College of Computing Sciences

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
First Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021

CHAPTER

1
THE COMPUTING
Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain what a computer
2. Explain how information is being process by the computer.
3. Compare and contrast procedure and algorithm.
4. Discuss Computer Functions.
5. Explore the types of computers and their functions, including the basic operations.
6. Differentiate hardware from software.
7. Compare data Sizes and speeds
8. Convert data into binary number system.

Topic Outline:
I. Process, Procedures, and Computers
A. Computer Parts
B. Computer Functions
C. Application of Computer, Advantages and Disadvantages
D. Computer Components
E. Data Sizes and Speeds
II. Number System
 I. Process, Procedures, and Computers

Computing is the ultimate mental amplifier - computers can mechanize any

intellectual activity we can imagine. Automatic computing radically changes how humans
solve problems, and even the kinds of problems we can imagine solving. Computing has
changed the world more than any other invention of the past hundred years, and has
come to pervade nearly all human endeavors. Yet, we are just at the beginning of the
computing revolution; today’s computing offers just a glimpse of the potential impact of
computing.

Computing changes how we think about problems and how we understand the
world.

There are two reasons why everyone should study computing:

1. Nearly all of the most exciting and important technologies, arts, and sciences of today
and tomorrow are driven by computing.

2. Understanding computing illuminates deep insights and questions into the nature of
our minds, our culture, and our universe.

Computer science is the study of information processes. A process is a

sequence processes of steps. Each step changes the state of the world in some small
way, and the result of all the steps produces some goal state. For example, baking a
cake, mailing a letter, and planting a tree are all processes. Because they involve physical
things like sugar and dirt, however, they are not pure information processes. Computer
science focuses on processes that involve abstract information rather than physical
things.

A procedure is a description of a process. A simple process can be described just

by listing the steps. The list of steps is the procedure; the act of following them is the
process. A procedure that can be followed without any thought is called a mechanical
procedure. An algorithm is a mechanical procedure that is guaranteed to eventually
finish.

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

 Computers exist in a wide range of forms, and thousands of computers are hidden
in devices we use every day but don’t think of as computers such as cars, phones, TVs,
microwave ovens, and access cards. Our primary focus is on universal computers, which
are computers that can perform all possible mechanical computations on discrete inputs
except for practical limits on space and time.

A computer is a machine that can:

1. Accept input. Input could be entered by a human typing at a keyboard, received over
a network, or provided automatically by sensors attached to the computer.

2. Execute a mechanical procedure. A procedure where each step can be executed

without any thought.

3. Produce output. Output could be data displayed to a human, but it could also be
anything that effects the world outside the computer such as electrical signals that
control how a device operates.

A. Computer Parts

There are four (4) basic types of computer parts:

a) Input devices
- Entry is any type of data you enter into the computer, like when you type
words and numbers in a document, insert pictures, or put a CD into the
computer to play music like keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, web
cam and etc.

b) Storage devices
- Parts of the computer that hold information. The primary storage device is the
computer’s memory called RAM (random access memory). It remembers
everything that is read, input, or output. But, because the computer’s
memory is on a temporary area it forgets everything when turned off it must
have another place to store information permanently. This secondary storage
device is usually a disk like CD/DVD, USB Flash Drive, Hard Drive, or
External Drive.
Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor
 c) Processing device
- Parts of the computer that analyze input data to produce a result. To
accomplish this task the computer uses the processor and memory. They are
in the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU is considered the “brain” of the
computer, and we may find the memory (RAM) system.
- Parts we use to process the information on a computer are: Random Access
Memory (RAM) and Central Processing Unit (CPU).
d) Output devices
- Parts of the computer that gives out information generated by the computer,
like a monitor, printer or speaker.
Input – Process - Output

Process Output
Input (Data)
(Information)

Keyboard, digital camera, Central processing unit (CPU) Monitor, Printer, Speakers etc.
scanner etc.
Example of a
computing
system

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

B. Computer Functions

Computer – an electronic device that receives data and computes high-speed

mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise
processes and presents information.

A computer has four functions:

The Information Processing Cycle

Accepts data Input
Process data Processing
Produces output Output

Stores results Storage

What makes a computer powerful?

1. Speed – a computer can do billions of actins per second.

2. Reliability – failures are usually due to human error, one way or another.
3. Storage – a computer can keep huge amounts of data.

C. Application of Computer, Advantages and Disadvantages

Computers have become important tools in our day to day operations. Some of the areas
computers are used are in:

1. Engineering – in engineering computers are used for designing using computer aided
design (CAD) software. Modelling and testing processes.

2. Manufacturing – computer have made industrial processes more efficient through

optimization scheduling, process control, and using robots to perform automated
manufacturing process control which are otherwise dangerous to human beings.

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

Automobile assembly robot at work

A wire repair robot at work

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

3. Communication –This merger has resulted to more efficient communication using
computers and other handheld devices such as mobile phones used to facilitate sending
and receiving of messages over the internet. Computers also control many
telecommunications equipment.

4. Education and research – computers are used in education institution as teaching

aid, online teaching especially in open and distance learning and to enhance
management.

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5. Law enforcement – to carry out biometric mapping activities like fingerprint matching
and store forensic information.

6. Banking – to keep client accounts details and issue cash transaction services at the
automated teller machines (ATM).

Advantages and disadvantages of computer

Advantages:
 Large storage of data in small amount of space
 Quick and accurate calculations than humans
 Continuously work with repetitive work (contusive environment)
 Simulation of dangerous situations

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

Disadvantages:
 Expensive to introduce
 Health hazards
 Downtime
 Redundancy in the work place
 It can lead to misuse of information

COMPUTER HARWARE
D. Computer Components Laptop Computer System
LCD Monitor

 Computer Hardware
- Refers to the physical
components that make up
Speaker Systems PC Headset Wireless Routers
Keyboard & Mouse
a computer system. There
are many different kinds
of hardware that can be Graphic & Sound Cards

Web Cameras UPS & Surge Protectors

installed inside, and

connected to the outside,
External & Internal Motherboard &
Hard drives Processors
of a computer. Computer
Memory DVD/CD Drive
hardware may sometimes
be seen abbreviated as
computer hw.
Ink Jet, Laser, Multi-Function Printers and Scanners

 Computer Software
- Software is the instructions given to the computer that tells it what to do. A
computer cannot do anything without instructions. A computer must first read
instructions before it can start to work.
- Commonly known as programs or apps, consists of all the instructions that tell the
hardware how to perform a task. These instructions come from a software

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

 developer in the form that will be accepted by the platform (operating system +
CPU) that they are based on.
- Two major classes of software systems:
 System software: Helps run the computer hardware and computer system
itself. System software includes operating systems, device drivers, diagnostic
tools and more. System software is almost always pre-installed on your
computer.
 Application software: Allows users to accomplish one or more tasks. It
includes word processing, web browsing and almost any other task for which
you might install software. (Some application software is pre-installed on most
computer systems.)
Hardware versus Software Comparison chart:
Hardware Software
Definition Devices that are required to store and execute (or run) Collection of instructions that enables a user to
the software. interact with the computer. Software is a program
that enables a computer to perform a specific task,
as opposed to the physical components of the
system (hardware).
Types Input, storage, processing, control, and output devices. System software, Programming software, and
Application software.
Function Hardware serve as the delivery system for software To perform the specific task you need to complete.
solutions. The hardware of a computer is infrequently Software is generally not needed to for the
changed, in comparison with software and data, which hardware to perform its basic level tasks such as
are “soft” in the sense that they are readily created, turning on and responding to input.
modified, or erased on the computer.
Examples CD-ROM, monitor, printer, video card, scanners, label QuickBooks, Adobe Acrobat, Google Chrome,
makers, routers and modems. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Apple Maps,
Adobe Photoshop, Google docs, etc.
Inter Hardware starts functioning once software is loaded. To deliver its set of instructions, Software is
dependency installed on hardware.
Failure Hardware failure is random. Hardware does have Software failure is systematic. Software does not
increasing failure at the last stage. have an increasing failure rate.
Durability Hardware wears out over time. Software does not wear out over time. However,
bugs are discovered in software as time passes.
Nature Hardware is physical in nature. Software is logical in nature.

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

E. Data Sizes and Speeds
 Bit (Binary Digit)
A bit is simply a 1 or a 0. A true or a false. It is the most basic unit of data in a
computer. It's like the dots and dashes in Morse code for a computer. It's also
called machine language. Any data of any kind that is stored in the computer or
transmitted by the computer is ultimately made up of bits.
A bit can represent anything we want, perhaps yes and no, but it has only two
possible values. So, to represent more things, we have always grouped bits into
larger chunks. The number of bits determines some maximum number of unique
combinations of bits. A group of 8 bits has 256 (28) possible unique combinations.

 Byte
A byte is a basic unit of measurement of information storage or transmission that
consists of 8 bits. It can be used to represent letters and numbers – up to 256 of
each. For example, a Byte containing the 8 bits 01000101 represents
 The letter E in the ASCII character set, or
 The number 69, since 26 + 22 + 20 = 69.
Twitter allows messages of up to 140 characters (Bytes), while SMS (Short
Message Service) or cell phone texting allows up to 160 Bytes. Most text only
emails can be measured in Bytes, i.e., the emails are relatively small.
 KB or KiloByte
One KB is 1000 Bytes, at least if you don't wear the title "geek" as a badge of honor
and especially if you’re in marketing. When measuring disk space, one KB is 1024
bytes (210). Obviously, if you were selling a disk drive that could hold exactly 1000
bytes, it would be to your advantage to market it is a 1KB drive.

 MB or MegaByte
A megabyte is approximately 1000KB. Technically, it is 1024KB (1024 x 1024).
Again, the technical value is of interest primarily to geeks. Most digital cameras
create images that are in the MB range. An 8 MP (megapixel) camera has 8 million
sensors, each representing a pixel or picture element. Each pixel, in turn uses
some numbers of bits to represent the various colors. A "true color" camera has

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

 24 bits (3B) per pixel. Assuming no compression, each image would be 24MB! (In
practice, we usually do compress the images and find them to be between two and
eight MB.)
 GB or GigaByte
A gigabyte is a unit of data storage worth approximately a billion bytes, meaning
either 1000MB or the more technical 1024MB (1024 x 1024 x 1024). More often
than not in advertising, Gigabytes are presented as 1 billion bytes and not
1,073,741,824 (It's only off by 7 %.). This helps to explain why a freshly formatted
500GB hard drive shows up at a 450GB drive instead. Not too long ago many
people were discussing RAM and even disk storage in Megabytes. These days,
storage has become so cheap that having 4-16 gigabytes of RAM is considered
the norm. A DVD holds gigabytes of data, enough for a single digital movie.
 TB or TeraByte
A terabyte is about one trillion bytes, or 1024 gigabytes. Data centers such as
those operated by Google handle thousands if not millions of terabytes of data
each day. As storage becomes cheaper and faster, terabytes are becoming a
commonly heard term.
 PB or PetaByte
A petabyte is a unit of information or computer storage equal to one quadrillion
bytes (1024 TB).
Google processes (c. 2008) about 24PB of data per day. See map of Google data
centers.
Measurements of Data Speed
Today there are generally two ways of describing data transfer speeds: in bits per
second, or in bytes per second. As explained above, a byte is made of 8 bits. Network
engineers still describe network speeds in bits per second, while your Internet browser
would usually measure a file download rate in bytes per second. A lower case "b" usually
means a bit, while an upper case "B" represents a byte.

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

  Bps - Known as bits per second, bps was the main way of describing data transfer
speeds several decades ago. Bps was also known as the baud rate, therefore, a
600 baud modem was one which could transfer data at around 600bps.
 Kbps - kilobits per second, or 1000 bits per second. (Network folks didn't get
caught up in the 1000 vs 1024 problem.) Modern telephone modems operate at
56Kbps.
 Mbps - 1,000,000 (million) bits per second. Often used in describing Internet
download/upload speeds, as shown above.
 Gbps - 1,000,000,000 (billion) bits per second. This term is most commonly heard
in local area networks, where the close proximity of machines allows for fast data
transfer rates.

II. The Number System

Number system is simply the ways to count things. Aim of any number system is
to deal with certain quantities which can be measured, monitored, recorded, manipulated
arithmetically, observed and utilized. Each quantity has to be represented by its value as
efficiently and accurately as is necessary for any application. The numerical value of a
quantity can be basically expressed in either analog (continuous) or digital (step by step)
method of representation. In analog method, a quantity is expressed by another quantity
which is proportional to the first. For example, the voltage output of an amplifier is
measured by a voltmeter.

We are most familiar with the decimal number system, because we use it every
day. It is the base-10 or radix-10 system. Note that there is no symbol for “10” or for the
base of any system. We count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9, and then insert a 0 in the first column
and add a new left column, starting at 1 again. Then we count 1-9 in the first column
again. (People use the base-10 system because we have 10 fingers!). Each column in
our system stands for a power of 10 starting at 100.

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THE BINARY SYSTEM

In the binary number system (base of 2), there are only two digits: 0 and 1 and the place
values are 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 etc. Binary digits are abbreviated as bits. For example, 1101
is a binary number of 4 bits (ie., it is a binary number containing four binary digits.)

A binary number may have any number of bits. Consider the number 11001.01 1.
Note the binary point (counterpart of decimal point in decimal number system) in this
number.

Each digit is known as a bit and can take only two values 0 and 1. The left most
bit is the highest-order bit and represents the most significant bit (MSB) while the lowest-
order bit is the least significant bit (LSB). Some useful definitions are:

 Word is a binary number consisting of an arbitrary number of bits.

 Nibble is a 4-bit word (one hexadecimal digit) 16 values.
 Byte is an 8-bit word 256 values.

Fig. 3.1 Positional value (weight) of each bit

(Source: http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/10991/1/Unit-10.pdf)

Any number can be expressed in binary form in the usual way. Table 2.1 shows
expression of binary numbers.

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 Counting binary numbers

2’s complement
The 2’s complement of a binary number is obtained adding 1 to the 1’s
complement of this number:
2’s complement = 1’s complement+1
Binary number 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1’s complement 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
____________+ ____________1
2’s complement 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
There is a simple method to obtain the 2’s complement:
 Beginning with the LSB, just write down bits as they are moving to left till the first
1, including it.
 Substitute the rest of bits by their 1’s complement.

Signed numbers

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 In a signed number, the left most bit is the so called sign bit: 0=positive number
1=negative number
Sign-value notation
In this notation, the left-most bit is the sign bit and the others are used to
represent the absolute value notation.
1’s complement
In this notation, the positive numbers have the same representation as the sign-
value notation, and the negative numbers are obtained by taking the 1’s complement of
the positive correspondents.
2’s complement
The positive numbers have the same representation as the sign-value notation,
and the negative numbers are obtained by taking the 1’s complement of the positive
correspondents.
Positive All 00011001 (+25)
Negative Sign-value 10011001
1’s complement 11100110
2’s complement 11100111

Characteristics
 Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
 Also called base 2 number system
 Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2). Example:
20
 Last position in a binary number represents an x power of the base (2). Example:
2x where x represents the last position - 1.

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Example
Binary Number: 101012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Decimal Number

Step 1 101012 ((1 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 ×

20))10

Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10

Step 3 101012 2110

Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101.

Binary to Decimal Conversion

Binary number can be converted into its decimal equivalent, by simply adding the
weights of various positions in the binary number which have bit 1.
Steps:
 Step 1 − Determine the column (positional) value of each digit (this depends on
the position of the digit and the base of the number system).
 Step 2 − Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the digits in the
corresponding columns.
 Step 3 − Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent value
in decimal.
Example
Binary Number − 111012
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Decimal Number

Step 1 111012 ((1 × 24) + (1 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20))10

Step 2 111012 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)10

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 Step 3 111012 2910

Binary Number − 111012 = Decimal Number − 2910

Decimal to Binary Conversion

A decimal number is converted into its binary equivalent by its repeated divisions
by 2. The division is continued till we get a quotient of 0. Then all the remainders are
arranged sequentially with first remainder taking the position of LSB and the last one
taking the position of MSB. Consider the conversion of 27 into its binary equivalent as
follows.

Decimal to binary conversion

(Source: http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/10991/1/Unit-10.pdf)
Steps
 Step 1 − Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base.
 Step 2 − Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant
digit) of new base number.
 Step 3 − Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
 Step 4 − Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new
base number.
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes
zero in Step 3.

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

The last remainder thus obtained will be the Most Significant Digit (MSD) of the new
base number.

Example
Decimal Number: 2910
Calculating Binary Equivalent

Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 29 / 2 14 1

Step 2 14 / 2 7 0

Step 3 7/2 3 1

Step 4 3/2 1 1

Step 5 1/2 0 1

As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse

order so that the first remainder becomes the Least Significant Digit (LSD) and the last
remainder becomes the Most Significant Digit (MSD).
Decimal Number − 2910 = Binary Number − 111012.

Octal Number System

The octal number system has base-8 that is, there arc 8 digits in this system.
These digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The weight of each octal digit is some power
of 8 depending upon the position of the digit.
Characteristics
 Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
 Also called base 8 number system
 Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example:
80
 Last position in an octal number represents an x power of the base (8). Example:
8x where x represents the last position - 1.

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

Example
Octal Number − 125708
Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Octal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 125708 ((1 × 84) + (2 × 83) + (5 × 82) + (7 × 81) + (0 ×

80))10

Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10

Step 3 125708 549610

Note: 125708 is normally written as 12570.

Octal to Decimal Conversion

Steps
Step 1 − Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10).

 Step 2 − Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number.
Example
Octal Number − 258
Calculating Binary Equivalent −
Step 1 − Convert to Decimal

Step Octal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 258 ((2 × 81) + (5 × 80))10

Step 2 258 (16 + 5 )10

Step 3 258 2110

Octal Number − 258 = Decimal Number − 2110

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 Step 2 − Convert Decimal to Binary

Step Operation Result Remainder

Step 1 21 / 2 10 1

Step 2 10 / 2 5 0

Step 3 5/2 2 1

Step 4 2/2 1 0

Step 5 1/2 0 1

Decimal Number − 2110 = Binary Number − 101012

Octal Number − 258 = Binary Number − 101012

Decimal to Octal
Decimal to octal conversion can be achieved by applying the repeated division
and remainder algorithm. Simply put, the decimal number is repeatedly divided by the
radix 8. In between these divisions, the remainders give the octal equivalent in reverse
order.
Here is how to convert decimal to octal step by step:
 Step 1: If the given decimal number is less than 8, the octal equivalent is the same.
If the given number is greater than 7, divide the number by 8.
 Step 2: Write down the remainder.
 Step 3: Divide the part before the decimal point of your quotient by 8 again.
 Step 4: Write down the remainder.
 Step 5: Continue this process of dividing by 8 and noting the remainders until the
last decimal digit you are left with is less than 8.
 Step 6: When the last decimal digit is less than 8, the quotient will be less than 0
and the remainder will be the digit itself.
 Step 7: The last remainder you get will be the most significant digit of your octal
value while the first remainder from Step 3 is the least significant digit. Therefore,
when you write the remainders in reverse order - starting at the bottom with the
most significant digit and going to the top- you will reach the octal value of the
given decimal number.

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

Now, let's apply these steps to, for example, the decimal number (501) 10
 Step 1: As 501 is greater than 7, divide by 8.
o 501 ÷ 8 = 62.625
 Step 2: To calculate the remainder, you need to multiply the part after the
decimal point by 8.
o 0.625 * 8 = 5
o So the first remainder (and the least significant digit in the octal) is 5.
 Step 3: Divide 62 (the part of the quotient that is before the decimal point)
by 8.
o 62 ÷ 8 = 7.75
 Step 4: Calculate the remainder.
o 0.75 * 8 = 6
 Step 5: Divide the integer part of the last quotient by 8.
o 7 ÷ 8 = 0.875
 Step 6: Calculate the remainder.
o 0.875 * 8 = 7
o (Note that when you reached a number less than the radix 8 in Step
3, the remainder 7 was already obvious. This is because if a decimal
number is less than 8, the octal equivalent has the same value.)
 Step 7: The remainders written from below to top give you the octal number
(765)8
o Therefore, (765)8 equals (501)10

Example (1465)10 = (2671)8

1465 ÷ 8 = 183.125
0.125 * 8 = 1 (Remainder: 1)
183 ÷ 8 = 22.875
0.875 * 8 = 7 (Remainder 7)
22 ÷ 8 = 2.75
0.75 * 8 = 6 (Remainder 6)
2 ÷ 8 = 0.25
0.25 *8 = 2 (Remainder 2)
Read the remainder from the most significant to the least - from bottom to
top: 2671.
This is the octal equivalent of (1465)10

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Octal to Binary
Steps
 Step 1 − Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary number (the octal digits
may be treated as decimal for this conversion).
 Step 2 − Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3 digits each) into a single
binary number.
Example
Octal Number − 258
Calculating Binary Equivalent −

Step Octal Number Binary Number

Step 1 258 210 510

Step 2 258 0102 1012

Step 3 258 0101012

Octal Number − 258 = Binary Number − 101012

Binary to Octal
Steps
 Step 1 − Divide the binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right).
 Step 2 − Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit.
Example
Binary Number − 101012
Calculating Octal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Octal

Number

Step 1 101012 010 101

Step 2 101012 28 58

Step 3 101012 258

Binary Number − 101012 = Octal Number − 258

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Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System is one the type of Number Representation
techniques, in which there value of base is 16. That means there are only 16 symbols or
possible digit values, there are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. Where A, B, C,
D, E and F are single bit representations of decimal value 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15
respectively. It requires only 4 bits to represent value of any digit. Hexadecimal numbers
are indicated by the addition of either an 0x prefix or an h suffix.
Position of every digit has a weight which is a power of 16. Each position in the
Hexadecimal system is 16 times more significant than the previous position, that means
numeric value of an hexadecimal number is determined by multiplying each digit of the
number by the value of the position in which the digit appears and then adding the
products. So, it is also a positional (or weighted) number system.
Representation of Hexadecimal Number
Each Hexadecimal number can be represented using only 4 bits, with each group of bits
having a distich values between 0000 (for 0) and 1111 (for F = 15 = 8+4+2+1). The
equivalent binary number of Hexadecimal number are as given below.

Hex digit 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7

Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

Hex digit 8 9 A = 10 B = 11 C = 12 D = 13 E = 14 F = 15

Binary 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Hexadecimal number system is similar to Octal number system. Hexadecimal number

system provides convenient way of converting large binary numbers into more compact
and smaller groups.
Hexadecimal to Decimal
There are various indirect or direct methods to convert a hexadecimal number
into decimal number. In an indirect method, you need to convert a hexadecimal number
into binary or octal number, then you can convert it into decimal number.
First convert it into binary or octal number,

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

 Example − Convert hexadecimal number F1 into decimal number.
= (F1)16
= (1111 0001)2 or (011 110 001)2
Because in binary, value of F and 1 are 1111 and 0001 respectively. Then
convert it into decimal number multiplying power of its position of base.
= (1x27+1x26+1x25+1x24+0x23+0x22+0x21+1x20)10
or (3 6 1)8

= (1x27+1x26+1x25+1x24+0x23+0x22+0x21+1x20)10 or (3x82+6x81+1x80)10
= (241)10

Decimal to Hex Conversion

A decimal number is converted into hex number in the same way as a decimal
number is converted into its equivalent binary and octal numbers. The part of the number
on the left of the decimal point is to be divided repeatedly by 16 and the part an the right
of the decimal point is to be repeatedly multiplied by 16. This will be clear from the
examples of conversion of (579.26)10 into hex equivalent. Split the number into two parts,
579 and .26.
Thus, (579)10 = (2443)16
Decimal to hex conversion

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

 (Source: http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/10991/1/Unit-10.pdf)
Now .26 is converted into hex number as follows:

Decimal to hex conversion

(Source: http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/10991/1/Unit-10.pdf)

Hex to Binary Conversion

As in octal number system, a hex number is converted into its binary equivalent
by replacing each hex digit by its equivalent 4-bit binary number. This is clear from the
following example:
(BA6)16 =B A 6
= 1011 1010 010
= (101110100110)2
Binary to Hex Conversion
By a process that is reverse of the process described in the above section, a binary
number can be converted in to its hex equivalent. Starting from the LSB side, group the
binary number bits into groups of our bits. If towards the MSB side, the numbers of bits is
less than four, then add zeros on the left of the MSB so that the group of four is complete.
Replace each group by its equivalent hex digit. This is clear from the following example:
(1001101110)2 = 0010 0110 1110
=2 6 E
= (26E)16
Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor
Hex to Octal Conversion
Each digit of the hex number is first converted into its equivalent four bit binary
number. Then the bits of the equivalent binary number are grouped into groups of three
bits. Then each group is replaced by its equivalent octal digit to get the octal number.
For example:
(5AF)16 = 0101 1010 1111
= 010110101111
=010 110 101 111
=2 6 5 7
=(2567)8
Octal to Hex Conversion
For octal to hex conversion, just reverse the process described in the section
above. This is clear from the following example:

(5457)8 = 101 100 101 111

= 1011 0010 1111
= B 2 F
= (B2F)16
This method can also be applied to hex to decimal and decimal to hex conversions.

For example, consider the conversion of 3C16, into its decimal equivalent:
3C16 = 0011 1100
= 1111002
Check the conversion.
3C16 = 3 X161 + C X160
= 3 x 161 + 12 x 160
= 48 + 12
= (60)10
1111002 = 25 +24 +23 +22
= 32+16+8+4
= (60)10
Thus, 3C16 = (111100)2 = 6010

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

 Assessment Task 1
Instruction:

Answer the following questions. Handwritten or encoded answers is accepted. It is highly recommended
to send your outputs in Edmodo class submission link. You can also send your output by private message
in messenger/email: [email protected]

Questions:
1. Discuss how computer or technology change your life?
2. Briefly differentiate hardware from software
3. Discuss how hardware and software work together.
4. Briefly explain the practical advantage and disadvantage of computer. Cite some examples.

Rubrics:

Poor Fair Good Exceptional

5 pts 10 pts 15 pts 20 pts

Content The question The The question The question

was answered question was was answered
with a phrase or was answered with 3 or more
partial sentence answered with 2 sentences with
without with 1 sentences substantial
substantial sentence only with thought.
thought. only with substantial Grammar was
The grammar somewhat thought. outstanding.
was incorrect. substantial Grammar It answers the
It does not thought. was correct. question
answer the The It answers directly.
question. grammar the question
must be properly.
improved.
It does not
directly
answer the
question.

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor

 Assessment Task 2
Number System Conversion

Instruction:
Convert each number to each desired number system. Show your solution.

Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-

decimal

313

11101010010100

7037

1AFB

Your activity will be graded according to the following criteria:

 Five points (5) per box
 Complete solution without error (5)
 With solution but with 1 error (4)
 With solution but with 2 errors (3)
 With solution but with many errors (2)
 No solution (1)

Prepared and Compiled by: Alma P. Cablinan | IT Instructor