( x′ + y + z ) ( x′ + y + z′ )
Appling De – Morgan’s
F′ ( x, y, z) = F ( x, y, z)
= ( M1 M2 M4 M5 )′
={ (x + y + z′ ) ( x + y′ + z ) ( x′ + y + z ) ( x′ + y + z′ )}′
= (x + y + z′ )′ + ( x + y′ + z )′ + ( x′ + y + z )′ + ( x′ + y + z′ )′
= (x′ y′ z″ ) + ( x′ y″ z′ ) + ( x″ y′ z′ ) ( x″ y′ z″ )
= (x′ y′ z ) + ( x′ y z′ ) + ( x y′ z′ ) ( x y′ z )
= m1 + m2 + m4 + m5
 = ∑ ( 1, 2, 4, 5 ) ( Answer)

4.​ F ( A, B , C, D ) = ∏ ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 )
Solution:
Given that,
F ( A, B , C, D ) = ∏ ( 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 )
= M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M6 M12
= ( A + B + C + D ) ( A + B + C + D′ ) ( A + B + C′ + D ) ( A + B + C′ + D′ ) ( A + B′ + C +
D ) ( A + B′ + C′ + D ) ( A′ + B′ + C + D )
Missing terms:
F′ ( A, B , C, D ) = ∏ ( 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 )
= M5 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11
= ( A + B′ + C + D′ ) ( A + B′ + C′ + D′ ) ( A′ + B + C + D ) ( A′ + B + C + D′ ) ( A′ + B + C′
+ D ) ( A′ + B + C′ + D′ )
Appling De- Morgan’s
F′ ( A, B , C, D ) =F ( A, B , C, D )
=( M5 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 )
= {( A + B′ + C + D′ ) ( A + B′ + C′ + D′ ) ( A′ + B + C + D ) ( A′ + B + C + D′ ) ( A′ + B +
C′ + D ) ( A′ + B + C′ + D′ ) }′
= ( A + B′ + C + D′ )′ + ( A + B′ + C′ + D′ )′ + ( A′ + B + C + D )′ + ( A′ + B + C + D′ )′ + (
A′ + B + C′ + D )′ + ( A′ + B + C′ + D′ )′
= ( A′ B″ C′ D″ ) + ( A′ B″ C″ D″ ) + ( A″ B′ C′ D′ ) + ( A″ B′ C′ D″ ) + ( A″ B′ C″ D′ ) + (
A″ B′ C″ D″ )

= ( A′ B C′ D ) + ( A′ B C D ) + ( A B′ C′ D′ ) + ( A B′ C′ D ) + ( A B′ C D′ ) + ( A B′ C D)
= m5 + m7 +m8 + m9 + m10+ m11
= ∑ ( 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ) ( Answer )