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Data Models
4 Comments / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking about data models. Enjoy the class!

Data Models
 Definition of Data Model
Concept of Data Modelling

Introduction to data modelling

The main effort during the system development life cycle (SDLC) was to produce a set of programs that
automates a business process. Processing was the key drivers for information systems, not the data or
information. As the technology and complexity of system grew, methodologies and modelling techniques
were invented to improve the quality of the deliverables and to ensure that inexperienced programmers
could follow repeatable SDLC processes.

Definition of data modelling

Data Modelling is the process of structuring and organizing data. The data structures are then typically
implemented in a database management system. In addition to defining and organising the data, data
modelling may also impose constraints or limitations on data placed within the structure.

Managing large quantities of structure and unstructured data is a primary function of information
systems. Data Models describe structured data for storage in data management system such as
relational databases. They do not describe unstructured data such as word processing documents, email
messages, pictures, digital audio and video.

Concept of data modelling

Data modelling techniques and tools help to capture and translate complex system designs into
easily understood representation of data flows and processes, creating a blueprint for construction
and re-engineering.
Data Models provide a structure for data used within the information system by providing a specific
definition and format.
Data Model shows the dataflow and logical interrelationship among different data elements.
Compatibility of data can be achieved if a data model is consistently used across the systems.
The term data model actually refers to two different things: a description of data structure and the way
data are organized using the Database Management System (DBMS).

Data structure

A data model describes the structure of the data within a given domain and, by implication, the underlying
structure of that domain itself.

Data organisation

A data Model also describes how to organized data using a database management system.

Evaluation

1. State the concepts of data modelling.

2. Describe the following; Data Structure and Data Organization.

The approach in data modelling

There are different approaches to data modelling, including;

1. Conceptual Data Modelling: Conceptual data modelling identifies the highest-level relationships
between different entities. This is the first step in organising the data requirements.
2. Logical Data Modelling: The logical Data modelling illustrates the specific entities, attribute and
relationships involve in a business function. It serves as the basis for the creation of the physical
data model.
3. Physical Data Modelling: The physical Data Modelling represents an application and database-
specific implication of a logical data model and describes the physical means used to store data.

General evaluation
 1. Explain the different approaches to data modelling.
2. Define data modelling.

Reading assignment

Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter One, page 55

Weekend assignment

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

1. In the approach of data modelling ____ data modelling illustrates the specific entities, attribute and
relationship involved in a business function. (a) Conceptual Data Modeling (b) Logical Data
Modeling (c) Flat data Modeling (d)Physical Data Modeling

2. The processing of structuring and organizing data is referred to as ______ (a)Data Structure (b)
Data Organization (c) Data Manipulation (d) Data Modeling

3. The major concept for data modeling is to _____________________

(a) Translate simple system design to a complex representation of data

(b) Translate complex system design to a simple representation of data

(c) Translate simple system design to a simple representation of data

(d) Translate complex system design to a complex representation of data

4. The term “Data Model” refers to two different things- data organization and ________ (a) Data Model
(b) Data Processing (c) Data Structure (d) Data Organization

5. The following are unstructured data except for (a) Video (b) email message (c) Picture (d)
Database

In our next class, we will be talking more about Data Models. We hope you enjoyed the class.

Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to
respond as soon as possible.

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Revision Data Models II

4 thoughts on “Data Models”

MIRACLE TAIYE
SEPTEMBER 16, 2023 AT 9:32 PM

My teacher ask me to read on uses of spreadsheet and dbms but I can’t find it in my text book

Reply

CHARLES ONWAH
OCTOBER 28, 2023 AT 11:30 PM

dis is lovely 😍 …. anytime I want to do my assignment I always come here cos Ur channel is very much
gud for students.. more grace to u all 😁🙏🙏
Reply

CLASS CAPTAIN
NOVEMBER 20, 2023 AT 12:59 PM

We’re glad you found it helpful 😊 For even more class notes, engaging videos, and homework
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 id=com.afrilearn. It’s packed with resources to help you succeed 🌟
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COBHAMS TREASURE
SEPTEMBER 25, 2024 AT 4:07 AM

hi my name is treasure.
I don’t understand something you said in conceptual data model: identifies the highest level of
relationship…
so like can you give an example of this?

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1 Comment / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking more about data models. Enjoy the class!

Data Models II
Types of data modelling
Flat model:

The flat Model (or Table) model consists of a single, two-dimensional array of data elements, where all
members of a given column are assumed to be similar in values, and all member of a row are assumed to
be related to one another.

Flat model

Route No. Miles Activities

RECORD 1 1 – 95 12 Overlay

RECORD 2 1 -495 05 Parching

RECORD 3 SR – 301 33 Crack Seal

Hierarchical model:

In a hierarchical database, data is organized into an upside-down tree-like structure, implying a single
upward link in each record to describe the nesting, and a sort field to keep the records in a particular order
in each same-level list. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the early mainframe database
management systems.
Network model:

This model organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called records and sets. Records contain
fields, and sets define one-to-many relationships between records: one owner, many members.
Evaluation

1. Differentiate between Hierarchical and Network Model.

2. Explain Flat data model.

Relational model:

The relational model or relational database model is based on first-order predicate logic. Its core idea is to
describe a database as a collection of predicates over a finite set of predicate variables, describing
constraints on the possible values and combinations of values.

Object-relational model:

The object-relational model is similar to the relational database model, but objects, classes and
inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and the query language. An object-relational
database can be said to provide a middle ground between relational databases and object-oriented
databases (OODBMS).

Star schema:

The star schema is the simplest style of data warehouse schema. The star schema consists of a few “fact
table” (possibly only one, justifying the name) referencing any number of dimension tables”. The star
schema is considered an important special case of the snowflake schema.

General evaluation

1. List and explain the types of a data model.

2. With the aid of a chart, using the school setting as a case study, explain Network model.

Reading assignment
 Data Processing for Senior Secondary Education by HiiT Plc. Chapter One pages 56

Weekend assignment

1. List and explain four types of database model

2. Define the following; Data, Field, record, File.

In our next class, we will be talking about Data Modelling. We hope you enjoyed the class.

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respond as soon as possible.

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1 thought on “Data Models II”

JOSHUA P.
MARCH 28, 2023 AT 9:12 PM

Wow that was really helpful . I hope to visit this websites frequently.

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Data Modelling
4 Comments / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking about data modelling. Enjoy the class!

Data Modelling
Database packages are used to design a database on a computer. Example of a common database
package is Microsoft Access. MS Access is a Relational Database Management System used to create
and modify databases.

The organisation of the database using MS Access

To create a database on the computer with MS Access

Load MS Access:

Do the following;

Click on the Start Menu

Point to All program
Point to Microsoft Office
Click on Microsoft Access
Creating database:

From the displayed window, click on a blank database.

By the right-hand side of the windows, where the arrow is pointing in the picture-screen above, click
inside the file name text box and type the desired database name.
Click on Create command button. A database with the filename given will be created

Files are created as tables in the database

Creating a file

Click on Create menu and select Table

At all Tables tab, right-click on any of the tables.
Select design View
In the Save As dialog box, type the desired table name (e.g. Student Table) in the Table Name text box and
click ok.

Tables in a database on a computer are composed of rows and columns. A table in MS Access is
organized into rows and columns like the picture screen shown below.

A row contains records or diverse fields. The rows specify the number of records in the table. For example,
in the picture-screen above, there are six records in the student table.

A column usually represents a field in a database table. It contains specify the type of information. For
example, in the picture screen above, there are three fields (data fields), REG. No., Surname, and first
name.

Evaluation
 1. List the steps on how to lad MS-Access.
2. List three (3) examples of Database package.

Create fields with data types

Fields are assigned field names relevant to the information they keep. Field names are assigned data
types which determine the kind of data they accept as input. For example in MS Access table above,
Surname is alphabetic, the fields will not accept numeric (numbers) inputs 10 or 500 as a surname. To set
the data type for a field in MS Access, follow the steps below;

After creating the table in design view under the field name tab, then type the field name and under
the data type tab next to the field name, click the drop-down menu and select AutoNumber as
shown below.

For example, using the above picture screen, the field name ID Number will be assigned Number data type
since the ID Numbers will be numeric. In the same way, the TEXT data type will be assigned to Surname
and First name.

Unique Identifier

A table contains a unique identifier i.e. a KEY. In MS Access, a default primary key is usually specified for
the first field. To set another field of your choice as primary key, right-click on the first cell and select
Primary Key.
Note: The symbol of a key should appear beside the field, after setting that field as a unique identifier. If it
does not appear repeat previous steps.

Creating a database

Generally, creating a database using any DBMS entails the following basic steps:

Define the database structure:

The database structure specifies the type of database organization that should be used. If the relational
form is selected, the database structure will include RDBMS, the structure of the table, number of rows,
number of columns, the key, and relationship of the database etc.
 Specify field type:

When a database is being created, all fields are set to accept a particular type of input by specifying a field
type. A field type is also known as a Data type. The essence of a data type is to prevent a wrong input
from being stored in a database (i.e. database integrity). Usually, the name of a data type varies with
DBMS but portrays a general meaning. These include;

1. Alphanumeric/ text field: Fields that accepts both numbers and text e.g. ASP2548.
2. Numeric Fields: Fields that accepts numbers in two forms: Real number i.e. decimal numbers e.g.
8.15, 9.1 and integers’ i.e. whole numbers e.g. 125, 80 etc.
3. Date Fields: They store data in date format e.g. 11-04-2009
4. Boolean fields: The data accepted by these fields are either Yes/No or True/False.
5. Memo: Long text. Use for long pieces of text. Such as notes and long description. Can store up to
64,000 characters.
6. Currency: Use for currency.
7. AutoNumber: Unique sequential numbers or random number automatically inserted when you
create a record. Use to create a primary key.
8. Hyperlink: Use to store hyperlink
9. Attachment: use to store attachments e.g. files, images etc.
10. OLE Object: Use to attach an OLE object such as word document, Spreadsheet, or PowerPoint
Presentation

Input data:

After the field names and their data types have been specified, then records are stored in the database by
specifying the appropriate input. In MS Access, to input a data:

1. Double click on the Student Table at the left-hand pane of MS Access windows
2. Enter the data beneath the field names and click on the next cell to populate data.

To keep the database updated, data inputted into the database must be saved regularly. Keyboard
command CTRL + S is used. Alternatively, you click on the Office button and save.

Evaluation

1. How is a database created?

2. What are the data types you can specify in Ms-Acess?

Basic operation

The basic operations to be considered are:

1. Searching
2. Sorting
 3. Modifying
4. Generate report

Searching:

1. On the Tools menu, click Options

2. Click the Edit/Find tab
3. Under Default find/replace behave, do one of the following:
4. Select Fast Search to search the current field and match the whole field.
5. Select General search to search all fields and match any part of the field.
6. Select Start of Field Search to search the current field and match the beginning characters of the
field.
7. DBMS has a certain command for saving a database. For example in MS Access, select the save
option on the MS Access window to save.

Sorting:

To sort records in form view or datasheet view, follow these steps:

1. Start MS Access, and then open the database that you are working with.
2. Open the table or the form whose data you want to view.
3. Click the field that you want to use for sorting records. To sort records in sub-form, click the field
that you want to sort. To sort records in a sub-datasheet, display the sub-datasheet by clicking
expand indicator, and then click the field that you want to sort.
4. On the records menu, point to sort, and then click Sort Ascending or Sort Descending. NOTE: In a
form, you can only sort on only one field at a time.

Sorting with sub-datasheet

In datasheet view, when you sort the sub-datasheet for one record, MS Access sorts all the sub-
datasheets at that level. In a datasheet or sub-datasheet, you can select two or more adjacent columns at
the same time, and then sort them. Access sorts record starting with the leftmost selected column. When
you save the form or datasheet, Access saves the sort order.

Sorting records on a report

1. Start MS Access, and then open the database that you are working with.
2. Open the report in Design View.
3. On the View menu, click “Sorting and Grouping” to display the Sorting and Grouping dialog box.
4. In the first row of the Field/Expression column, select a field name or type an expression. NOTE:
When you fill in the Field/Expression column, MS Access sets the sort order to Ascending.
5. You can sort up to10 fields or expression in a report. To sort your report on more than one field, add
another field or expression to the Field/Expression column. The field or expression in the first row is
the first sorting level. The second row is the second sorting level, and so on.
Modifying data:

How to Add or Edit Data in a Datasheet (Table or Query) or a Form

1. Open a table or a query in datasheet View or a form in Form View.

2. Do one of the following:

In MS Office Access 2003 or in earlier versions of Access, to add a new record, point to Go to on
the Edit menu, and then click New Record. Type the data, and then press TAB to go to the next field.
At the end of the record, press TAB to go to the next record.
In MS Office Access 2007, to add a new record, click the Home tab, and then click New in the
Records group.
To edit data within a field, click in the field that you want to edit, and then type the data.
To replace the entire value, move the mouse pointer to the leftmost part of the field until the pointer
changes into the plus pointer, and then click. Type the data.

NOTE: To correct a typing mistake, press BACKSPACE. To cancel your changes both in the current field
and in the entire record, press ESC.

How to save a record in a Datasheet or a Form

NOTE: MS Access automatically saves the record that you are adding or editing as soon as you move to a
different record or close the form or table that you are working on.

Explicitly, to save the data in a record while you are editing, In Access2003 or earlier versions,

Click Save Record on the Records menu.

In Access 2007, Click the HOME tab, and then click Save in the Records group.

How to delete a record in a datasheet or a form

1. Open a table or a query in Datasheet view or open a form in Form View.
2. Click the record that you want to delete.
3. In Access 2003 or earlier versions, Click Delete Record on the Edit menu. In 2007, click the Home
tab, and then Click Delete Record in the Delete list in the Records group.

Generating reports

1. Auto report:

Open the database window (F11) and click on the Report tab.
Click New. A dialog box appears.
Choose between Columnar and Tabular.
 Select the table or query that you want to use for your report.
Click OK.

2. Create your own report:

Repeat the first two steps above.

When the dialog box appears, click Design View.
Select the table or query that you intend to use.
Click OK.

3. Report wizard:

Repeat the first two steps above.

Click the wizard that you want to use for your report.
Select the table or query that you want to use for your report.
Click OK.
Follow the instructions that the wizard provides.

General evaluation

1. State the operations that can be performed in a database.

2. List five (5) data type.

Weekend assignment

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

1. Another name for field type is known as ____ (a) File type (b) Name type (c) Record type (d) Data
type
2. Another name for unique identifier is known as ____ (a) Key (b) Data (c) Field (d) Record
3. ____ is an attribute or field that can be used to identify a record in a database table or file. (a) Data
(b) Field (c) Key (d) Table
4. ____ is used to design a database on a computer. (a) Database package (b) Graphics package (c)
Spreadsheet package (d) Word Processing package
5. ____model organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called records and sets. (a)
Hierarchical (b) Relational (c) Network (d) Optical

In our next class, we will be talking more about Data Modelling. We hope you enjoyed the class.

Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to
respond as soon as possible.
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4 thoughts on “Data Modelling”

OKECHUKWU DANIEL
OCTOBER 10, 2023 AT 8:00 PM

do u have any app that u will send a question to someone and the person will send the answer. do u have
any app like that??????????

Reply

CLASS CAPTAIN
NOVEMBER 20, 2023 AT 1:56 PM

Yes, we do😊 For even more class notes, engaging videos, homework assistance etc, just download our
Mobile App at https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.afrilearn. It’s packed with resources
to help you succeed 🌟
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PEACE
NOVEMBER 1, 2023 AT 9:31 PM
 I love it

Reply

CLASS CAPTAIN
NOVEMBER 20, 2023 AT 12:53 PM

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Data Modelling II
Leave a Comment / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking more about data modelling. Enjoy the class!

Data Modelling II
Editing data type in fields
When creating tables, you should define the data types of the table to the most closely match the type of
data that will be entered in the field.

To edit data type in a data sheet view:

1. Click the field you wish to define.

2. Click the Datasheet tab on the Ribbon.
3. Click the down arrow next to the data type.
4. Choose the type of data that will be entered into the field.

To edit the data of the format:

1. Click the field you wish to define.

2. Click the datasheet tab on the ribbon.
3. Click the down arrow next to the format.

To edit data type in the design view:

1. Click the design view.

2. Click the field name you wish to define or create (for new field).
3. Click the Data Type.
4. Choose the appropriate Data Type.
5. Format the field in the Field Properties dialog box.

To delete a table:
 1. Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft Office button and clicking Open.
2. Right-click on a table and choose Delete.

To rename a table:

1. Open the desired database by clicking the Microsoft Office button and clicking Open.
2. Right-click on a table and choose Delete.
3. Type in the new name.

Evaluation

1. Write down steps on how to perform the following on MS Access; to edit data-type, delete a table
and to rename a table.
2. Write down steps on how to load MS Access.

Creating forms
Forms allow you to enter, edit or display data. They are based on tables. With forms, you can choose the
format and arrangement the fields will take or will be displayed.

To create a form

1. Open the navigation pane

2. Click the table or query on which you want to base your form
3. Activate the create tab
4. Click form in the forms group

After you create a form, you can save it. You can also open a saved form at any time.

1. Click the save button on the Quick Access toolbar.

2. Type the name you want to give the form.
3. Click OK. You can access the form by clicking the navigation pane.

Form wizard

You can create forms with the help of a form wizard

On the Create tab, click the more forms down arrow.

1. Click Form Wizard

2. Choose the Table/ Queries that you wish to have on the form
3. Choose the field you wish to have on the forms
4. Click Next
5. Choose the layout for the form
6. Click Next
7. Choose Style
8. Click next
9. Create a title for the form
10. Choose whether you want to open the form to view it or modify the form’s design
11. Click finish

Evaluation

1. What is a form?
2. How would you create a form?

Creating queries

A query allows you to select and filter data from multiple tables. Queries can be saved and utilized as
often as you need them.

Creating using the query wizard

The Query Wizard walks you through the steps to set up a query. To run a query using the query wizard

1. Click the create tab

2. Click the Query Wizard button under other groups
3. Choose the type of query you wish to run
 4. Click OK

To choose the field you wish to include from each table

1. To select fields from different tables, click the Tables/Queries down arrow
2. Click OK

To insert a picture of query wizard

1. Type in a title for the query

2. Click Finish
3. The query will be displayed

Creating a report

Reports organize and summarize data for viewing online or for printing. A detail report displays all of the
selected records. Reports are a means to view and analyse a large amount of data. You can use the report
wizard or create a custom report that meets your specific need.

1. Click the Blank report button on the Create Tab

2. Click the Add Existing Fields button
3. From the field list, click and drag the fields to the report

Creating using report wizard

1. On the Create tab, click, the Report Wizard button

2. Choose the Tables/Queries that you wish to have on the form
3. Choose the field you wish to have on the forms
4. Click Next
5. Choose the sort order for your report
6. Choose the layout for the form
7. Click Next
8. Choose a style
9. Click Next
10. Create a title
11. Choose whether you want to o[pen the form to view it or modify the form’s design
12. Click Finish

General evaluation

1. State the operations that can be performed in a database.

2. List five (5) data-type.

Weekend assignment
 1. Another name for field type is known as ______ (a) File type (b) Name type (c) Record type (d)
Data type
2. Another name for the unique identifier is known as ___ (a) Key (b) Data (c) Field (d) Record
3. ____ is an attribute or field that can be used to identify a record in a database table or file. (a)
Data (b) Field (c) Key (d) Table
4. ____ is used to design a database on a computer. (a) Database package (b) Graphics package (c)
Spreadsheet package (d) Word Processing package
5. ____ model organizes data using two fundamental constructs, called records and sets. (a)
Hierarchical (b) Relational (c) Network (d) Optical

In our next class, we will be talking more about Data Modelling. We hope you enjoyed the class.

Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to
respond as soon as possible.

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Data Modelling Data Modeling III

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PRIMARY 6

FULL SUBJECT SYLLABUS

 Second Term

 First Term

 Revision

 Data Models

 Data Models II

 Data Modelling

 Data Modelling II
  Data Modeling III

 Normal Form

 Normal Form II

 Normal Form III

 Entity–Relationship Models

 Third Term

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Data Modeling III

Leave a Comment / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking more about data modelling. Enjoy the class!

Data Modeling III

Significance of data model
The data model is a great communication tool because it facilitates interaction and communication
between the designers, programmers and end-users. In essence, it does not allow one party’s bias
towards a certain view of a data (whether they consider being most important) to take hold.

A well-developed data model can even foster an improved understanding of the organization for
which the database design is developed.
Data model help in structuring and organizing data. These data structures are then typically
implemented in a database management system which is used mostly by an organization for
decision making.
In addition to defining and organizing the data, data modelling will impose (implicitly or explicitly)
constraints or limitation on the data placed within the structure

Standard data model

A standard data model or industry standard model (ISDM) is a data model that is widely applied in some
industry and shared amongst competitors to some degree. They are often defined by standard bodies,
database vendors or operating system vendors. The most effective standard model have developed in the
banking, insurance, pharmaceutical and automotive industries, to reflect the stringent standards applied
to customer information gathering, customer privacy, customer safety, or just in time manufacturing.
They enable easier and faster information sharing because heterogeneous organizations have a standard
vocabulary and pre-negotiated semantics, format, and quality standards for exchanged data.

Evaluation

1. State the significance of the Data Model.

2. What is another name for “standard data model”?

Example of Standard Data Models

1. ISO 10303: ISO 10303 is an ISO standard for the computer-interpretable representation and
exchange of product manufacturing information.
2. ISO 15926: The ISO 15926 is a standard for data integration, sharing, exchange, and hand-over
between computer systems.
3. IDEAS Group: The IDEA Group is the international Defence Enterprise architecture Specification for
exchange Group. The deliverable of the project is a data exchange format for military Enterprise
Architectures.

General evaluation

1. Explain the significance of the data model.

2. State two examples of standard data model.

Weekend assignment

1. Give two (2) examples of the Standard Data Model.

2. Explain the need for Industry Standard Data Model.

In our next class, we will be talking about Normal Form. We hope you enjoyed the class.
 Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to
respond as soon as possible.

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Data Modelling II Normal Form

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PRIMARY 6

FULL SUBJECT SYLLABUS

 Second Term

 First Term

 Revision

 Data Models

 Data Models II

 Data Modelling

 Data Modelling II

 Data Modeling III

 Normal Form

 Normal Form II

 Normal Form III

 Entity–Relationship Models

 Third Term

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Normal Form
1 Comment / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking about normal form. Enjoy the class!

Normal Form
A database management system is a collection of computer software that enables users to define, create
and maintain a database. Defining a database involves specifying constraints for the data stored in the
database, and normalization is a logical design method which minimizes duplicate, or redundant, data and
design flaws.

Normalization is the process of effectively organizing data in a database. The primary purpose of
normalization is to allow the update, insert and delete operations to be performed on a single database
table and propagated throughout the database using the defined relationship.

There are two goals of the normalization process:

1. Eliminating redundant data ( for example storing the same data in more than one table)
2. Ensuring data dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a table)

The normal form (NF) of relational database theory provide critical for determining a table’s degree of
vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies. The higher the normal form applicable to a table,
the less vulnerable it is. Each table has a “Highest Normal Form” (HNF): by definition, a table always meets
the requirements of its HNF and all normal forms lower than its HNF; also by definition, a table fails to
meet the requirement of any normal form higher than its HNF.

Normal form theory deal with how to reduce the amount of redundancy of data within a given table. Each
normal form represents a level. To satisfy each the requirements for a certain level, the requirements for
the previous level must be met. To reach the optimal normal form for the tables within a database, the
creator starts with a large list of all the data that is to be held in the database and then works through the
normal forms until he can no longer break the data down into the smaller table.

Evaluation

1. Define Normalization.
2. Define Database Management System.

General evaluation

1. Explain Normal Form.

2. State the two goals of the normalization process.

Weekend assignment

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

1. ____ is a collection of computer software that enables users to define, create and maintain a
database. (a) Database Management System (b) Normalization(c) Data Model (d) Normal Form
2. ____ is the logical design method which minimizes duplicate or redundant data and design flaws.
(a) Database (b) Normalization (c) Form (d) Data Model
3. One of the goals of the normalization process is ____ (a) Eliminate redundant data (b) Ensure data
independencies (c) Allow Update, insertion and deletion (d) Create tables
4. The primary purpose of normalization is to ____ (a) Eliminate redundant data (b) Ensure data
dependencies (c) Allow Update, insertion and deletion (d) Create tables
5. ____ is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. (a) Database (b) Normalization (c)
Form (d) Model

In our next class, we will be talking more about Normal Form. We hope you enjoyed the class.

Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to
respond as soon as possible.

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Previous Lesson Next Lesson
Data Modeling III Normal Form II

1 thought on “Normal Form”

ALAWIYEABDULWARRIS
MAY 2, 2024 AT 2:51 PM

Good

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PRIMARY 6

FULL SUBJECT SYLLABUS

 Second Term

 First Term

 Revision

 Data Models

 Data Models II

 Data Modelling

 Data Modelling II

 Data Modeling III

 Normal Form

 Normal Form II

 Normal Form III

 Entity–Relationship Models

 Third Term

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Normal Form II
Leave a Comment / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking more about normal form. Enjoy the class!

Normal Form II
Types of Normal Form
First Normal Form (1NF):

First Normal Form (1NF) says that all column values must be atomic. 1NF dictates that for every row by
column position in a given table, there exist only one value, not an array or list of values i.e in 1NF, the
following rules are observed;

1. Eliminating repeating information

2. Create separate tables for related data.

Second Normal Form (2NF):

The second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing duplicate data. The rule for the
second normal form is;

1. Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in a separate table.
2. Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign
keys.

Evaluation

1. State the rules for carrying out the first normal form (1NF).
2. State the rules for carrying out the second normal form (2NF).

NOTE: The 2NF attempts to reduce the amount of redundant data in a table by extracting it, placing it in a
new table(s) and creating relationships between those tables.
 Third Normal Form (3NF):

There are two basic requirements for a database to be in Third Normal Form:

1. The requirements of both 1NF and 2NF must have been met.
2. Remove columns that are not fully dependent upon the primary key.

The Fourth Normal Form (4NF) and Fifth Normal Form (5NF):

The fourth and the fifth normal form are beyond the scope of this syllabus.

Note: Both the fourth and the fifth normal form still follows the goal of the normalization process, which
are;

1. eliminating redundant data.

2. ensuring data dependencies make sense.

General evaluation

1. State the goal of the normalization process.

2. State the rules for carrying out the first normal form (1NF)

Weekend assignment

1. State the rules for carrying out the first normal form.
2. State the rules for carrying out the second normal form.

In our next class, we will be talking more about Normal Form. We hope you enjoyed the class.
 Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to
respond as soon as possible.

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Normal Form Normal Form III

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PRIMARY 6

FULL SUBJECT SYLLABUS

 Second Term

 First Term

 Revision

 Data Models

 Data Models II

 Data Modelling

 Data Modelling II

 Data Modeling III

 Normal Form

 Normal Form II

 Normal Form III

 Entity–Relationship Models

 Third Term

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Normal Form III

3 Comments / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking more about normal form. Enjoy the class!

Normal Form III

Key
A key is an attribute or field that can be used to identify a record in a database table or file.

The primary key is a unique attribute that can be used to identify a record in a database table. For
Example, in the student database table above, the attribute that is unique to identify each record is the
Student-ID or RegNo.

Concepts of foreign key

A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches a candidate key of another table. A foreign key
(FK) is a column or combination of columns that are used to establish and enforce a link between the data
in two tables. You can create a foreign key by defining a FOREIGN KEY constraint when you create or
modify a table. The foreign key can be used to cross-reference table. The foreign key identifies a column
or set of columns in one (referencing or child) table that refers to a column or set of columns in another
(referenced or parent) table. The columns in the child table must reference the columns of the primary key
or other super keys in the parent table.
Explain the determination of Normal Form

Normalization is a technique for producing a set of suitable relations that support the data requirements
of an enterprise. Characteristics of a suitable set of relations include:

1. The minimal number of attributes necessary to support the data requirements of the enterprise
2. Attributes with a close logical relationship are found in the same relation.
3. Minimal redundancy with each attribute represented only once with the important exception of
attributes that form all or part of foreign keys.

General evaluation

1. Define Key as regards to the database.

2. Differentiate between primary key and foreign key

Weekend assignment

1. Using tables, explain the differences between primary key and foreign key.
2. State two characteristics of suitable relations that support the data requirements of an enterprise.

In our next class, we will be talking about Entity–Relationship Models. We hope you enjoyed the class.

Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to
respond as soon as possible.

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Normal Form II Entity–Relationship Models

3 thoughts on “Normal Form III”

DURUIKEKAMSI
MAY 17, 2022 AT 12:22 PM

What’s the difference between foreign key and primary key

Reply

CHIAMANDACDAVID
MARCH 7, 2023 AT 1:08 PM

please there are some typing errors. I hope it will be fixed, thanks.

Reply

CLASS TUTOR 2
SEPTEMBER 5, 2024 AT 4:43 PM

Thank you for the observation. Apologies for that.

 Reply

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PRIMARY 6

FULL SUBJECT SYLLABUS

 Second Term

 First Term

 Revision

 Data Models
  Data Models II

 Data Modelling

 Data Modelling II

 Data Modeling III

 Normal Form

 Normal Form II

 Normal Form III

 Entity–Relationship Models

 Third Term

Open All · Close All

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Entity–Relationship Models
1 Comment / By ClassPrefect / April 9, 2020

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking about entity-relationship models. Enjoy the class!

Entity–Relationship Models
Entity-Relationship is a graphical representation of entities and their relationships to each other. Entity-
relationship diagrams (ERDs) illustrate the logical structure of the database. Diagrams created to design
these entities and relationships are called entity-relationship diagrams or ER diagram.

Uses of Entity-Relationship diagram

1. The Entity-Relationship Diagram is used to identify the data that must be captured, stored and
retrieved to support the business.
2. The Entity-Relationship Diagram is also used to identify the data required to derive and generate a
report on the performance measures that an organization should be monitoring.

Components of Entity-Relationship
Entity- Relationship diagrams have three different components;

Entities
Attributes
Relationships

1. Entities: Entities are objects or concepts within the data model. Each entity is represented by a box
within the ERD. An entity might be considered a container that holds all of the instances of a
particular thing in a system.
2. Attributes: a key attribute is the unique, distinguishing characteristics of the entity. Primary key is
always the attribute of ER. Entities are further described by their attributes (sometimes called data
element). These are the smallest units of data that can be described in a meaningful manner.
3. Relationship: A relationship is an association among the instances of one or more entity types that
are of interest to the organization. A relationship is an association between entities or entity
occurrence
4. Cardinality: The cardinality defines the relationship between the entities in terms of numbers.
Evaluation

1. Define the following; Entity, Attribute and relationship.

2. State the uses of an entity-relationship diagram.

Types of cardinality relationship

There are potentially three types of relationship which can exist between different entities;

1. One-to-One Relationship
2. One-to-Many Relationship
3. Many-to-Many Relationship

General evaluation

1. What is Cardinality?
2. Mention and explain three types of relationship with example.

Weekend assignment

Instruction: Choose the correct option from the ones lettered A to D

1. ____ is the unique, distinguishing characteristic of the entity. A. Entity B. Relationship C.

Attribute D. cardinality
2. Another name for data Element is ____. A. Attribute B. Key C. Entity D. Relationship

Section B

1. List with example, the types of cardinal relationship.

2. State the uses of an entity-relationship diagram.
3. Using tables, explain the differences between primary key and foreign key.
 4. State two characteristics of suitable relations that support the data requirements of an enterprise.

We hope you enjoyed the class.

Should you have any further question, feel free to ask in the comment section below and trust us to
respond as soon as possible.

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Normal Form III Presentation Package

1 thought on “Entity–Relationship Models”

SUSUTI HAMMAN
OCTOBER 26, 2023 AT 1:23 PM

Additional features of entity model

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PRIMARY 6

FULL SUBJECT SYLLABUS

 Second Term

 First Term

 Revision

 Data Models

 Data Models II

 Data Modelling

 Data Modelling II
  Data Modeling III

 Normal Form

 Normal Form II

 Normal Form III

 Entity–Relationship Models

 Third Term

Open All · Close All

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